Revealing Dynamic Effects of Mobile Ions in Halide Perovskite Solar Cells Using Time-Resolved Microspectroscopy
Weijian Chen
Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122 Australia
Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW, 2052 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorZhixing Gan
Center for Future Optoelectronic Functional Materials, School of Computer and Electronic Information/School of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 P. R. China
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorMartin A. Green
Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW, 2052 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Baohua Jia
Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122 Australia
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Xiaoming Wen
Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122 Australia
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorWeijian Chen
Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122 Australia
Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW, 2052 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorZhixing Gan
Center for Future Optoelectronic Functional Materials, School of Computer and Electronic Information/School of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023 P. R. China
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorMartin A. Green
Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW, 2052 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Baohua Jia
Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122 Australia
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Xiaoming Wen
Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122 Australia
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Halide perovskites are promising candidate materials for the next generation high-efficiency optoelectronic devices. Since perovskites are electronic-ionic mixed conductors, ion dynamics have a critical impact on the performance and stability of perovskite-based applications. However, comprehensively understanding ionic dynamics is challenging, particularly on nanoscale imaging of ionic dynamics in perovskites. In this review, mobile ion dynamics in halide perovskites investigated via luminescence spectroscopy combined with confocal microscopy are discussed, including mobile ion induced fluorescence quenching, phase segregation in mixed halide hybrid perovskite, and mobile ion accumulation at the interface in perovskite devices. Steady-state and time-resolved luminescence imaging techniques, combined with confocal microscopy, are unique tools for probing ionic dynamics in perovskites, providing invaluable insights on ionic dynamics in nanoscale resolution, along with a wide temporal range from picoseconds to hours. The works in this review are not only for understanding mobile ions to improve the design of perovskite-based devices but also foster the development of microspectroscopic methodologies in a broader solid-state physics context of investigating ionic transports in polycrystalline materials.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- 1 NREL, Best Reserach-Cell Efficiencies 2019.
- 2A. K. Jena, A. Kulkarni, T. Miyasaka, Chem. Rev. 2019, 119, 3036.
- 3L. M. Herz, ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2, 1539.
- 4F. Babbe, C. M. Sutter-Fella, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 1903587.
- 5S. D. Stranks, H. J. Snaith, Nat. Nanotechnol. 2015, 10, 391.
- 6H. Wei, Y. Fang, P. Mulligan, W. Chuirazzi, H.-H. Fang, C. Wang, B. R. Ecker, Y. Gao, M. A. Loi, L. Cao, Nat. Photonics 2016, 10, 333.
- 7W. Lee, J. Lee, H. Yun, J. Kim, J. Park, C. Choi, D. C. Kim, H. Seo, H. Lee, J. W. Yu, W. B. Lee, D. H. Kim, Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1702902.
- 8Y. Yuan, J. Huang, Acc. Chem. Res. 2016, 49, 286.
- 9H. Zhang, X. Fu, Y. Tang, H. Wang, C. Zhang, W. W. Yu, X. Wang, Y. Zhang, M. Xiao, Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 1088.
- 10D. J. Slotcavage, H. I. Karunadasa, M. D. McGehee, ACS Energy Lett. 2016, 1, 1199.
- 11M. C. Brennan, S. Draguta, P. V. Kamat, M. Kuno, ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 204.
- 12G. Richardson, S. E. J. O'Kane, R. G. Niemann, T. A. Peltola, J. M. Foster, P. J. Cameron, A. B. Walker, Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 1476.
- 13Y. Shao, Y. Fang, T. Li, Q. Wang, Q. Dong, Y. Deng, Y. Yuan, H. Wei, M. Wang, A. Gruverman, J. Shield, J. Huang, Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 1752.
- 14E. Mosconi, F. De Angelis, ACS Energy Lett. 2016, 1, 182.
- 15J. Haruyama, K. Sodeyama, L. Han, Y. Tateyama, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 10048.
- 16J. M. Azpiroz, E. Mosconi, J. Bisquert, F. De Angelis, Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 2118.
- 17C. Eames, J. M. Frost, P. R. F. Barnes, B. C. O'Regan, A. Walsh, M. S. Islam, Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 7497..
