Phase-Transfer Exchange Lead Chalcogenide Colloidal Quantum Dots: Ink Preparation, Film Assembly, and Solar Cell Construction
Mohan Yuan
Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205 P. R. China
Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorXia Wang
Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorXiao Chen
Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jungang He
Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205 P. R. China
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorKanghua Li
Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorBoxiang Song
Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorHuicheng Hu
Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorLiang Gao
Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Xinzheng Lan
Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Chao Chen
Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorJiang Tang
Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorMohan Yuan
Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205 P. R. China
Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorXia Wang
Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorXiao Chen
Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jungang He
Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205 P. R. China
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorKanghua Li
Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorBoxiang Song
Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorHuicheng Hu
Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorLiang Gao
Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Xinzheng Lan
Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Chao Chen
Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorJiang Tang
Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Solution-processed colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are promising candidates for the third-generation photovoltaics due to their low cost and spectral tunability. The development of CQD solar cells mainly relies on high-quality CQD ink, smooth and dense film, and charge-extraction-favored device architectures. In particular, advances in the processing of CQDs are essential for high-quality QD solids. The phase transfer exchange (PTE), in contrast with traditional solid-state ligand exchange, has demonstrated to be the most promising approach for high-quality QD solids in terms of charge transport and defect passivation. As a result, the efficiencies of Pb chalcogenide CQD solar cells have been rapidly improved to 14.0%. In this review, the development of the PTE method is briefly reviewed for lead chalcogenide CQD ink preparation, film assembly, and device construction. Particularly, the key roles of lead halides and additional additives are emphasized for defect passivation and charge transport improvement. In the end, several potential directions for future research are proposed.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- 1L. E. Brus, J. Chem. Phys. 1983, 79, 5566.
- 2L. E. Brus, J. Chem. Phys. 1984, 80, 4403.
- 3M. G. Bawendi, M. L. Steigerwald, L. E. Brus, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 1990, 41, 477.
- 4M. K. Singh, M. C. Mathpal, A. Agarwal, Chem. Phys. Lett. 2012, 536, 87.
- 5R. Ulbricht, J. J. Pijpers, E. Groeneveld, R. Koole, C. d. M. Donega, D. Vanmaekelbergh, C. Delerue, G. Allan, M. Bonn, Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 4937.
- 6R. Saran, R. J. Curry, Nat. Photonics 2016, 10, 81.
- 7F. Yuan, T. Yuan, L. Sui, Z. Wang, Z. Xi, Y. Li, X. Li, L. Fan, Z. Tan, A. Chen, M. Jin, S. Yang, Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 2249.
- 8Y.-H. Won, O. Cho, T. Kim, D.-Y. Chung, T. Kim, H. Chung, H. Jang, J. Lee, D. Kim, E. Jang, Nature 2019, 575, 634.
- 9Y. Liu, J. Cui, K. Du, H. Tian, Z. He, Q. Zhou, Z. Yang, Y. Deng, D. Chen, X. Zuo, Y. Ren, L. Wang, H. Zhu, B. Zhao, D. Di, J. Wang, R. H. Friend, Y. Jin, Nat. Photonics 2019, 13, 760.
- 10X. Lan, M. Chen, M. H. Hudson, V. Kamysbayev, Y. Wang, P. Guyot-Sionnest, D. V. Talapin, Nat. Mater. 2020, 19, 323.
- 11G. Y. Kwak, S. H. Lee, J. S. Jang, S. Hong, A. Kim, K. J. Kim, Sol. Energy Mater Sol. Cells 2017, 159, 80.
- 12H. Zhang, J. M. Kurley, J. C. Russell, J. Jang, D. V. Talapin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 7464.
- 13D. So, S. Pradhan, G. Konstantatos, Nanoscale 2016, 8, 16776.
- 14M. Bernechea, N. C. Miller, G. Xercavins, D. So, A. Stavrinadis, G. Konstantatos, Nat. Photonics 2016, 10, 521.
- 15J. Du, R. Singh, I. Fedin, A. S. Fuhr, V. I. Klimov, Nat. Energy 2020, 5, 409.
- 16M. Hao, Y. Bai, S. Zeiske, L. Ren, J. Liu, Y. Yuan, N. Zarrabi, N. Cheng, M. Ghasemi, P. Chen, Nat. Energy 2020, 5, 79.
- 17G. H. Carey, A. L. Abdelhady, Z. Ning, S. M. Thon, O. M. Bakr, E. H. Sargent, Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 12732.
- 18G. Shi, Y. Wang, Z. Liu, L. Han, J. Liu, Y. Wang, K. Lu, S. Chen, X. Ling, Y. Li, S. Cheng, W. Ma, Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1602667.
- 19L. Yuan, H. Michaels, R. Roy, M. Johansson, V. Öberg, A. Andruszkiewicz, X. Zhang, M. Freitag, E. M. Johansson, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2020, 3, 3157.
- 20Y. Bi, S. Pradhan, M. Z. Akgul, S. Gupta, A. Stavrinadis, J. Wang, G. Konstantatos, ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 1753.
- 21Y. Gao, J. Zheng, W. Chen, L. Yuan, Z. L. Teh, J. Yang, X. Cui, G. Conibeer, R. Patterson, S. Huang, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2019, 10, 5729.
- 22A. Manekkathodi, B. Chen, J. Kim, S.-W. Baek, B. Scheffel, Y. Hou, O. Ouellette, M. I. Saidaminov, O. Voznyy, V. E. Madhavan, A. Belaidi, S. Ashhab, E. H. Sargent, J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 26020.
