Medicinal uses, pharmacology, and phytochemistry of Convolvulaceae plants with central nervous system efficacies: A systematic review
Guang-Tong Chen
School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001 China
Search for more papers by this authorYun Lu
School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001 China
Search for more papers by this authorMin Yang
School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jian-Lin Li
School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001 China
Correspondence
Bo-Yi Fan and Jian-Lin Li, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Bo-Yi Fan
School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001 China
Correspondence
Bo-Yi Fan and Jian-Lin Li, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorGuang-Tong Chen
School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001 China
Search for more papers by this authorYun Lu
School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001 China
Search for more papers by this authorMin Yang
School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jian-Lin Li
School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001 China
Correspondence
Bo-Yi Fan and Jian-Lin Li, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Bo-Yi Fan
School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001 China
Correspondence
Bo-Yi Fan and Jian-Lin Li, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders play a major impact on individual lives and place a severe strain on health care resources. Convolvulaceae is a family comprising approximately 1,600–1,700 species grouped in 55–60 genera, and many species are reported to have an effect on CNS functions. A systematic review of the literature studies was carried out to summarize available evidences on Convolvulaceae plants with CNS efficacies. This review is based on various data sources such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Wanfang Data. A total of 200 related articles were included in this review. According to the research result, 54 Convolvulaceae species are suggested to display CNS efficacies historically, and 46 species have been evaluated for their CNS efficacies. In addition, 67 compounds from 16 Convolvulaceae species are recognized to possess CNS efficacies. Despite great progress made through pharmacology and phytochemistry studies on CNS active Convolvulaceae species, more exploratory research is needed to gain a better understanding of the CNS efficacies of this plant family.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have declared that there is no conflict of interest.
REFERENCE
- Abdallah, H. M. I., Elshamy, A. I., El Gendy, A. E. N. G., Abd El-Gawad, A. M., Omer, E. A., De Leo, M., & Pistelli, L. (2017). Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antinociceptive effects of a Cressa cretica aqueous extract. Planta Medica, 83(17), 1313–1320.
- Abubakar, K., Ugwah-Oguejiofor, C. J., Usman, M., Abubakar, S. B., & Abdulkadir, R. (2013). Evaluation of the anticonvulsant effect of the methanol extract of Evolvulus alsinoides in mice. Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy, 2, 436–441.
- Acharya, K. P., & Rokaya, M. B. (2005). Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants traded in the streets of Kathmandu valley. Science World, 3(3), 44–48.
- Agarwa, P., Sharma, B., Fatima, A., & Jain, S. K. (2014). An update on Ayurvedic herb Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4(3), 245–252.
- Agarwal, P., Sharma, B., & Alok, S. (2014). Screening of anti-inflammatory and anti analgesic activity of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 5(6), 2458–2463.
- Agha, A. M., Sattar, E. A., & Galal, A. (1996). Pharmacological study of Cuscuta campestris Yuncker. Phytotherapy Research, 10(2), 117–120.
- Ahmad, T., Husain, M. K., Tariq, M., Siddiqui, J. I., Khalid, M., Ahmed, M. W., & Kazmi, M. W. (2017). A review on Operculina turpethum: A potent herb of Unani system of medicine. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, 6(1), 23–26.
- Ahmer, S. M., & Khan, S. A. (2015). Alzheimer's disease in perspective of Unani system of medicine. International Human Resources Journal, 3(3), 2347–7067.
- Ajetunmobi, A., Prina-Mello, A., Volkov, Y., Corvin, A., & Tropea, D. (2014). Nanotechnologies for the study of the central nervous system. Progress in Neurobiology, 123, 18–36.
- Akbar, S., Nisa, M., & Tariq, M. (1985). CNS depressant activity of Cuscuta chinensis Lam. International Journal of Crude Drug Research, 23(2), 91–94.
10.3109/13880208509069008 Google Scholar
- Alam, S., & Chowdhury, S. A. (2015). Pharmacological investigations of different extracts from the leaf of Ipomoea fistulosa (family: Convolvulaceae). Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 8(3), 207–214.
10.12816/0030452 Google Scholar
- Al-Snafi, A. E. (2016). Traditional uses, constituents and pharmacological effects of Cuscuta planiflora. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 3(4), 215–219.