- 18C. Li, A. Guerrero, Y. Zhong, A. Gräser, C. A. M. Luna, J. Köhler, J. Bisquert, R. Hildner, S. Huettner, Small 2017, 13, 1701711.
- 19J. Lim, M. T. Hörantner, N. Sakai, J. M. Ball, S. Mahesh, N. K. Noel, Y. H. Lin, J. B. Patel, D. P. McMeekin, M. B. Johnston, B. Wenger, H. J. Snaith, Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 169.
- 20M. Kulbak, I. Levine, E. Barak-Kulbak, S. Gupta, A. Zohar, I. Balberg, G. Hodes, D. Cahen, Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1800398.
- 21P. Calado, A. M. Telford, D. Bryant, X. Li, J. Nelson, B. C. O'Regan, P. R. F. Barnes, Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 13831.
- 22S. Meloni, T. Moehl, W. Tress, M. Franckeviius, M. Saliba, Y. H. Lee, P. Gao, M. K. Nazeeruddin, S. M. Zakeeruddin, U. Rothlisberger, M. Graetzel, Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 10334.
- 23S. Heo, G. Seo, Y. Lee, D. Lee, M. Seol, J. Lee, J. B. Park, K. Kim, D. J. Yun, Y. S. Kim, J. K. Shin, T. K. Ahn, M. K. Nazeeruddin, Energy Environ. Sci. 2017, 10, 1128.
- 24S. Reichert, J. Flemming, Q. An, Y. Vaynzof, J.-F. Pietschmann, C. Deibel, Phys. Rev. Appl. 2020, 13, 34018.
- 25D. V. Lang, J. Appl. Phys. 1974, 45, 3023.
- 26J. W. Rosenberg, M. J. Legodi, Y. Rakita, D. Cahen, M. Diale, J. Appl. Phys. 2017, 122, 145701.
- 27H. C. Hsieh, C. Y. Hsiow, K. F. Lin, Y. C. Shih, L. Wang, C. Renaud, T. P. Nguyen, J. Phys. Chem. C 2018, 122, 17601.
- 28S. Reichert, J. Flemming, Q. An, Y. Vaynzof, J. F. Pietschmann, C. Deibel, Phys. Rev. Appl. 2020, 13, 034018.
- 29H. Si, Z. Zhang, Q. Liao, G. Zhang, Y. Ou, S. Zhang, H. Wu, J. Wu, Z. Kang, Y. Zhang, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1904702.
- 30T. Zhang, H. Chen, Y. Bai, S. Xiao, L. Zhu, C. Hu, Q. Xue, S. Yang, Nano Energy 2016, 26, 620.
- 31M. H. Futscher, J. M. Lee, L. McGovern, L. A. Muscarella, T. Wang, M. I. Haider, A. Fakharuddin, L. Schmidt-Mende, B. Ehrler, Mater. Horiz. 2019, 6, 1497.
- 32A. Senocrate, I. Moudrakovski, T. Acartürk, R. Merkle, G. Y. Kim, U. Starke, M. Grätzel, J. Maier, J. Phys. Chem. C 2018, 122, 21803.
- 33E. M. Tennyson, C. Gong, M. S. Leite, ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2, 2761.
- 34J. M. Howard, R. Lahoti, M. S. Leite, Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 10, 1903161.
- 35S. Deng, D. D. Blach, L. Jin, L. Huang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 1903781.
- 36Y. Yang, D. P. Ostrowski, R. M. France, K. Zhu, J. van de Lagemaat, J. M. Luther, M. C. Beard, Nat. Photonics 2016, 10, 53.
- 37J. Yang, X. Wen, H. Xia, R. Sheng, Q. Ma, J. Kim, P. Tapping, T. Harada, T. W. Kee, F. Huang, Y.-B. Cheng, M. Green, A. Ho-Baillie, S. Huang, S. Shrestha, R. Patterson, G. Conibeer, Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 14120.
- 38Z. Guo, Y. Wan, M. Yang, J. Snaider, K. Zhu, L. Huang, Science 2017, 356, 59.
- 39J. Shi, Y. Li, Y. Li, D. Li, Y. Luo, H. Wu, Q. Meng, Joule 2018, 2, 879.
