Bacteria Flagella-Mimicking Polymer Multilayer Magnetic Microrobots
Liang Lu
The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 China
School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006 China
State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006 China
Search for more papers by this authorShuang Bai
The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 China
School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006 China
State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006 China
Search for more papers by this authorJiaqi Shi
Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081 China
Search for more papers by this authorHutao Zhang
The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Gang Hou
National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029 China
E-mail: [email protected][email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorWei Wang
College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
Search for more papers by this authorShoubin Sun
The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 China
Search for more papers by this authorTianyun Huang
State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006 China
Department of Advanced Manufacturing and Robotics, College of Engineering, and State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Peking University, Beijing, 100091 China
Search for more papers by this authorYuxin Jia
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
Search for more papers by this authorAlexander Granovsky
Magnetism Department, Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
Search for more papers by this authorPerov Nikolai
Magnetism Department, Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Zhiguang Wu
The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 China
School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006 China
State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006 China
E-mail: [email protected][email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorHui Xie
State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
He Wu
The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 China
E-mail: [email protected][email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorLiang Lu
The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 China
School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006 China
State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006 China
Search for more papers by this authorShuang Bai
The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 China
School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006 China
State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006 China
Search for more papers by this authorJiaqi Shi
Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081 China
Search for more papers by this authorHutao Zhang
The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Gang Hou
National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029 China
E-mail: [email protected][email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorWei Wang
College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
Search for more papers by this authorShoubin Sun
The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 China
Search for more papers by this authorTianyun Huang
State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006 China
Department of Advanced Manufacturing and Robotics, College of Engineering, and State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Peking University, Beijing, 100091 China
Search for more papers by this authorYuxin Jia
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
Search for more papers by this authorAlexander Granovsky
Magnetism Department, Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
Search for more papers by this authorPerov Nikolai
Magnetism Department, Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Zhiguang Wu
The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 China
School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006 China
State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006 China
E-mail: [email protected][email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorHui Xie
State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
He Wu
The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 China
E-mail: [email protected][email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Mass production of biomedical microrobots demands expensive and complex preparation techniques and versatile biocompatible materials. Learning from natural bacteria flagella, the study demonstrates a magnetic polymer multilayer cylindrical microrobot that bestows the controllable propulsion upon an external rotating magnetic field with uniform intensity. The magnetic microrobots are constructed by template-assisted layer-by-layer technique and subsequent functionalization of magnetic particles onto the large opening of the microrobots. Geometric variables of the polymer microrobots, such as the diameter and wall thickness, can be controlled by selection of porous template and layers of assembly. The microrobots perform controllable propulsion through the manipulation of magnetic field. The comparative analysis of the movement behavior reveals that the deformation of microrobots may be attributed to the propulsion upon rotating magnetic field, which is similar to that of natural bacteria. The influence of actuation and frequency on the velocity of the microrobots is studied. Such polymer multilayer magnetic microrobots may provide a novel concept to develop rapidly delivering drug therapeutic agents for diverse practical biomedical uses.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Open Research
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| smtd202401558-sup-0001-SuppMat.pdf2 MB | Supporting Information |
| smtd202401558-sup-0002-MovieS1.mp41.1 MB | Supporting Information |
| smtd202401558-sup-0003-MovieS2.mp41.7 MB | Supporting Information |
| smtd202401558-sup-0004-MovieS3.mp42.7 MB | Supporting Information |
| smtd202401558-sup-0005-MovieS4.mp42.7 MB | Supporting Information |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
References
- 1J. Li, B. Esteban-Fernandez de Avila, W. Gao, L. Zhang, J. Wang, Sci. Robot. 2017, 2, eaam6431.
- 2T. E. Mallouk, A. Sen, Sci. Am. 2009, 300, 72.
- 3J. Wang, Nanomachines: Fundamentals and Applications, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany 2013.
10.1002/9783527651450 Google Scholar
- 4J. Wang, R. Dong, H. Wu, Y. Cai, B. Ren, Nanomicro Lett. 2020, 12, 11.