- Amin, H., & Sharma, R. (2015). Nootropic efficacy of Satvavajaya Chikitsa and Ayurvedic drug therapy: A comparative clinical exposition. International Journal of Yoga, 8(2), 109–116.
- Amin, H., Sharma, R., Vyas, H., Prajapati, P. K., & Dwivedi, R. (2014). Nootropic (medhya) effect of Bhāvita Śankhapuspī tablets: A clinical appraisal. Ancient Science of Life, 34(2), 109–112.
- Amor-Prats, D., & Harborne, J. B. (1993). New sources of ergoline alkaloids within the genus Ipomoea. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 21(4), 455–461.
- Andrade, C., Monteiro, I., Hegde, R. P., & Chandra, J. S. (2012). Investigation of the possible role of Shankapushpi in the attenuation of ECT induced amnestic deficits. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(2), 166.
- Arunachalam, K., Parimelazhagan, T., & Manian, S. (2011). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3, 75–79.
- Atta, A. H., & El-Sooud, K. A. (2004). The antinociceptive effect of some Egyptian medicinal plant extracts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 95(2), 235–238.
- Auddy, B., Ferreira, M., Blasina, F., Lafon, L., Arredondo, F., Dajas, F., … Mukherjee, B. (2003). Screening of antioxidant activity of three Indian medicinal plants, traditionally used for the management of neurodegenerative diseases. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 84(2), 131–138.
- Austin, D. F. (2007). Merremia dissecta (Convolvulaceae): Condiment, medicine, ornamental, and weed—A review. Economic Botany, 61(2), 109–120.
- Awaad, A. S., El-Meligy, R. M., Qenawy, S. A., Atta, A. H., & Soliman, G. A. (2011). Anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic effects of some desert plants. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 15(4), 367–373.
- Awaad, A. S., Mohamed, N. H., El-Sayed, G. A., Soliman, A., & Mabry, T. J. (2006). Phenolics of Convolvulus arvensis L. and their related pharmacological activity. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 18(4), 2818–2826.
- Baruah, N. C., Das, S., & Yadav, S. K. (2014). Preliminary phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activities of methanol extract of Argyreia roxburghii Choisy. International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 2(1), 126–131.
- Bayan, L., Mousavi, S. M. M., & Gorji, A. (2013). History of neurological disorders in Persian medicine. Journal of Research History Medicine, 2(4), 115–127.
- Bihaqi, S. W., Sharma, M., Singh, A. P., & Tiwari, M. (2009). Neuroprotective role of Convolvulus pluricaulis on aluminium induced neurotoxicity in rat brain. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 124(3), 409–415.
- Bihaqi, S. W., Singh, A. P., & Tiwari, M. (2011). In vivo investigation of the neuroprotective property of Convolvulus pluricaulis in scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in Wistar rats. The Indian Journal of Pharmacy, 43(5), 520–525.
10.4103/0253-7613.84958 Google Scholar
- Bihaqi, S. W., Singh, A. P., & Tiwari, M. (2012). Supplementation of Convolvulus pluricaulis attenuates scopolamine-induced increased tau and amyloid precursor protein (AβPP) expression in rat brain. The Indian Journal of Pharmacy, 44(5), 593–598.
10.4103/0253-7613.100383 Google Scholar
- Bodhankar, S. L., & Vyawahare, N. S. (2008). Effect of piper betel and Argyreia speciosa extracts on brain acetylcholinesterase and monoamines concentrations in mice. Journal of Cell Tissue Research, 8(1), 1327–1331.
- Borole, S. P., Oswal, R. J., Antre, R. V., Kshirsagar, S. S., & Bagul, Y. R. (2011). Evaluation of anti-epileptic activity of Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2, 657–663.
- Bragadeeswaran, S., Prabhu, K., Rani, S. S., Priyadharsini, S., & Vembu, N. (2010). Biomedical application of beach morning glory Ipomoea pes-caprae. International Journal of Tropical Medicine, 5(4), 81–85.
10.3923/ijtmed.2010.81.85 Google Scholar
- Brahmbhatt, M. R., Patel, J. M., Patel, V. B., & Saluja, A. K. (2010). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Rivea hypocrateriformis. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, 1(1), 001–003.
- Brandon, N., & Sawa, A. (2011). Linking neurodevelopmental and synaptic theories of mental illness through DISC1. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 12(12), 707–722.
- Brussell, E. D. (2004). Medicinal plants of Mt. Pelion, Greece. Economic Botany, 58, S174–S202.