- 23T. Kim, Y. Firdaus, A. R. Kirmani, R.-Z. Liang, H. Hu, M. Liu, A. El Labban, S. Hoogland, P. M. Beaujuge, E. H. Sargent, ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 1307.
- 24H. Aqoma, I. F. Imran, M. A. Mubarok, W. T. Hadmojo, Y. R. Do, S.-Y. Jang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 1903294.
- 25M. Graetzel, R. A. Janssen, D. B. Mitzi, E. H. Sargent, Nature 2012, 488, 304.
- 26J. Gao, S. C. Nguyen, N. D. Bronstein, A. P. Alivisatos, ACS Photonics 2016, 3, 1217.
- 27W. Zhou, Y. Shang, F. P. G. de Arquer, K. Xu, R. Wang, S. Luo, X. Xiao, X. Zhou, R. Huang, E. H. Sargent, Nat. Electron. 2020, 3, 251.
- 28A. Litvin, I. Martynenko, F. Purcell-Milton, A. Baranov, A. Fedorov, Y. Gun'Ko, J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 13252.
- 29L. Gao, L. N. Quan, F. P. García de Arquer, Y. Zhao, R. Munir, A. Proppe, R. Quintero-Bermudez, C. Zou, Z. Yang, M. I. Saidaminov, O. Voznyy, S. Kinge, Z. Lu, S. O. Kelley, A. Amassian, J. Tang, E. H. Sargent, Nat. Photonics 2020, 14, 227.
- 30D. Yanover, R. K. Čapek, A. Rubin-Brusilovski, R. Vaxenburg, N. Grumbach, G. I. Maikov, O. Solomeshch, A. Sashchiuk, E. Lifshitz, Chem. Mater. 2012, 24, 4417.
- 31J. Zhang, R. W. Crisp, J. Gao, D. M. Kroupa, M. C. Beard, J. M. Luther, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2015, 6, 1830.
- 32V. Sayevich, N. Gaponik, M. Plötner, M. Kruszynska, T. Gemming, V. M. Dzhagan, S. Akhavan, D. R. Zahn, H. V. Demir, A. Eychmüller, Chem. Mater. 2015, 27, 4328.
- 33J. Zhang, J. Gao, E. M. Miller, J. M. Luther, M. C. Beard, ACS Nano 2013, 8, 614.
- 34Y. Xia, S. Liu, K. Wang, X. Yang, L. Lian, Z. Zhang, J. He, G. Liang, S. Wang, M. Tan, H. Song, D. Zhang, J. Gao, J. Tang, M. C. Beard, J. Zhang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 1907379.
- 35Y. Xia, W. Chen, P. Zhang, S. Liu, K. Wang, X. Yang, H. Tang, L. Lian, J. He, X. Liu, G. Liang, M. Tan, L. Gao, H. Liu, H. Song, D. Zhang, J. Gao, K. Wang, X. Lan, X. Zhang, P. Müller-Buschbaum, J. Tang, J. Zhang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2000594.
- 36Y. Gao, M. Aerts, C. S. Sandeep, E. Talgorn, T. J. Savenije, S. Kinge, L. D. Siebbeles, A. J. Houtepen, ACS Nano 2012, 6, 9606.
- 37Y. Liu, M. Gibbs, J. Puthussery, S. Gaik, R. Ihly, H. W. Hillhouse, M. Law, Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 1960.
- 38J. Tang, K. W. Kemp, S. Hoogland, K. S. Jeong, H. Liu, L. Levina, M. Furukawa, X. Wang, R. Debnath, D. Cha, K. W. Chou, A. Fischer, A. Amassian, J. B. Asbury, E. H. Sargent, Nat. Mater. 2011, 10, 765.
- 39M. A. Boles, D. Ling, T. Hyeon, D. V. Talapin, Nat. Mater. 2016, 15, 141.
- 40J. Owen, Science 2015, 347, 615.
- 41Y. Cao, A. Stavrinadis, T. Lasanta, D. So, G. Konstantatos, Nat. Energy 2016, 1, 16035.
- 42D. Zhitomirsky, O. Voznyy, L. Levina, S. Hoogland, K. W. Kemp, A. H. Ip, S. M. Thon, E. H. Sargent, Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 3803.
- 43Z. L. Teh, L. Hu, Z. Zhang, A. R. Gentle, Z. Chen, Y. Gao, L. Yuan, Y. Hu, T. Wu, R. J. Patterson, S. Huang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 22751.
- 44X. Tang, M. M. Ackerman, M. Chen, P. Guyot-Sionnest, Nat. Photonics 2019, 13, 277.
- 45X. Lan, O. Voznyy, A. Kiani, F. P. García de Arquer, A. S. Abbas, G.-H. Kim, M. Liu, Z. Yang, G. Walters, J. Xu, M. Yuan, Z. Ning, F. Fan, P. Kanjanaboos, I. Kramer, D. Zhitomirsky, P. Lee, A. Perelgut, S. Hoogland, E. H. Sargent, Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 299.
- 46J. H. Song, H. Choi, Y. H. Kim, S. Jeong, Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1700301.
- 47K. Kim, D. Yoo, H. Choi, S. Tamang, J. H. Ko, S. Kim, Y. H. Kim, S. Jeong, Angew. Chem. 2016, 128, 3778.
10.1002/ange.201600289 Google Scholar
- 48D.-K. Ko, A. Maurano, S. K. Suh, D. Kim, G. W. Hwang, J. C. Grossman, V. Bulović, M. G. Bawendi, ACS Nano 2016, 10, 3382.