- 5W. Gao, R. Dong, S. Thamphiwatana, J. Li, W. Gao, L. Zhang, J. Wang, ACS Nano 2015, 9, 117.
- 6M. Sitti, Nat. Rev. Mater. 2018, 3, 74.
- 7L. Li, K. Tan, Y. Bai, J. Chen, R. Dong, Z. Li, J. Wang, Anal. Chem. 2024, 96, 10274.
- 8J. Katuri, X. Ma, M. M. Stanton, S. Sánchez, Acc. Chem. Res. 2017, 50, 2.
- 9A. Servant, F. Qiu, M. Mazza, K. Kostarelos, B. J. Nelson, Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 2981.
- 10D. Schamel, A. G. Mark, J. G. Gibbs, C. Miksch, K. I. Morozov, A. M. Leshansky, P. Fischer, ACS Nano 2014, 8, 8794.
- 11Z. Li, Y. Che, M. Chen, J. Hu, P. He, X. Sun, X. Wu, Y. Yao, H. Zheng, G. Liu, X. Yan, Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 487, 150584.
- 12M. Shojaeian, H. Caldag, A. Bozkurt, S. Yesilyurt, Nanotechnology 2023, 34, 015301.
- 13H. Wang, S. Zhong, Z. Zheng, Q. Shi, T. Sun, Q. Huang, T. Fukuka, IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern. 2024, 54, 4139.
10.1109/TSMC.2024.3374071 Google Scholar
- 14S. Liu, Q. Lu, Z. Liang, D. Du, B. Chen, Y. Feng, C. Gao, T. Jiang, Y. Tu, F. Peng, Adv. Ther. 2024, 7, 2300334.
- 15S. Liu, B. Chen, Y. Feng, C. Gao, D. Du, T. Jiang, Y. Tu, F. Peng, Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 479, 147745.
- 16Z. Wang, W. Li, C. Li, K. Anke, Y. Pei, M. Sarthak, S. M. Islam, Mater. Des. 2024, 246, 113337.
- 17R. Tan, X. Yang, H. Lu, Y. Shen, Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 4761.
- 18M. Medina-Sánchez, H. Xu, O. G. Schmidt, Ther. Deliv. 2018, 9, 303.
- 19J. Z. Jiang, H. Zhang, W. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Cui, M. Lin, Q. Wang, Nano Today 2024, 56, 102295.
- 20H. Xie, M. Sun, X. Fan, Z. Lin, W. Chen, L. Wang, L. Dong, Q. He, Sci. Robot. 2019, 4, eaav8006.
- 21J. Yu, D. Jin, K. F. Chan, Q. Wang, K. Yuan, L. Zhang, Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 5631.
- 22V. M. Kadiri, C. Bussi, A. W. Holle, K. Son, H. Kwon, G. Schutz, M. G. Gutierrez, P. Fischer, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2001114.
- 23Y. Alapan, U. Bozuyuk, P. Erkoc, A. C. Karacakol, M. Sitti, Sci. Robot. 2020, 5, eaba5726.
- 24T. Zhou, K. Zhu, Z. Yang, Z. Qian, S. Zong, Y. Cui, Z. Wang, Small 2024, 20, 2311207.
- 25Y. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Yang, C. I. Vong, K. F. Chan, W. K. K. Wu, T. N. Y. Kwong, N. W. S. Lo, M. Ip, S. H. Wong, Sci. Adv. 2019, 5, eaau9650.
- 26T. Xu, Y. Guan, J. Liu, X. Wu, IEEE T. Autom. Sci. Eng. 2020, 17, 325.
- 27B. Wang, K. F. Chan, K. Yuan, Q. Wang, X. Xia, L. Yang, H. Ko, Y. X. J. Wang, J. J. Y. Sung, P. W. Y. Chiu, Sci. Robot. 2021, 6, eabd2813.
- 28J. Yu, B. Wang, X. Du, Q. Wang, L. Zhang, Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 3260.
- 29F. Ji, D. Jin, B. Wang, L. Zhang, ACS Nano 2020, 14, 6990.