- Carlini, E. A. (2003). Plants and the central nervous system. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 75(3), 501–512.
- Chan, E. W. C., Baba, S., Chan, H. T., Kainuma, M., & Tangah, J. (2016). Medicinal plants of sandy shores: A short review on Vitex trifolia L. and Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 7(2), 107–115.
- Chao, J. M., & Dermarderosian, A. H. (1973). Identification of ergoline alkaloids in the genus Argyreia, and related genera and their chemotaxonomic implications in the Convolvulaceae. Phytochemistry, 12(10), 2435–2440.
- Cheikhyoussef, A., Shapi, M., Matengu, K., & Ashekele, H. M. (2011). Ethnobotanical study of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plant use by traditional healers in Oshikoto region, Namibia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 7(1), 1–11.
- Chen, C. Y., Jiang, J. G., Yang, L., Wang, D.W., & Zhu, W. (2017). Anti-ageing active ingredients from herbs and nutraceuticals used in traditional Chinese medicine: pharmacological mechanisms and implications for drug discovery. British Journal of Pharmacology, 174(11), 1395–1425.
- Chen, Y., Cai, C., Ji, B., Gao, F., Zhang, Y., Huang, Z., … Shi, G. (2010). Combination of scopoletin and hesperetin from Ipomoea stolonifera using uniform design experimentation. Carcinogenesis, Teratogenesis, & Mutagenesis, 22(3), 230–232.
- Chen, Z., Liao, L., Zhang, Z., Wu, L., & Wang, Z. (2013). Comparison of active constituents, acute toxicity, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Porana sinensis Hemsl, Erycibe obtusifolia Benth. and Erycibe schmidtii Craib. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 150(2), 501–506.
- Chen, Z., Wang, L., Liao, L., Zhang, Z., & Wang, Z. (2014). Toxicology and the chemical foundation of plants of Erycibe. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 70(1), 349–356.
- Chhabra, S. C., Mahunnah, R. L. A., & Mshiu, E. N. (1989). Plants used in traditional medicine in Eastern Tanzania. II. Angiosperms (Capparidaceae to Ebenaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 25(3), 339–359.
- Chitra, K. K., Babitha, S., Durg, S., Thippeswamy, B. S., Veerapur, V. P., & Badami, S. (2014). Anti-epileptic and anti-psychotic effects of Ipomoea reniformis (Convolvulaceae) in experimental animals. Journal Natural Remedies, 14(2), 153–163.
- Cho, J., Kang, J. S., Long, P. H., Jing, J., Back, Y., & Chung, K. S. (2003). Antioxidant and memory enhancing effects of purple sweet potato anthocyanin and Cordyceps mushroom extract. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 26(10), 821–825.
- Choi, S. J., Kim, J. K., Kim, H. K., Harris, K., Kim, C. J., Park, G. G., … Shin, D. H. (2013). 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol from sweet potato protects against oxidative stress in PC12 cells and in mice. Journal of Medicinal Food, 16(11), 977–983.
- Choudhury, R., Choudhury, M. D., De, B., & Paul, S. B. (2008). Phytochemical studies and analgesic activity of certain ethno medicinal plants of Tripura state, India. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 20(1), 741–744.
- Chowdhury, M. R. H., Saha, R., Islam, K. M. M., Fatema, K., Afrin, F., Hossain, M. M., & Saha, A. (2014). Analgesic and neuropharmacological effect on ethyl acetate extract of Ipomoea pes-tigridis in albino mice. European Science Journal, 10(27), 344–353.
- Contreras, C. M., Chacon, L., & Enriquez, R. G. (1996). Anticonvulsant properties of Ipomoea stans. Phytomedicine, 3(1), 41–44.
- da Costa, I. M., Cavalcanti, J. R. L. P., de Queiroz, D. B., de Azevedo, E. P., do Rêgo, A. C. M., Araújo Filho, I., … Guzen, F. P. (2017). Supplementation with herbal extracts to promote behavioral and neuroprotective effects in experimental models of Parkinson's disease: A systematic review. Phytotherapy Research, 31(7), 959–970.
- da Silva Barth, C., de Souza, H. G. T., Rocha, L. W., da Silva, D. F., dos Anjos, M. F., Pastor, V. D., … Meira Quintão, N. L. (2017). Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br (Convolvulaceae) relieved nociception and inflammation in mice—A topical herbal medicine against effects due to cnidarian venom-skin contact. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 200, 156–164.