- 49A. R. Marshall, M. R. Young, A. J. Nozik, M. C. Beard, J. M. Luther, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2015, 6, 2892.
- 50J. W. Choi, H. C. Woo, X. Huang, W.-G. Jung, B.-J. Kim, S.-W. Jeon, S.-Y. Yim, J.-S. Lee, C.-L. Lee, Nanoscale 2018, 10, 13356.
- 51J. Peng, Y. Chen, X. Zhang, A. Dong, Z. Liang, Adv. Sci. 2016, 3, 1500432.
- 52H. Azimi, S. Kuhri, A. Osvet, G. Matt, L. S. Khanzada, M. Lemmer, N. A. Luechinger, M. I. Larsson, E. Zeira, D. M. Guldi, C. J. Brabec, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 7233.
- 53P. R. Brown, D. Kim, R. R. Lunt, N. Zhao, M. G. Bawendi, J. C. Grossman, V. Bulovic, ACS Nano 2014, 8, 5863.
- 54A. Fischer, L. Rollny, J. Pan, G. H. Carey, S. M. Thon, S. Hoogland, O. Voznyy, D. Zhitomirsky, J. Y. Kim, O. M. Bakr, E. H. Sargent, Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 5742.
- 55C. C. Reinhart, E. Johansson, Chem. Mater. 2015, 27, 7313.
- 56H. Zhang, J. Jang, W. Liu, D. V. Talapin, ACS Nano 2014, 8, 7359.
- 57D. N. Dirin, S. Dreyfuss, M. I. Bodnarchuk, G. Nedelcu, P. Papagiorgis, G. Itskos, M. V. Kovalenko, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 6550.
- 58D. Yu, C. Wang, P. Guyot-Sionnest, Science 2003, 300, 1277.
- 59D. Yu, B. L. Wehrenberg, P. Jha, J. Ma, P. Guyot-Sionnest, J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 99, 104315.
- 60G. Konstantatos, I. Howard, A. Fischer, S. Hoogland, J. Clifford, E. Klem, L. Levina, E. H. Sargent, Nature 2006, 442, 180.
- 61J. P. Clifford, G. Konstantatos, K. W. Johnston, S. Hoogland, L. Levina, E. H. Sargent, Nat. Nanotechnol. 2009, 4, 40.
- 62C. Ding, F. Liu, Y. Zhang, S. Hayase, T. Masuda, R. Wang, Y. Zhou, Y. Yao, Z. Zou, Q. Shen, ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5, 3224.
- 63K. Lu, Y. Wang, Z. Liu, L. Han, G. Shi, H. Fang, J. Chen, X. Ye, S. Chen, F. Yang, M. A. Loi, W. Ma, Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1707572.
- 64K. Lu, X. Meng, Z. Liu, J. Chen, Y. Wang, Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, E. Sarnello, G. Shi, R. P. Patil, W. Deng, S. Zhou, M. Gu, Y. Zhong, S. Jeong, W. Gu, T. Li, X. Ye, W. Ma, Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 2020, 1, 100183.
- 65Y. Liu, G. Shi, Z. Liu, W. Ma, Nanoscale Horiz. 2020, 6, 8.
- 66Y. Wang, Z. Liu, N. Huo, F. Li, M. Gu, X. Ling, Y. Zhang, K. Lu, L. Han, H. Fang, A. G. Shulga, Y. Xue, S. Zhou, F. Yang, X. Tang, J. Zheng, M. A. Loi, G. Konstantatos, W. Ma, Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 5136.
- 67J. He, M. Luo, L. Hu, Y. Zhou, S. Jiang, H. Song, R. Ye, J. Chen, L. Gao, J. Tang, J. Alloys Compd. 2014, 596, 73.
- 68M. Nam, J. Park, K. Lee, S.-W. Kim, H. Ko, I. K. Han, D.-H. Ko, J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 10585.
- 69F. Zhao, D. Chen, S. Chang, H. Huang, K. Tong, C. Xiao, S. Chou, H. Zhong, Q. Pei, J. Mater. Chem. C 2017, 5, 531.
- 70S. Shivarudraiah, M. Ng, C. A. Li, J. E. Halpert, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2020, 3, 5620.
- 71X. Gong, Z. Yang, G. Walters, R. Comin, Z. Ning, E. Beauregard, V. Adinolfi, O. Voznyy, E. H. Sargent, Nat. Photonics 2016, 10, 253.
- 72P. Guyot-Sionnest, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2012, 3, 1169.
- 73V. Sa-Yakanit, H. Glyde, Comments Matter Phys. 1987, 13, 35.
- 74M. Vafaie, J. Z. Fan, A. M. Najarian, O. Ouellette, L. K. Sagar, K. Bertens, B. Sun, F. P. G. de Arquer, E. H. Sargent, Matter 2021, 4, 1042.
- 75Y. Zhang, D. Zherebetskyy, N. D. Bronstein, S. Barja, L. Lichtenstein, A. P. Alivisatos, L.-W. Wang, M. Salmeron, ACS Nano 2015, 9, 10445.
- 76D. Zherebetskyy, Y. Zhang, M. Salmeron, L.-W. Wang, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2015, 6, 4711.
- 77D. Bozyigit, M. Jakob, O. Yarema, V. Wood, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2013, 5, 2915.