- 30V. Asunción-Nadal, C. Franco, A. Veciana, S. Ning, A. Terzopoulou, S. Sevim, X. Chen, D. Gong, J. Cai, P. D. Wendel-Garcia, B. Jurado-Sánchez, A. Escarpa, J. Puigmartí-Luis, S. Pané, Small 2022, 18, 2203821.
- 31Z. Chen, Y. Wang, H. Chen, J. Law, H. Pu, S. Xie, F. Duan, Y. Sun, N. Liu, J. Yu, Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 644.
- 32X. Liu, R. Dong, Y. Chen, Q. Zhang, S. Yu, Z. Zhang, X. Hong, T. Li, M. Gao, Y. Cai, Mater. Today Nano 2022, 18, 100182.
- 33M. Yang, Y. Zhang, F. Mou, C. Cao, L. Yu, Z. Li, J. Guan, Sci. Adv. 2023, 9, eadk7251.
- 34M. You, S. Zhang, B. Chen, F. Mou, J. Guan, J. Mater. Chem. B 2024, 12, 10550.
- 35T. Xu, W. Gao, L. P. Xu, X. Zhang, S. Wang, Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1603250.
- 36T. Li, A. Zhang, G. Shao, M. Wei, B. Guo, G. Zhang, L. Li, W. Wang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1706066.
- 37A. L. Balk, L. O. Mair, P. P. Mathai, P. N. Patrone, W. Wang, S. Ahmed, T. E. Mallouk, J. A. Liddle, S. M. Stavis, ACS Nano 2014, 8, 8300.
- 38T. Li, J. Li, K. I. Morozov, Z. Wu, T. Xu, I. Rozen, A. M. Leshansky, L. Li, J. Wang, Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 5092.
- 39L. Xu, F. Mou, H. Gong, M. Luo, J. Guan, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46, 6905.
- 40J. Li, J. Zhang, W. Gao, G. Huang, Z. Di, R. Liu, J. Wang, Y. Mei, Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 3715.
- 41H. Wang, M. Pumera, Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 8704.
- 42Y. Mei, A. A. Solovev, S. Sanchez, O. G. Schmidt, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011, 40, 2109.
- 43P. K. E. Peyer, L. Zhang, B. J. Nelson, Nanoscale 2013, 5, 1259.
- 44A. Ghosh, P. Fischer, Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 2243.
- 45M. You, F. Mou, K. Wang, J. Guan, ACS Appl. Mater. 2023, 15, 40855.
- 46S. Batori, T. Komatsu, ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2024, 7, 6804.
- 47G. Go, H. Song, M. Nan, J. Lee, S. Kim, J. Park, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2305205.
- 48J. Huang, X. Yu, L. Li, W. Wang, H. Zhang, Y. Zhang, J. Zhu, J. Ma, ACS Nano 2024, 18, 2006.
- 49M. Nan, G. Go, H. Song, B. Darmawan, S. Zheng, S. Kim, K. Nguyen, K. Lee, H. Kim, J. Park, E. Choi, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 202401776.
- 50X. Jiao, Z. Wang, J. Xiu, W. Dai, L. Zhao, T. Xu, X. Du, Y. Wen, X. Zhang, Appl. Mater. Today 2020, 18, 100504.
- 51Y. Xing, M. Zhou, X. Du, X. Li, J. Li, T. Xu, X. Zhang, Appl. Mater. Today 2019, 17, 85.
- 52Z. Wu, T. Si, W. Gao, X. Lin, J. Wang, Q. He, Small 2016, 12, 577.
- 53W. Wang, Z. Wu, Q. He, View 2020, 1, 20200005.
- 54W. Wang, Z. Wu, X. Lin, T. Si, Q. He, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 6601.
- 55K. Ariga, T. Mori, W. Nakanishi, Chem. Asian J. 2018, 13, 1266.
- 56Z. Wu, Y. Wu, W. He, X. Lin, J. Sun, Q. He, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 7000.
- 57X. Zhao, S. Zhu, J. Li, D. Long, M. Wan, W. Tang, Biomed. Pharmacother. 2022, 146, 112587.