- Datta, S., Sinha, M., Das, D., Ghosh, S., & Dhar, P. (2013). Protective effect of secondary plant metabolites from Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. against carbofuran induced damages. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 51, 1109–1119.
- De Paula-Zurron, A. C. B., Petraglia, N., Aur, C. R., Moura, S. H. P., Imamura, P. M., De Freitas, J. C., & Catanzaro-Guimarães, S. A. (2010). Antinociceptive activity of Ipomoea imperati (Vahl) Griseb., Convolvulaceae. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 20(2), 180–185.
- de Souza, M. M., Madeira, A., Berti, C., Krogh, R., Yunes, R. A., & Cechinel-Filho, V. (2000). Antinociceptive properties of the methanolic extract obtained from Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 69(1), 85–90.
- Dewanjee, S., Dua, T. K., Khanra, R., Das, S., Barma, S., Joardar, S., … Jaafar, H. Z. (2015). Water spinach, Ipomoea aquatica (Convolvulaceae), ameliorates lead toxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis. PLoS One, 10(10), e0139831.
- Dhanasekaran, S., Perumal, P., & Palayan, M. (2015). In-vitro screening for acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition potential and antioxidant activity of extracts of Ipomoea aquatica Forsk: Therapeutic lead for Alzheimer's disease. Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 4(9), 381–400.
- Dhawan, B. N., Dubey, M. P., Mehrotra, B. N., Rastogi, R. P., & Tandon, J. S. (1980). Screening of Indian plants for biological activity: Part IX. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 18, 594–606.
- Dhingra, D., & Valecha, R. (2007a). Evaluation of the antidepressant-like activity of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy in the mouse forced swim and tail suspension tests. Medical Science Monitor, 13(7), BR155–BR161.
- Dhingra, D., & Valecha, R. (2007b). Screening for antidepressant-like activity of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy in mice. Pharmacology Online, 1, 262–278.
- Dhuna, K., Dhuna, V., Bhatia, G., Singh, J., & Kamboj, S. S. (2012). Neuroprotective effect of Convolvulus pluricaulis methanol extract on hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress in human IMR32 neuroblastoma cell line. British Biotechnology Journal 2(4): 2231–2927.
10.9734/BBJ/2012/1655 Google Scholar
- Dina, T. A., Rahman, M. A., Ahmed, N. U., & Uddin, M. N. (2010). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Argyreia argentea methanol extract in animal model. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 3, 1–7.
10.1016/S1658-3655(12)60014-4 Google Scholar
- Dong, L., May, B. H., Feng, M., Hyde, A. J., Tan, H. Y., Guo, X., … Xue, C. C. (2016). Chinese herbal medicine for mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitive outcomes. Phytotherapy Research, 30(10), 1592–1604.
- Dwivedi, G., & Tomar, V. (2017). Protective effect of Ipomoea aquatica against reserpine induced oxidative stress in brain using mice. International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 5(5), 2123–2129.
- Elufioye, T. O., Obuotor, E. M., Sennuga, A. T., Agbedahunsi, J. M., & Adesanya, S. A. (2010). Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of some selected Nigerian medicinal plants. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 20(4), 472–477.
- Ezeja, M. I., Onoja, S. O., Omeh, Y. N., & Chibiko, C. A. (2015). Analgesic and antioxidant activities of the methanolic extract of Operculina turpethum leaves in mice. International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 4(3), 453–457.
10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20150015 Google Scholar
- Fan, B. Y., Luo, J. G., Gu, Y. C., & Kong, L. Y. (2014). Unusual ether-type resin glycoside dimers from the seeds of Cuscuta chinensis. Tetrahedron, 70(11), 2003–2014.
- Feitosa, C. M., Freitas, R. M., Luz, N. N. N., Bezerra, M. Z. B., & Trevisan, M. T. S. (2011). Acetylcholinesterase inhibition by somes promising Brazilian medicinal plants. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 71(3), 783–789.
- Ferreira, A. A., Amaral, F. A., Duarte, I. D. G., Oliveira, P. M., Alves, R. B., Silveira, D., … Castro, M. S. (2006). Antinociceptive effect from Ipomoea cairica extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 105(1), 148–153.