- 78G. W. Hwang, D. Kim, J. M. Cordero, M. W. Wilson, C. H. M. Chuang, J. C. Grossman, M. G. Bawendi, Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 4481.
- 79Y. Wang, K. Lu, L. Han, Z. Liu, G. Shi, H. Fang, S. Chen, T. Wu, F. Yang, M. Gu, S. Zhou, X. Ling, X. Tang, J. Zheng, M. A. Loi, W. Ma, Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1704871.
- 80X. Zhang, J. Zhang, D. Phuyal, J. Du, L. Tian, V. A. Öberg, M. B. Johansson, U. B. Cappel, O. Karis, J. Liu, H. Rensmo, G. Boschloo, E. M. J. Johansson, Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1702049.
- 81A. Stavrinadis, S. Pradhan, P. Papagiorgis, G. Itskos, G. Konstantatos, ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2, 739.
- 82S. Pradhan, M. Dalmases, G. Konstantatos, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2019, 10, 3029.
- 83B. P. Bloom, M. N. Mendis, E. Wierzbinski, D. H. Waldeck, J. Mater. Chem. C 2016, 4, 704.
- 84B. Martín-García, Y. Bi, M. Prato, D. Spirito, R. Krahne, G. Konstantatos, I. Moreels, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2018, 183, 1.
- 85R. Azmi, S. Sinaga, H. Aqoma, G. Seo, T. K. Ahn, M. Park, S.-Y. Ju, J.-W. Lee, T.-W. Kim, S.-H. Oh, S.-Y. Jang, Nano Energy 2017, 39, 86.
- 86J. H. Song, T. Kim, T. Park, S. Jeong, J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 4844.
- 87Z. Ning, H. Dong, Q. Zhang, O. Voznyy, E. H. Sargent, ACS Nano 2014, 8, 10321.
- 88Z. Yang, A. Janmohamed, X. Lan, F. P. García de Arquer, O. Voznyy, E. Yassitepe, G.-H. Kim, Z. Ning, X. Gong, R. Comin, E. H. Sargent, Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 7539.
- 89A. Kiani, B. R. Sutherland, Y. Kim, O. Ouellette, L. Levina, G. Walters, C.-T. Dinh, M. Liu, O. Voznyy, X. Lan, A. J. Labelle, A. H. Ip, A. Proppe, G. H. Ahmed, O. F. Mohammed, S. Hoogland, E. H. Sargent, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2016, 109, 183105.
- 90M. Liu, O. Voznyy, R. Sabatini, F. P. G. De Arquer, R. Munir, A. H. Balawi, X. Lan, F. Fan, G. Walters, A. R. Kirmani, S. Hoogland, F. Laquai, A. Amassian, E. H. Sargent, Nat. Mater. 2017, 16, 258.
- 91H. Aqoma, M. Al Mubarok, W. T. Hadmojo, E.-H. Lee, T.-W. Kim, T. K. Ahn, S.-H. Oh, S.-Y. Jang, Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1605756.
- 92J. Xu, O. Voznyy, M. Liu, A. R. Kirmani, G. Walters, R. Munir, M. Abdelsamie, A. H. Proppe, A. Sarkar, F. P. García De Arquer, M. Wei, B. Sun, M. Liu, O. Ouellette, R. Quintero-Bermudez, J. Li, J. Fan, L. Quan, P. Todorovic, H. Tan, S. Hoogland, S. O. Kelley, M. Stefik, A. Amassian, E. H. Sargent, Nat. Nanotechnol. 2018, 13, 456.
- 93M. Liu, Y. Chen, C.-S. Tan, R. Quintero-Bermudez, A. H. Proppe, R. Munir, H. Tan, O. Voznyy, B. Scheffel, G. Walters, A. Pak Tao Kam, B. Sun, M.-J. Choi, S. Hoogland, A. Amassian, S. O. Kelley, F. P. García de Arquer, E. H. Sargent, Nature 2019, 570, 96.
- 94B. Sun, A. Johnston, C. Xu, M. Wei, Z. Huang, Z. Jiang, H. Zhou, Y. Gao, Y. Dong, O. Ouellette, X. Zheng, J. Liu, M.-J. Choi, Y. Gao, S.-W. Baek, F. Laquai, O. M. Bakr, D. Ban, E. H. Sargent, Joule 2020, 4, 1542.
- 95W. Ahmad, J. He, Z. Liu, K. Xu, Z. Chen, X. Yang, D. Li, Y. Xia, J. Zhang, C. Chen, Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1900593.
- 96L. Hu, Z. Zhang, R. J. Patterson, S. B. Shivarudraiah, Z. Zhou, M. Ng, S. Huang, J. E. Halpert, Sol. RRL 2018, 2, 1800234.
- 97Q. Lin, H. J. Yun, W. Liu, H.-J. Song, N. S. Makarov, O. Isaienko, T. Nakotte, G. Chen, H. Luo, V. I. Klimov, J. M. Pietryga, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 6644.
- 98A. H. Ip, S. M. Thon, S. Hoogland, O. Voznyy, D. Zhitomirsky, R. Debnath, L. Levina, L. R. Rollny, G. H. Carey, A. Fischer, K. W. Kemp, I. J. Kramer, Z. Ning, A. J. Labelle, K. Chou, A. Amassian, E. H. Sargent, Nat. Nanotechnol. 2012, 7, 577.