- 40G. Delport, S. Macpherson, S. D. Stranks, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 1903814.
- 41T. Wu, Y. Wang, X. Quintana, X. Guan, J. Kim, L. Hu, C. Lin, B. Jones, W. Chen, X. Wen, H. Gao, Photonics Res. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.402411.
- 42T. Wilson, J. Microsc. 2011, 244, 113.
- 43X. Deng, X. Wen, J. Zheng, T. Young, C. F. J. Lau, J. Kim, M. Green, S. Huang, A. Ho-Baillie, Nano Energy 2018, 46, 356.
- 44T.-H.-Y. Vu, W. Chen, X. Deng, C. F. J. Lau, S. Huang, A. Ho-Baillie, B. Jia, X. Wen, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2020, 11, 136.
- 45P. Frantsuzov, M. Kuno, B. Janko, R. A. Marcus, Nat. Phys. 2008, 4, 519.
- 46C. T. Yuan, P. Yu, J. Tang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 94, 243108.
- 47C. Galland, Y. Ghosh, A. Steinbrück, M. Sykora, J. A. Hollingsworth, V. I. Klimov, H. Htoon, Nature 2011, 479, 203.
- 48J. Tang, R. A. Marcus, J. Chem. Phys. 2005, 123, 054704.
- 49J. Tang, R. A. Marcus, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2005, 95, 107401.
- 50J. P. Hoogenboom, J. Hernando, E. M. H. P. van Dijk, N. F. van Hulst, M. F. García-Parajó, ChemPhysChem 2007, 8, 823.
- 51H. C. Ko, C. T. Yuan, S. H. Lin, J. Tang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 96, 012104.
- 52I. H. Stein, S. Capone, J. H. Smit, F. Baumann, T. Cordes, P. Tinnefeld, ChemPhysChem 2012, 13, 931.
- 53G. Yuan, D. E. Gómez, N. Kirkwood, K. Boldt, P. Mulvaney, ACS Nano 2018, 12, 3397.
- 54A. L. Efros, D. J. Nesbitt, Nat. Nanotechnol. 2016, 11, 661.
- 55W. Xu, W. Liu, J. F. Schmidt, W. Zhao, X. Lu, T. Raab, C. Diederichs, W. Gao, D. V Seletskiy, Q. Xiong, Nature 2017, 541, 62.
- 56Y.-S. Park, S. Guo, N. S. Makarov, V. I. Klimov, ACS Nano 2015, 9, 10386.
- 57T. Kim, S. Il Jung, S. Ham, H. Chung, D. Kim, Small 2019, 15, 1900355.
- 58J. F. Galisteo-López, M. E. Calvo, T. C. Rojas, H. Míguez, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 6344.
- 59S. Seth, T. Ahmed, A. Samanta, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2018, 9, 7007.
- 60S. Seth, N. Mondal, S. Patra, A. Samanta, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2016, 7, 266.
- 61N. A. Gibson, B. A. Koscher, A. P. Alivisatos, S. R. Leone, J. Phys. Chem. C 2018, 122, 12106.
- 62L. Hou, C. Zhao, X. Yuan, J. Zhao, F. Krieg, P. Tamarat, M. V Kovalenko, C. Guo, B. Lounis, Nanoscale 2020, 12, 6795.
- 63D. Wang, J. Cavin, B. Yin, A. S. S. Thind, A. Y. Borisevich, R. Mishra, B. Sadtler, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2020, 11, 952.
- 64T. Ahmed, S. Seth, A. Samanta, ACS Nano 2019, 13, 13537.
- 65T. Guo, R. Bose, X. Zhou, Y. N. Gartstein, H. Yang, S. Kwon, M. J. Kim, M. Lutfullin, L. Sinatra, I. Gereige, A. Al-Saggaf, O. M. Bakr, O. F. Mohammed, A. V. Malko, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2019, 10, 6780.
- 66L. Chouhan, S. Ghimire, V. Biju, Angew. Chem. 2019, 131, 4929.
10.1002/ange.201900061 Google Scholar
- 67S. Mandal, S. Mukherjee, C. K. De, D. Roy, S. Ghosh, P. K. Mandal, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2020, 11, 1702.