- Firoozabadi, A., Zarshenas, M. M., Salehi, A., Jahanbin, S., & Mohagheghzadeh, A. (2015). Effectiveness of Cuscuta planiflora Ten. and Nepeta menthoides Boiss & Buhse in major depression: A triple-blind randomized controlled trial study. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative, 20(2), 94–97.
- Galani, V. J., & Patel, B. G. (2011a). Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Argyreia speciosa roots against experimentally-induced anxiety, depression and convulsions in rodents. International Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(1), 31–35.
- Galani, V. J., & Patel, B. G. (2011b). Psychotropic activity of Argyreia speciosa roots in experimental animals. Ayu, 32(3), 380–384.
- George, M., Joseph, L., Gupta, H., & Udayan, P. G. (2016). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Argyreia nervosa leaves extract. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 5(6), 2119–2127.
- Gholamhoseinian, A., Moradi, M. N., & Sharifi-Far, F. (2009). Screening the methanol extracts of some Iranian plants for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(2), 105–112.
- Ghosh, S., & Firdous, S. M. (2014). Evaluation of analgesic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Ipomoea staphylina. The Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 38(2), 57–60.
- Ghule, R. S., Venkatanarayan, R., Thakare, S. P., Jain, H., & Ghule, P. R. (2011). Analgesic activity of Cuscuta campestris Yuncker a parasitic plant grown on Nerium indicum Mill. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 1, 45–51.
- Godipurge, S. S., Rahber, S., Biradar, J. S., & Mahurkar, N. (2015). Evaluation of pharmacological activities of Rivea hypocrateriformis in experimental animal models. International Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology Research, 7, 65–73.
- Gomes, N. G. M., Campos, M. G., Órfão, J. M. C., & Ribeiro, C. A. F. (2009). Plants with neurobiological activity as potential targets for drug discovery. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 33(8), 1372–1389.
- Gong, S., Zheng, C., Doughty, M. L., Losos, K., Didkovsky, N., Schambra, U. B., … Hatten, M. E. (2003). A gene expression atlas of the central nervous system based on bacterial artificial chromosomes. Nature, 425(6961), 917–925.
- Grabher, P., Durieu, E., Kouloura, E., Halabalaki, M., Skaltsounis, L. A., Meijer, L., … Potterat, O. (2012). Library-based discovery of DYRK1A/CLK1 inhibitors from natural product extracts. Planta Medica, 78(10), 951–956.
- Gupta, A., Singh Karchuli, M., & Upmanyu, N. (2013). Comparative evaluation of ethanolic extracts of Bacopa monnieri, Evolvulus alsinoides, Tinospora cordifolia and their combinations on cognitive functions in rats. Current Aging Science, 6(3), 239–243.
- Gupta, P., Sharma, U., Gupta, P., Siripurapu, K. B., & Maurya, K. B. (2013). Evolvosides C–E, flavonol-4-O-triglycosides from Evolvulus alsinoides and their anti-stress activity. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 21(5), 1116–1122.
- Gupta, P., Akanksha, Siripurapu, K. B., Ahmad, A., Palit, G., Arora, A., & Maurya, A. (2007). Anti-stress constituents of Evolvulus alsinoides: An Ayurvedic crude drug. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 55(5), 771–775.
- Gustavsson, A., Svensson, M., Jacobi, F., Allgulander, C., Alonso, J., Beghi, E., … CDBE 2010 Study Group (2011). Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 21(10), 718–779.
- Habbu, P. V., Mahadevan, K. M., Kulkarni, P. V., Daulatsingh, C., Veerapur, V. P., & Shastry, R. A. (2010). Adaptogenic and in vitro antioxidant activity of flavanoids and other fractions of Argyreia speciosa (Burm. f) Boj. in acute and chronic stress paradigms in rodents. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 48(1), 53–60.
- Habbu, P. V., Mahadevan, K. M., Shastry, R. A., & Chilakwad, S. R. (2010). Antiamnesic potentiality of Argyreia speciosa (Burm. f) Boj. in mice. International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 4(2), 83–89.
10.4103/0973-8258.63881 Google Scholar
- Hamill, F. A., Apio, S., Mubiru, N. K., Bukenya-Ziraba, R., Mosango, M., Maganyi, O. W., & Soejarto, D. D. (2003). Traditional herbal drugs of Southern Uganda, II: Literature analysis and antimicrobial assays. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 84(1), 57–78.
