Design and fabrication of polycaprolactone/gelatin composite scaffolds for diaphragmatic muscle reconstruction
Tina Navaei
Cellular and Molecular Research Center (CMRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorPeiman Brouki Milan
Cellular and Molecular Research Center (CMRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorAli Samadikuchaksaraei
Cellular and Molecular Research Center (CMRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorHamid Reza Davari
Department of Surgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorJohn G. Hardy
Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Masoud Mozafari
Cellular and Molecular Research Center (CMRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Masoud Mozafari, PhD; Currently at: Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Email: [email protected] and
Search for more papers by this authorTina Navaei
Cellular and Molecular Research Center (CMRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorPeiman Brouki Milan
Cellular and Molecular Research Center (CMRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorAli Samadikuchaksaraei
Cellular and Molecular Research Center (CMRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorHamid Reza Davari
Department of Surgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorJohn G. Hardy
Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Masoud Mozafari
Cellular and Molecular Research Center (CMRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Masoud Mozafari, PhD; Currently at: Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Email: [email protected] and
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Diaphragmatic wall defects caused by congenital disorders or disease remain a major challenge for physicians worldwide. Polymeric patches have been extensively explored within research laboratories and the clinic for soft tissue and diaphragm reconstruction. However, patch usage may be associated with allergic reaction, infection, granulation, and recurrence of the hernia. In this study, we designed and fabricated a porous scaffold using a combination of 3D printing and freeze-drying techniques. A 3D printed polycaprolactone (PCL) mesh was used to reinforcegelatin scaffolds, representing an advantage over previously reported examples since it provides mechanical strength and flexibility. In vitro studies showed that adherent cells were anchorage-dependent and grew as a monolayer attached to the scaffolds. Microscopic observations indicated better cell attachments for the scaffolds with higher gelatin content as compared with the PCL control samples. Tensile testing demonstrated the mechanical strength of samples was significantly greater than adult diaphragm tissue. The biocompatibility of the specimens was investigated in vivo using a subcutaneous implantation method in Bagg albino adult mice for 20 days, with the results indicating superior cellular behavior and attachment on scaffolds containing gelatin in comparison to pure PCL scaffolds, suggesting that the porous PCL/gelatin scaffolds have potential as biodegradable and flexible constructs for diaphragm reconstruction.
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