- 68S. Wang, C. Querner, M. D. Fischbein, L. Willis, D. S. Novikov, C. H. Crouch, M. Drndic, Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 4020.
- 69X. Wen, A. Ho-Baillie, S. Huang, R. Sheng, S. Chen, H. C. Ko, M. A. Green, Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 4644.
- 70B. Zhao, L. Zhu, L. Sun, S. Wang, J. Lu, Q. Han, H. Dong, B. Tang, B. Zhou, F. Liu, Nanotechnology 2020, 31, 215204.
- 71T. Behera, N. Pathoor, C. Phadnis, S. Buragohain, A. Chowdhury, J. Lumin. 2020, 223, 117202.
- 72N. Pathoor, A. Halder, A. Mukherjee, J. Mahato, S. K. Sarkar, A. Chowdhury, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 11603.
- 73Y. Tian, A. Merdasa, M. Peter, M. Abdellah, K. Zheng, C. S. Ponseca, T. Pullerits, A. Yartsev, V. Sundstrom, I. G. Scheblykin, Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 1603.
- 74M. Gerhard, B. Louis, R. Camacho, A. Merdasa, J. Li, A. Kiligaridis, A. Dobrovolsky, J. Hofkens, I. G. Scheblykin, Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 1698.
- 75D. K. Sharma, S. Hirata, M. Vacha, Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 4499..
- 76K. Kundu, P. Acharyya, K. Maji, R. Sasmal, S. S. Agasti, K. Biswas, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 13093.
- 77C. Li, A. Guerrero, S. Huettner, J. Bisquert, Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 5113.
- 78A. Kiligaridis, A. Merdasa, C. Rehermann, E. L. Unger, I. G. Scheblykin, J. Lumin. 2020, 222, 117129.
- 79D. K. Sharma, S. Hirata, M. Vacha, J. Lumin. 2020, 222, 117119.
- 80A. S. Subbiah, A. Halder, S. Ghosh, N. Mahuli, G. Hodes, S. K. Sarkar, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 1748.
- 81S. T. Birkhold, J. T. Precht, H. Liu, R. Giridharagopal, G. E. Eperon, L. Schmidt-Mende, X. Li, D. S. Ginger, ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 1279.
- 82X. Deng, X. Wen, J. Lau, T. Young, J. Yun, M. Green, S. Huang, A. W. Y. Ho-Baillie, J. Mater. Chem. C 2016, 4, 9060.
- 83S. Chen, X. Wen, R. Sheng, S. Huang, X. Deng, M. A. Green, A. Ho-Baillie, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 5351.
- 84Z. Andaji-Garmaroudi, M. Anaya, A. J. Pearson, S. D. Stranks, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 1903109.
- 85S. Chen, X. Wen, S. Huang, F. Huang, Y.-B. Cheng, M. Green, A. Ho-Baillie, Sol. RRL 2017, 1, 1600001.
- 86F. Zheng, W. Chen, T. Bu, K. P. Ghiggino, F. Huang, Y. Cheng, P. Tapping, T. W. Kee, B. Jia, X. Wen, Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1901016.
- 87A. Senocrate, I. Moudrakovski, G. Y. Kim, T.-Y. Yang, G. Gregori, M. Grätzel, J. Maier, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 7755.
- 88D. W. DeQuilettes, W. Zhang, V. M. Burlakov, D. J. Graham, T. Leijtens, A. Osherov, V. Bulović, H. J. Snaith, D. S. Ginger, S. D. Stranks, Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 11683.
- 89D. Xu, X. Hua, S.-C. Liu, H.-W. Qiao, H.-G. Yang, Y.-T. Long, H. Tian, Chem. Commun. 2018, 54, 5434.
- 90D. Barboni, R. A. De Souza, Energy Environ. Sci. 2018, 11, 3266.
- 91X. Zhu, J. Lee, W. D. Lu, Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1700527.
- 92Y. Luo, P. Khoram, S. Brittman, Z. Zhu, B. Lai, S. P. Ong, E. C. Garnett, D. P. Fenning, Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1703451.
- 93H. Khassaf, S. K. Yadavalli, O. S. Game, Y. Zhou, N. P. Padture, A. I. Kingon, J. Phys. Chem. C 2019, 123, 4029.