- Hanumanthachar, J., Navneet, K., & Jyotibala, C. (2007). Evaluation of nootropic effect of Argyreia speciosa in mice. Journal of Health Science, 53(4), 382–388.
10.1248/jhs.53.382 Google Scholar
- Herrera-Ruiz, M., Gutiérrez, C., Jiménez-Ferrer, J. E., Tortoriello, J., Mirón G, Léon, I. (2007). Central nervous system depressant activity of an ethyl acetate extract from Ipomoea stans roots. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 112(2): 243–247.
- Hiremath, V., & Handral, M. (2016). Evaluation of memory enhancing activity of alcoholic extract of Cuscuta reflexa on experimentally induced dementia (Alzheimer's disease) in rodents. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 6(5), 5512–5520.
- Hosseinkhani, A., Sahragard, A., Namdari, A., & Zarshenas, M. M. (2017). Botanical sources for Alzheimer's: A review on reports from traditional Persian medicine. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, 32(7), 429–437.
- Huang, Z., & Feng, C. (2010). Experimental study on anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of water extracts of Calystegia soldanella. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 28(6), 1142–1143.
- Ijeoma, U. F., Aderonke, S. O., Ogbonna, O., Augustina, M. A., & Ifeyinwa, C. N. (2011). Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of crude extracts of Ipomoea involucrata leaves in mice and rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4(2), 121–124.
- Islam, M., da Silva, C. B., de Alencar, M. V. O. B., Paz, M. F., Almeida, F. R., & Melo-Cavalcante, A. A. (2016). Diterpenes: Advances in neurobiological drug research. Phytotherapy Research, 30(6), 915–928.
- Islam, M. N., Nyeem, M. A. B., Taher, M. A., & Awal, A. (2015). Analgesic and CNS depressant effect of the crude ethanolic extract of the Operculina turpethum. Biosensors Journal, 4(2), 1000132.
- Islam, S., Ahmed, M., Al-Mahamud, R., Rahman, S., Azam, F. M. S., Jahan, R., & Rahmatullah, M. (2015). Callus extract of Ipomoea mauritiana show analgesic and antihyperglycemic activity in Swiss albino mice. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 5(10), 044–047.
10.7324/JAPS.2015.501008 Google Scholar
- Jack, C. R., Knopman, D. S., Jagust, W. J., Petersen, R. C., Weiner, M. W., Aisen, P. S., … Trojanowski, J. Q. (2013). Tracking pathophysiological processes in Alzheimer's disease: An updated hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers. Lancet Neurology, 12(2), 207–216.
- Jain, V., & Verma, S. K. (2016). Folkloric use of plants for treatment of epilepsy in India. Journal of Traditional and Folk Practices, 4(1), 120–134.
- Jakaria, M., Clinton, C. D., Islam, M., Talukder, M. B., Shariful Islam, M., Tareq, S. M., & Uddin, S. B. (2017). In vivo sedative and hypnotic activities of methanol extract from the leaves of Jacquemontia paniculata (Burm. f.) Hallier f. in Swiss albino mice. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 28(2), 115–121.
- Jang, Y. P., Kim, S. R., Choi, Y. H., Kim, J., Kim, S. G., Markelonis, G. J., … Kim, Y. C. (2002). Arctigenin protects cultured cortical neurons from glutamate-induced neurodegeneration by binding to kainate receptor. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 68(2), 233–240.
- Jeet, K., Thakur, R., Choudhary, S., Shukla, A., & Sharma, A. K. (2012). In vivo analgesic activity of whole aerial part—Argyreia nervosa. International Journal of Phytopharmacology, 3(3), 221–225.
- Jegede, I. A., Nwinyi, F. C., Ibrahim, J., Ugbabe, G., Dzarma, S., & Kunle, O. F. (2009). Investigation of phytochemical, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties of Ipomoea asarifolia leaves. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 3(3), 160–165.
- Ji, B., Shi, G., Chen, Y., Huang, Z., & Gao, F. (2008). Study on the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Ipomoea pescaprae n-butanol extract. Journal of Shantou University Medical College, 21(4), 201–204.
- Jiang, F., Gao, R., Liu, H., Zhao, D., Xu, P., Zhang, L., & Qian, X. (2016). Neuroprotective effect of hyperoside on human PC12 cells against the oxidative damage. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, 9(5), 5176–5183.