- 99M.-J. Choi, F. P. G. de Arquer, A. H. Proppe, A. Seifitokaldani, J. Choi, J. Kim, S.-W. Baek, M. Liu, B. Sun, M. Biondi, B. Scheffel, G. Walters, D.-H. Nam, J. W. Jo, O. Ouellette, O. Voznyy, S. Hoogland, S. O. Kelley, Y. S. Jung, E. H. Sargent, Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 103.
- 100H. Aqoma, S.-Y. Jang, Energy Environ. Sci. 2018, 11, 1603.
- 101Z. Ning, Y. Ren, S. Hoogland, O. Voznyy, L. Levina, P. Stadler, X. Lan, D. Zhitomirsky, E. H. Sargent, Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 6295.
- 102W. K. Bae, J. Joo, L. A. Padilha, J. Won, D. C. Lee, Q. Lin, W.-k. Koh, H. Luo, V. I. Klimov, J. M. Pietryga, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 20160.
- 103D. Zhitomirsky, M. Furukawa, J. Tang, P. Stadler, S. Hoogland, O. Voznyy, H. Liu, E. H. Sargent, Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 6181.
- 104C.-H. M. Chuang, P. R. Brown, V. Bulović, M. G. Bawendi, Nat. Mater. 2014, 13, 796.
- 105X. Lan, O. Voznyy, F. P. García de Arquer, M. Liu, J. Xu, A. H. Proppe, G. Walters, F. Fan, H. Tan, M. Liu, Z. Yang, S. Hoogland, E. H. Sargent, Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 4630.
- 106S. Kim, J. Noh, H. Choi, H. Ha, J. H. Song, H. C. Shim, J. Jang, M. C. Beard, S. Jeong, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 4002.
- 107G. Niu, L. Wang, R. Gao, W. Li, X. Guo, H. Dong, Y. Qiu, Phys, Chem. Chem. Phys. 2013, 15, 19595.
- 108Y. Kim, F. Che, J. W. Jo, J. Choi, F. P. García de Arquer, O. Voznyy, B. Sun, J. Kim, M.-J. Choi, R. Quintero-Bermudez, F. Fan, C. S. Tan, E. Bladt, G. Walters, A. H. Proppe, C. Zou, H. Yuan, S. Bals, J. Hofkens, M. B. J. Roeffaers, S. Hoogland, E. H. Sargent, Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1805580.
- 109S. E. Doris, J. J. Lynch, C. Li, A. W. Wills, J. J. Urban, B. A. Helms, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 15702.
- 110S. Chatterjee, U. Maitra, Nanoscale 2016, 8, 14979.
- 111N. T. Vo, H. D. Ngo, N. P. Do Thi, K. P. Nguyen Thi, A. P. Duong, V. Lam, J. Nanomater. 2016, 2016, 8564648.
- 112F. P. Pandey, A. Rastogi, S. Singh, Opt. Mater. 2020, 105, 109849.
- 113A. H. Ip, A. Kiani, I. J. Kramer, O. Voznyy, H. F. Movahed, L. Levina, M. M. Adachi, S. Hoogland, E. H. Sargent, ACS Nano 2015, 9, 8833.
- 114G. H. Carey, L. Levina, R. Comin, O. Voznyy, E. H. Sargent, Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 3325.
- 115R. H. Gilmore, E. M. Lee, M. C. Weidman, A. P. Willard, W. A. Tisdale, Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 893.
- 116C.-H. M. Chuang, A. Maurano, R. E. Brandt, G. W. Hwang, J. Jean, T. Buonassisi, V. Bulovic, M. G. Bawendi, Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 3286.
- 117Z. A. Peng, X. Peng, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 3343.
- 118M. M. Krause, P. Kambhampati, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2015, 17, 18882.
- 119B. Sun, O. Voznyy, H. Tan, P. Stadler, M. Liu, G. Walters, A. H. Proppe, M. Liu, J. Fan, T. Zhuang, J. Li, M. Wei, J. Xu, Y. Kim, S. Hoogland, E. H. Sargent, Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1700749.
- 120D. Zherebetskyy, M. Scheele, Y. Zhang, N. Bronstein, C. Thompson, D. Britt, M. Salmeron, P. Alivisatos, L.-W. Wang, Science 2014, 344, 1380.
- 121J. W. Jo, J. Choi, F. P. García de Arquer, A. Seifitokaldani, B. Sun, Y. Kim, H. Ahn, J. Fan, R. Quintero-Bermudez, J. Kim, M.-J. Choi, S.-W. Baek, A. H. Proppe, G. Walters, D.-H. Nam, S. Kelley, S. Hoogland, O. Voznyy, E. H. Sargent, Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 4417.
- 122J. W. Jo, Y. Kim, J. Choi, F. P. García de Arquer, G. Walters, B. Sun, O. Ouellette, J. Kim, A. H. Proppe, R. Quintero-Bermudez, J. Fan, J. Xu, C. S. Tan, O. Voznyy, E. H. Sargent, Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1703627.
- 123J. Choi, M.-J. Choi, J. Kim, F. Dinic, P. Todorovic, B. Sun, M. Wei, S.-W. Baek, S. Hoogland, F. P. García de Arquer, O. Voznyy, E. H. Sargent, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1906497.
- 124H. Choi, J.-H. Ko, Y.-H. Kim, S. Jeong, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 5278.
- 125M. Biondi, M.-J. Choi, Z. Wang, M. Wei, S. Lee, H. Choubisa, L. K. Sagar, B. Sun, S.-W. Baek, B. Chen, P. Todorović, A. M. Najarian, A. S. Rasouli, D.-H. Nam, M. Vafaie, Y. C. Li, K. Bertens, S. Hoogland, O. Voznyy, F. P. García de Arquer, E. H. Sargent, Adv. Mater. 2021, 2101056.