- 94C. Li, S. Tscheuschner, F. Paulus, P. E. Hopkinson, J. Kießling, A. Köhler, Y. Vaynzof, S. Huettner, Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 2446.
- 95P. Fassl, S. Ternes, V. Lami, Y. Zakharko, D. Heimfarth, P. E. Hopkinson, F. Paulus, A. D. Taylor, J. Zaumseil, Y. Vaynzof, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 2490.
- 96N. Vicente, G. Garcia-Belmonte, Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1700710.
- 97C. J. Tong, L. Li, L. M. Liu, O. V. Prezhdo, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 3060.
- 98P. Fassl, Y. Zakharko, L. M. Falk, K. P. Goetz, F. Paulus, A. D. Taylor, J. Zaumseil, Y. Vaynzof, J. Mater. Chem. C 2019, 7, 5285.
- 99D. Meggiolaro, E. Mosconi, F. De Angelis, ACS Energy Lett. 2019, 4, 779.
- 100S. G. Motti, D. Meggiolaro, A. J. Barker, E. Mosconi, C. A. R. Perini, J. M. Ball, M. Gandini, M. Kim, F. De Angelis, A. Petrozza, Nat. Photonics 2019, 13, 532.
- 101D. W. DeQuilettes, S. M. Vorpahl, S. D. Stranks, H. Nagaoka, G. E. Eperon, M. E. Ziffer, H. J. Snaith, D. S. Ginger, Science 2015, 348, 683.
- 102S. Ghosh, S. K. Pal, K. J. Karki, T. Pullerits, ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2, 2133.
- 103G. Y. Kim, A. Senocrate, T. Y. Yang, G. Gregori, M. Grätzel, J. Maier, Nat. Mater. 2018, 17, 445.
- 104E. T. Hoke, D. J. Slotcavage, E. R. Dohner, A. R. Bowring, H. I. Karunadasa, M. D. McGehee, Chem. Sci. 2015, 6, 613.
- 105R. Brenes, C. Eames, V. Bulović, M. S. Islam, S. D. Stranks, Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1706208.
- 106Y. Zhao, H. Tan, H. Yuan, Z. Yang, J. Z. Fan, J. Kim, O. Voznyy, X. Gong, L. N. Quan, C. S. Tan, J. Hofkens, D. Yu, Q. Zhao, E. H. Sargent, Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 1607.
- 107C. Zhou, Q. Ou, W. Chen, Z. Gan, J. Wang, Q. Bao, X. Wen, B. Jia, Adv. Opt. Mater. 2018, 6, 1801107.
- 108Y. Wang, X. Guan, W. Chen, J. Yang, L. Hu, J. Yang, S. Li, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, X. Wen, T. Wu, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 38376.
- 109T. Duong, H. K. Mulmudi, Y. Wu, X. Fu, H. Shen, J. Peng, N. Wu, H. T. Nguyen, D. Macdonald, M. Lockrey, T. P. White, K. Weber, K. Catchpole, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 26859.
- 110J. S. Yun, J. Seidel, J. Kim, A. M. Soufiani, S. Huang, J. Lau, N. J. Jeon, S. Il Seok, M. A. Green, A. Ho-Baillie, Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1600330.
- 111W. Li, M. U. Rothmann, A. Liu, Z. Wang, Y. Zhang, A. R. Pascoe, J. Lu, L. Jiang, Y. Chen, F. Huang, Y. Peng, Q. Bao, J. Etheridge, U. Bach, Y.-B. Cheng, Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1700946.
- 112X. Tang, M. Van Den Berg, E. Gu, A. Horneber, G. J. Matt, A. Osvet, A. J. Meixner, D. Zhang, C. J. Brabec, Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 2172.
- 113C. G. Bischak, C. L. Hetherington, H. Wu, S. Aloni, D. F. Ogletree, D. T. Limmer, N. S. Ginsberg, Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 1028.
- 114J. R. Vicente, J. Chen, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2020, 11, 1802.
- 115R. A. Scheidt, P. V. Kamat, J. Chem. Phys. 2019, 151, 134703.
- 116D. Pan, Y. Fu, J. Chen, K. J. Czech, J. C. Wright, S. Jin, Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 1807.