- Joshi, H., Habbu, P. V., Navneet, K., Chauhan, J. B., Mahadevan, K. M., Krupa, M., … Kulkarni, V. H. (2007). Memory improving effect of Argyreia speciosa in mice. Natural Products, 3(1), 1–5.
- Jyothirmai, K., Alekhya, M., Chandrasekhar, B., Reddy, S. H., Sreenivasulu, Y., & Radha, D. (2014). Analgesic activity of ethanolic root extract of Rivea hypocrateriformis in mice. International Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 4(2), 138–141.
- Kaladhar, D. (2012). An in vitro callus induction and isolation, identification, virtual screening and docking of drug from Convolvulus alsinoides Linn against aging diseases. International Journal of Life Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Research, 1(3), 93–103.
- Kang, H., Kwak, Y., & Koppula, S. (2014). Protective effect of purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Linn, Convolvulaceae) on neuroinflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglial cells. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 13(8), 1257–1263.
- Kang, S. Y., Jung, H. W., Lee, M. Y., Lee, H. W., Chae, S. W., & Park, Y. K. (2014). Effect of the semen extract of Cuscuta chinensis on inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 12(8), 573–581.
- Karthik, S., Subramanian, M., Ravikumar, S., & Dhamotharan, R. (2016). Medicinal plants and their uses: A study of twelve sacred groves in Cuddalore and Villupuram districts, Tamil Nadu, India. The International Educational Research Journal, 2(5), 95–102.
- Kaur, M., Prakash, A., & Kalia, A. N. (2016). Neuroprotective potential of antioxidant potent fractions from Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy in 3-nitropropionic acid challenged rats. Nutritional Neuroscience, 19(2), 70–78.
- Khan, M. J., Saini, V., Bhati, V. S., Kharchuli, M. S., & Kasture, S. B. (2011). Anxiolytic activity of Ipomoea aquatica leaves. The European Journal of Experimental Biology, 1, 63–70.
- Khare, P., Chaudhary, S., Singh, L., Yadav, G., & Verma, S. (2014). Evaluation of nootropic activity of Cressa cretica in scopola-mine-induced memory impairment in mice. International Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2(2), 24–29.
10.14419/ijpt.v2i2.2004 Google Scholar
- Khare, P., Yadav, G., Chaudhary, S., & Singh, L. (2014). Investigation on protective effects of Cressa cretica extract in scopolamine-induced memory impairment. International Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2(1), 13–16.
- Kim, J. K., Choi, S. J., Cho, H. Y., Kim, Y. J., Lim, S. T., Kim, C. J., … Shin, D. H. (2011). Ipomoea batatas attenuates amyloid β peptide-induced neurotoxicity in ICR mice. Journal of Medicinal Food, 14(3), 304–309.
- Kim, K. H., Choi, S. U., Son, M. W., Choi, S. Z., Clardy, J., & Lee, K. R. (2013). Pharbinilic acid, an allogibberic acid from morning glory (Pharbitis nil). Journal of Natural Products, 76(7), 1376–1379.
- Kim, K. H., Ha, S. K., Choi, S. U., Kim, S. Y., & Lee, K. R. (2011). Bioactive phenolic constituents from the seeds of Pharbitis nil. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 59(11), 1425–1429.
- Kim, K. H., Woo, K. W., Moon, E., Choi, S. U., Kim, S. Y., Choi, S. Z., … Lee, K. R. (2014). Identification of antitumor lignans from the seeds of morning glory (Pharbitis nil). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(31), 7746–7752.
- Koca, U., Küpeli-Akkol, E., & Sekeroglu, N. (2011). Evaluation of in vivo and in vitro biological activities of different extracts of Cuscuta arvensis. Natural Product Communications, 6(10), 1433–1436.
- Kumar, A., Singh, J., & Sharma, A. (2015). Comparative antianxiety activity evaluation of Argyreia speciosa Linn.(roots), Caesalpinia digyna Rottler (roots) and Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.(flowers). International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 6(10), 4226–4229.
- Kumar, C. A. S., Sureshkumar, G., Bakyaraj, A., & Kumar, R. V. (2013). Evaluation of analgesic activity of Ipomoea staphylina in acetic acid induced writhing reflux in mice. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 22(1), 67–69.