- 126S. Liu, K. Xiong, K. Wang, G. Liang, M.-Y. Li, H. Tang, X. Yang, Z. Huang, L. Lian, M. Tan, K. Wang, L. Gao, H. Song, D. Zhang, J. Gao, X. Lan, J. Tang, J. Zhang, ACS Nano 2021, 15, 3376.
- 127D. Jia, J. Chen, S. Zheng, D. Phuyal, M. Yu, L. Tian, J. Liu, O. Karis, H. Rensmo, E. M. Johansson, X. Zhang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1902809.
- 128Y. Bi, A. Bertran, S. Gupta, I. Ramiro, S. Pradhan, S. Christodoulou, S.-N. Majji, M. Z. Akgul, G. Konstantatos, Nanoscale 2019, 11, 838.
- 129T. Mandai, K. Yoshida, K. Ueno, K. Dokko, M. Watanabe, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 8761.
- 130J. Jean, J. Xiao, R. Nick, N. Moody, M. Nasilowski, M. Bawendi, V. Bulović, Energy Environ. Sci. 2018, 11, 2295.
- 131Y. Liu, F. Li, G. Shi, Z. Liu, X. Lin, Y. Shi, Y. Chen, X. Meng, Y. Lv, W. Deng, X. Pan, W. Ma, ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5, 3797.
- 132M.-J. Choi, Y. Kim, H. Lim, E. Alarousu, A. Adhikari, B. S. Shaheen, Y. H. Kim, O. F. Mohammed, E. H. Sargent, J. Y. Kim, Y. S. Jung, Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1805886.
- 133A. K. Rath, M. Bernechea, L. Martinez, F. P. G. De Arquer, J. Osmond, G. Konstantatos, Nat. Photonics 2012, 6, 529.
- 134F. Tan, S. Qu, Q. Jiang, J. Liu, Z. Wang, F. Li, G. Yue, S. Li, C. Chen, W. Zhang, Z. Wang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2014, 4, 1400512.
- 135M. Nam, J. Park, S.-W. Kim, K. Lee, J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 3978.
- 136B. Sun, M. Vafaie, L. Levina, M. Wei, Y. Dong, Y. Gao, H. T. Kung, M. Biondi, A. H. Proppe, B. Chen, M.-J. Choi, L. K. Sagar, O. Voznyy, S. O. Kelley, F. Laquai, Z. Lu, S. Hoogland, F. P. García de Arquer, E. H. Sargent, Nano Lett. 2020, 20, 3694.
- 137M. Liu, F. Che, B. Sun, O. Voznyy, A. Proppe, R. Munir, M. Wei, R. Quintero-Bermudez, L. Hu, S. Hoogland, A. Mandelis, A. Amassian, S. O. Kelley, F. P. García de Arquer, E. H. Sargent, ACS Energy Lett. 2019, 4, 1225.
- 138J. Z. Fan, N. T. Andersen, M. Biondi, P. Todorović, B. Sun, O. Ouellette, J. Abed, L. K. Sagar, M.-J. Choi, S. Hoogland, F. P. García de Arquer, E. H. Sargent, Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1904304.
- 139H. I. Kim, S.-W. Baek, H. J. Cheon, S. U. Ryu, S. Lee, M.-J. Choi, K. Choi, M. Biondi, S. Hoogland, F. P. García de Arquer, S. K. Kwon, Y.-H. Kim, T. Park, E. H. Sargent, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2004985.
- 140M.-J. Choi, J. Oh, J.-K. Yoo, J. Choi, D. M. Sim, Y. S. Jung, Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7, 3052.
- 141H.-Y. Park, I. Ryu, J. Kim, S. Jeong, S. Yim, S.-Y. Jang, J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 17374.
- 142A. R. Kirmani, G. H. Carey, M. Abdelsamie, B. Yan, D. Cha, L. R. Rollny, X. Cui, E. H. Sargent, A. Amassian, Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 4717.
- 143Z. Ning, O. Voznyy, J. Pan, S. Hoogland, V. Adinolfi, J. Xu, M. Li, A. R. Kirmani, J.-P. Sun, J. Minor, K. W. Kemp, H. Dong, L. Rollny, A. Labelle, G. Carey, B. Sutherland, I. Hill, A. Amassian, H. Liu, J. Tang, O. M. Bakr, E. H. Sargent, Nat. Mater. 2014, 13, 822.
- 144I. J. Kramer, G. Moreno-Bautista, J. C. Minor, D. Kopilovic, E. H. Sargent, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2014, 105, 163902.
- 145A. J. Labelle, S. M. Thon, S. Masala, M. M. Adachi, H. Dong, M. Farahani, A. H. Ip, A. Fratalocchi, E. H. Sargent, Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 1101.
- 146J. Chang, Y. Kuga, I. Mora-Seró, T. Toyoda, Y. Ogomi, S. Hayase, J. Bisquert, Q. Shen, Nanoscale 2015, 7, 5446.
- 147M. Yuan, O. Voznyy, D. Zhitomirsky, P. Kanjanaboos, E. H. Sargent, Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 917.
- 148A. J. Labelle, S. M. Thon, J. Y. Kim, X. Lan, D. Zhitomirsky, K. W. Kemp, E. H. Sargent, ACS Nano 2015, 9, 5447.