- 117T. Elmelund, B. Seger, M. Kuno, P. V. Kamat, ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5, 56.
- 118W. Chen, W. Li, Z. Gan, Y.-B. Cheng, B. Jia, X. Wen, Chem. Mater. 2019, 31, 9049.
- 119X. He, Y. Zhu, Y. Mo, Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 15893.
- 120C. Müller, T. Glaser, M. Plogmeyer, M. Sendner, S. Döring, A. A. Bakulin, C. Brzuska, R. Scheer, M. S. Pshenichnikov, W. Kowalsky, A. Pucci, R. Lovrinčić, Chem. Mater. 2015, 27, 7835.
- 121W. Fan, Y. Shi, T. Shi, S. Chu, W. Chen, K. O. Ighodalo, J. Zhao, X. Li, Z. Xiao, ACS Energy Lett. 2019, 4, 2052.
- 122A. J. Knight, A. D. Wright, J. B. Patel, D. P. McMeekin, H. J. Snaith, M. B. Johnston, L. M. Herz, ACS Energy Lett. 2019, 4, 75.
- 123C. G. Bischak, A. B. Wong, E. Lin, D. T. Limmer, P. Yang, N. S. Ginsberg, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2018, 9, 3998.
- 124W. Mao, C. R. Hall, A. S. R. Chesman, C. Forsyth, Y. B. Cheng, N. W. Duffy, T. A. Smith, U. Bach, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 2893.
- 125W. Chen, W. Mao, U. Bach, B. Jia, X. Wen, Small Methods 2019, 3, 1900273.
- 126W. Chen, X. Wen, M. Latzel, M. Heilmann, J. Yang, X. Dai, S. Huang, S. Shrestha, R. Patterson, S. Christiansen, G. Conibeer, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 31887.
- 127Z. Gan, X. Wen, W. Chen, C. Zhou, S. Yang, G. Cao, K. P. Ghiggino, H. Zhang, B. Jia, Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1900185.
- 128S. Zou, G. Yang, T. Yang, D. Zhao, Z. Gan, W. Chen, H.-Z. Zhong, X. Wen, B. Jia, B. Zou, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2018, 9, 4878.
- 129Z. Li, C. Kolodziej, T. Zhang, C. McCleese, A. Kovalsky, Y. Zhao, W. R. L. Lambrecht, C. Burda, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 11811.
- 130M. Lai, A. Obliger, D. Lu, C. S. Kley, C. G. Bischak, Q. Kong, T. Lei, L. Dou, N. S. Ginsberg, D. T. Limmer, P. Yang, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2018, 115, 11929.
- 131Z. Wang, Y. Wang, Z. Nie, Y. Ren, H. Zeng, Nanoscale Adv. 2019, 1, 4459.
- 132S.-G. Kim, C. Li, A. Guerrero, J.-M. Yang, Y. Zhong, J. Bisquert, S. Huettner, N.-G. Park, J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 18807.
- 133X. Hu, X. Wang, P. Fan, Y. Li, X. Zhang, Q. Liu, W. Zheng, G. Xu, X. Wang, X. Zhu, A. Pan, Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 3024.
- 134W. Peng, C. Aranda, O. M. Bakr, G. Garcia-Belmonte, J. Bisquert, A. Guerrero, ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 1477.
- 135Y. Zhong, C. A. M. Luna, R. Hildner, C. Li, S. Huettner, APL Mater. 2019, 7, 041114.
- 136X. Wen, S. Huang, S. Chen, X. Deng, F. Huang, Y.-B. Cheng, M. Green, A. Ho-Baillie, Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 3, 1600467.
- 137M. Stolterfoht, C. M. Wolff, J. A. Márquez, S. Zhang, C. J. Hages, D. Rothhardt, S. Albrecht, P. L. Burn, P. Meredith, T. Unold, D. Neher, Nat. Energy 2018, 3, 847.
- 138S. Shao, M. A. Loi, Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 7, 1901469.
- 139H. Wang, A. Guerrero, A. Bou, A. M. Al-Mayouf, J. Bisquert, Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 2054.
- 140P. Schulz, D. Cahen, A. Kahn, Chem. Rev. 2019, 119, 3349.