- 149G.-H. Kim, F. P. García de Arquer, Y. J. Yoon, X. Lan, M. Liu, O. Voznyy, Z. Yang, F. Fan, A. H. Ip, P. Kanjanaboos, S. Hoogland, J. Y. Kim, E. H. Sargent, Nano Lett. 2015, 15, 7691.
- 150L. Hu, D. Li, L. Gao, H. Tan, C. Chen, K. Li, M. Li, J. Han, H. Song, H. Liu, J. Tang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 1899.
- 151R. Azmi, H. Aqoma, W. T. Hadmojo, J. M. Yun, S. Yoon, K. Kim, Y. R. Do, S. H. Oh, S. Y. Jang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1502146.
- 152M. Liu, F. P. García de Arquer, Y. Li, X. Lan, G.-H. Kim, O. Voznyy, L. K. Jagadamma, A. S. Abbas, S. Hoogland, Z. Lu, J. Y. Kim, A. Amassian, E. H. Sargent, Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 4142.
- 153M. J. Speirs, D. N. Dirin, M. Abdu-Aguye, D. M. Balazs, M. V. Kovalenko, M. A. Loi, Energy Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 2916.
- 154J. Hong, B. Hou, J. Lim, S. Pak, B.-S. Kim, Y. Cho, J. Lee, Y.-W. Lee, P. Giraud, S. Lee, J. B. Park, S. M. Morris, H. J. Snaith, J. I. Sohn, S. Cha, J. M. Kim, J. Mater. Chem. A 2016, 4, 18769.
- 155X. Zhang, E. M. Johansson, J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 303.
- 156X. Yang, L. Hu, H. Deng, K. Qiao, C. Hu, Z. Liu, S. Yuan, J. Khan, D. Li, J. Tang, H. Song, C. Cheng, Nano-Micro Lett. 2017, 9, 24.
- 157J. Khan, X. Yang, K. Qiao, H. Deng, J. Zhang, Z. Liu, W. Ahmad, J. Zhang, D. Li, H. Liu, J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 17240.
- 158S. Chen, Y. j. Wang, Q. Liu, G. Shi, Z. Liu, K. Lu, L. Han, X. Ling, H. Zhang, S. Cheng, W. Ma, Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1701194.
- 159L. Hu, Z. Zhang, R. J. Patterson, Y. Hu, W. Chen, C. Chen, D. Li, C. Hu, C. Ge, Z. Chen, L. Yuan, C. Yan, N. Song, Z. L. Teh, G. J. Conibeer, J. Tang, S. Huang, Nano Energy 2018, 46, 212.
- 160Y. Gao, R. Patterson, L. Hu, L. Yuan, Z. Zhang, Y. Hu, Z. Chen, Z. L. Teh, G. Conibeer, S. Huang, Nanotechnology 2018, 30, 085403.
- 161L. Hu, S. Huang, R. Patterson, J. E. Halpert, J. Mater. Chem. C 2019, 7, 4497.
- 162S. Liu, L. Hu, S. Huang, W. Zhang, J. Ma, J. Wang, X. Guan, C.-H. Lin, J. Kim, T. Wan, Q. Lei, D. Chu, T. Wu, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 46239.
- 163Y. Kim, K. Bicanic, H. Tan, O. Ouellette, B. R. Sutherland, F. P. García de Arquer, J. W. Jo, M. Liu, B. Sun, M. Liu, S. Hoogland, E. H. Sargent, Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 2349.
- 164H. Choi, J.-G. Lee, X. D. Mai, M. C. Beard, S. S. Yoon, S. Jeong, Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 622.
- 165J. Choi, Y. Kim, J. W. Jo, J. Kim, B. Sun, G. Walters, F. P. García de Arquer, R. Quintero-Bermudez, Y. Li, C. S. Tan, L. N. Quan, A. Pak Tao Kam, S. Hoogland, Z. Lu, O. Voznyy, E. H. Sargent, Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1702350.
- 166A. R. Kirmani, F. P. García de Arquer, J. Z. Fan, J. I. Khan, G. Walters, S. Hoogland, N. Wehbe, M. M. Said, S. Barlow, F. Laquai, S. R. Marder, E. H. Sargent, A. Amassian, ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2, 1952.
- 167X. Zhang, U. B. Cappel, D. Jia, Q. Zhou, J. Du, T. Sloboda, S. Svanström, F. O. Johansson, A. Lindblad, E. Giangrisostomi, R. Ovsyannikov, J. Liu, H. Rensmo, J. M. Gardner, E. M. J. Johansson, Chem. Mater. 2019, 31, 4081.
- 168M. Gu, Y. Wang, F. Yang, K. Lu, Y. Xue, T. Wu, H. Fang, S. Zhou, Y. Zhang, X. Ling, Y. Xu, F. Li, J. Yuan, M. A. Loi, Z. Liu, W. Ma, J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 15951.
- 169X. Yang, J. Yang, J. Khan, H. Deng, S. Yuan, J. Zhang, Y. Xia, F. Deng, X. Zhou, F. Umar, Z. Jin, H. Song, C. Cheng, M. Sabry, J. Tang, Nano-Micro Lett. 2020, 12, 37.
- 170X. Yang, J. Yang, M. I. Ullah, Y. Xia, G. Liang, S. Wang, J. Zhang, H.-Y. Hsu, H. Song, J. Tang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 42217.