- 141Y. Deng, Z. Xiao, J. Huang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2015, 5, 1500721.
- 142D. Liu, Q. Wang, C. J. Traverse, C. Yang, M. Young, P. S. Kuttipillai, S. Y. Lunt, T. W. Hamann, R. R. Lunt, ACS Nano 2018, 12, 876.
- 143C. Aranda, A. Guerrero, J. Bisquert, ACS Energy Lett. 2019, 4, 741.
- 144T. Bu, J. Li, F. Zheng, W. Chen, X. Wen, Z. Ku, Y. Peng, J. Zhong, Y.-B. Cheng, F. Huang, Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 4609.
- 145F. Zheng, X. Wen, T. Bu, S. Chen, J. Yang, W. Chen, F. Huang, Y.-B. Cheng, B. Jia, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 31452.
- 146N. D. Pham, J. Shang, Y. Yang, M. T. Hoang, V. T. Tiong, X. Wang, L. Fan, P. Chen, L. Kou, L. Wang, H. Wang, Nano Energy 2020, 69, 104412.
- 147B. Chen, P. N. Rudd, S. Yang, Y. Yuan, J. Huang, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2019, 48, 3842.
- 148K. P. Goetz, A. D. Taylor, F. Paulus, Y. Vaynzof, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 1910004.
- 149M. Abdi-Jalebi, Z. Andaji-Garmaroudi, S. Cacovich, C. Stavrakas, B. Philippe, J. M. Richter, M. Alsari, E. P. Booker, E. M. Hutter, A. J. Pearson, S. Lilliu, T. J. Savenije, H. Rensmo, G. Divitini, C. Ducati, R. H. Friend, S. D. Stranks, Nature 2018, 555, 497.
- 150J.-P. Correa-Baena, Y. Luo, T. M. Brenner, J. Snaider, S. Sun, X. Li, M. A. Jensen, N. T. P. Hartono, L. Nienhaus, S. Wieghold, J. R. Poindexter, S. Wang, Y. S. Meng, T. Wang, B. Lai, M. V. Holt, Z. Cai, M. G. Bawendi, L. Huang, T. Buonassisi, D. P. Fenning, Science 2019, 363, 627.
- 151L. Bertoluzzi, C. C. Boyd, N. Rolston, J. Xu, R. Prasanna, B. C. O'Regan, M. D. McGehee, Joule 2020, 4, 109.
- 152S. A. L. Weber, I. M. Hermes, S.-H. Turren-Cruz, C. Gort, V. W. Bergmann, L. Gilson, A. Hagfeldt, M. Graetzel, W. Tress, R. Berger, Energy Environ. Sci. 2018, 11, 2404.
- 153W. Tress, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2017, 8, 3106.
- 154E. M. Tennyson, J. M. Howard, B. Roose, J. L. Garrett, J. N. Munday, A. Abate, M. S. Leite, Chem. Mater. 2019, 31, 8969.
- 155R. Gottesman, P. Lopez-Varo, L. Gouda, J. A. Jimenez-Tejada, J. Hu, S. Tirosh, A. Zaban, J. Bisquert, Chem 2016, 1, 776.
- 156D. Moia, I. Gelmetti, P. Calado, W. Fisher, M. Stringer, O. Game, Y. Hu, P. Docampo, D. Lidzey, E. Palomares, J. Nelson, P. R. F. Barnes, Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 1296.
- 157L. Jiang, J. Lu, S. R. Raga, J. Sun, X. Lin, W. Huang, F. Huang, U. Bach, Y.-B. Cheng, Nano Energy 2019, 58, 687.
- 158A. Extance, Nature 2019, 570, 429.
- 159T. Trupke, R. A. Bardos, M. C. Schubert, W. Warta, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 044107.
- 160L. A. Muscarella, E. M. Hutter, S. Sanchez, C. D. Dieleman, T. J. Savenije, A. Hagfeldt, M. Saliba, B. Ehrler, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2019, 10, 6010.
- 161A. F. Castro-Méndez, J. Hidalgo, J. P. Correa-Baena, Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1901489.
- 162M. A. Haque, J. Troughton, D. Baran, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 1902762.