- 171L. Hu, Q. Lei, X. Guan, R. Patterson, J. Yuan, C.-H. Lin, J. Kim, X. Geng, A. Younis, X. Wu, X. Liu, T. Wan, D. Chu, T. Wu, S. Huang, Adv. Sci. 2021, 8, 2003138.
- 172R. L. Hoye, B. Ehrler, M. L. Böhm, D. Muñoz-Rojas, R. M. Altamimi, A. Y. Alyamani, Y. Vaynzof, A. Sadhanala, G. Ercolano, N. C. Greenham, Adv. Energy Mater. 2014, 4, 1301544.
- 173J. Zhang, J. Gao, C. P. Church, E. M. Miller, J. M. Luther, V. I. Klimov, M. C. Beard, Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 6010.
- 174R. W. Crisp, D. M. Kroupa, A. R. Marshall, E. M. Miller, J. Zhang, M. C. Beard, J. M. Luther, Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 9945.
- 175S. Kim, A. R. Marshall, D. M. Kroupa, E. M. Miller, J. M. Luther, S. Jeong, M. C. Beard, ACS Nano 2015, 9, 8157.
- 176H. Choi, J. H. Song, J. Jang, X. D. Mai, S. Kim, S. Jeong, Nanoscale 2015, 7, 17473.
- 177Y. Zhang, C. Ding, G. Wu, N. Nakazawa, J. Chang, Y. Ogomi, T. Toyoda, S. Hayase, K. Katayama, Q. Shen, J. Phys. Chem. C 2016, 120, 28509.
- 178Z. Zhang, Z. Chen, J. Zhang, W. Chen, J. Yang, X. Wen, B. Wang, N. Kobamoto, L. Yuan, J. A. Stride, G. J. Conibeer, R. J. Patterson, S. Huang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7, 1601773.
- 179Z. Zhang, Z. Chen, L. Yuan, W. Chen, J. Yang, B. Wang, X. Wen, J. Zhang, L. Hu, J. A. Stride, Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1703214.
- 180Z. Chen, Z. Zhang, J. Yang, W. Chen, Z. L. Teh, D. Wang, L. Yuan, J. Zhang, J. A. Stride, G. J. Conibeer, J. Mater. Chem. C 2018, 6, 9861.
- 181Y. Zhang, G. Wu, C. Ding, F. Liu, Y. Yao, Y. Zhou, C. Wu, N. Nakazawa, Q. Huang, T. Toyoda, R. Wang, S. Hayase, Z. Zou, Q. Shen, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2018, 9, 3598.
- 182L. Hu, X. Geng, S. Singh, J. Shi, Y. Hu, S. Li, X. Guan, T. He, X. Li, Z. Cheng, Nano Energy 2019, 64, 103922.
- 183M. Zhu, X. Liu, S. Liu, C. Chen, J. He, W. Liu, J. Yang, L. Gao, G. Niu, J. Tang, J. Zhang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 12, 2566.
- 184S. Pradhan, A. Stavrinadis, S. Gupta, S. Christodoulou, G. Konstantatos, ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2, 1444.
- 185C. Chen, J. Tang, ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5, 2294.
- 186S.-W. Baek, S. Jun, B. Kim, A. H. Proppe, O. Ouellette, O. Voznyy, C. Kim, J. Kim, G. Walters, J. H. Song, S. Jeong, H. R. Byun, M. S. Jeong, H. Sjoerd, F. P. García de Arquer, S. O. Kelley, J.-Y. Lee, E. H. Sargent, Nat. Energy 2019, 4, 969.
- 187M. Biondi, M.-J. Choi, O. Ouellette, S.-W. Baek, P. Todorović, B. Sun, S. Lee, M. Wei, P. Li, A. R. Kirmani, L. K. Sagar, L. J. Richter, S. Hoogland, Z. Lu, F. P. García de Arquer, E. H. Sargent, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1906199.
- 188M.-J. Choi, S.-W. Baek, S. Lee, M. Biondi, C. Zheng, P. Todorovic, P. Li, S. Hoogland, Z. Lu, F. P. García de Arquer, E. H. Sargent, Adv. Sci. 2020, 7, 2000894.
- 189S.-W. Baek, P. Molet, M.-J. Choi, M. Biondi, O. Ouellette, J. Fan, S. Hoogland, F. P. García de Arquer, A. Mihi, E. H. Sargent, Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1901745.
- 190B. Sun, O. Ouellette, F. P. G. de Arquer, O. Voznyy, Y. Kim, M. Wei, A. H. Proppe, M. I. Saidaminov, J. Xu, M. Liu, P. Li, J. Z. Fan, J. W. Jo, H. Tan, F. Tan, S. Hoogland, Z. H. Lu, S. O. Kelley, E. H. Sargent, Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 4003.
- 191J. Z. Fan, M. Liu, O. Voznyy, B. Sun, L. Levina, R. Quintero-Bermudez, M. Liu, O. Ouellette, F. P. García de Arquer, S. Hoogland, E. H. Sargent, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 37536.
- 192Y. Liu, J. Tolentino, M. Gibbs, R. Ihly, C. L. Perkins, Y. Liu, N. Crawford, J. C. Hemminger, M. Law, Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 1578.
- 193S. Ten Cate, Y. Liu, C. Suchand Sandeep, S. Kinge, A. J. Houtepen, T. J. Savenije, J. M. Schins, M. Law, L. D. Siebbeles, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4, 1766.
- 194H. Zhang, Y. Wu, C. Shen, E. Li, C. Yan, W. Zhang, H. Tian, L. Han, W. H. Zhu, Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1803573.