- Kumar, M., Ahmad, A., Rawat, P., Khan, M. F., Rasheed, N., Gupta, P., … Maurya, R. (2010). Antioxidant flavonoid glycosides from Evolvulus alsinoides. Fitoterapia, 81(4), 234–242.
- Kumar, R. (2014). Improving quality of life of dementia patients with the help of shankhapushpi treatment given for two months. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 5(9), 1045–1049.
- Kumar, S., Kumar, D., Singh, J., Narender, R., & Kaushik, D. (2009). Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of Ipomoea hederaceae Linn. Planta Medica, 75(04), P-100.
10.1055/s-2009-1216538 Google Scholar
- Lalan, B. K., Hiray, R. S., & Ghongane, B. B. (2015). Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of extract of Holoptelea integrifolia and Argyreia speciosa in animal models. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 9(7), FF01–FF04.
- Lan, H., & Du, S. (2010). Study on the anti-aging action of the extracts of Cuscuta chinensis in natural aging mice. China Pharmaceutical, 39, 3667–3669.
- Lawal, U., Ibrahim, H., Agunu, A., & Abdulahi, Y. (2010). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of water extract from Ipomoea asarifolia Desr (Convolvulaceae). African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(51), 8877–8880.
- Lee, T. M., Chao, J. M., & Der Marderosian, A. H. (1979). Isolation and identification of ergoline alkaloids from seeds of Stictocardia campanulata (L.) Merrill. Planta Medica, 35(3), 247–252.
- Leistner, E., & Steiner, U. (2009). Fungal origin of ergoline alkaloids present in dicotyledonous plants (Convolvulaceae). Physiology and Genetics, 15, 197–208.
10.1007/978-3-642-00286-1_9 Google Scholar
- León-Rivera, I., Castro, J. M., Mirón-López, G., del Río-Portilla, F., Enríquez, R. G., Reynolds, W. F., … Vargas, G. (2014). Resin glycosides from Ipomoea tyrianthina and their sedative and vasorelaxant effects. Journal of Natural Medicines, 68(4), 655–667.
- León-Rivera, I., Herrera-Ruiz, M., Estrada-Soto, S., del Carmen Gutiérrez, C., Martínez-Duncker, I., Navarrete-Vázquez, G., … Aguirre-Moreno, A. (2011). Sedative, vasorelaxant, and cytotoxic effects of convolvulin from Ipomoea tyrianthina. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 135(2), 434–439.
- León-Rivera, I., Mirón-López, G., Estrada-Soto, S., Aguirre-Crespo, F., del Carmen Gutiérrez, C., Molina-Salinas, G. M., … Montiel, E. (2009). Glycolipid ester-type heterodimers from Ipomoea tyrianthina and their pharmacological activity. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 19(16), 4652–4656.
- León-Rivera, I., Mirón-López, G., Molina-Salinas, G. M., Herrera-Ruiz, M., Estrada-Soto, S., del Carmen Gutiérrez, C., … Said-Fernández, S. (2008). Tyrianthinic acids from Ipomoea tyrianthina and their antimycobacterial activity, cytotoxicity, and effects on the central nervous system. Journal of Natural Products, 71(10), 1686–1691.
- León-Rivera, I., Villeda-Hernández, J., Campos-Peña, V., Aguirre-Moreno, A., Estrada-Soto, S., Navarrete-Vázquez, G., … Rivera-Leyva, J. C. (2014). Evaluation of the neuroprotective activity of stansin 6, a resin glycoside from Ipomoea stans. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 24(15), 3541–3545.
- Li, Z. G., Jiang, B., Bao, Y. M., & An, L. J. (2006). Protection of Semen Cuscuta extracts from apoptosis PC12 cell of induced by1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium. Chinese Traditional Patent Medicine, 28, 219–221.
- Liao, J. C., Chang, W. T., Lee, M. S., Chiu, Y. J., Chao, W. K., Lin, Y. C., … Peng, W. H. (2014). Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Cuscuta chinensis seeds in mice. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 42(01), 223–242.
- Lin, R. J., Chen, C. Y., & Lo, W. L. (2008). Cytotoxic activity of Ipomoea cairica. Natural Product Research, 22(9), 747–753.
- Lin, S., Ye, S., Huang, J., Tian, Y., Xu, Y., Wu, M., … Cai, J. (2013). How do Chinese medicines that tonify the kidney inhibit dopaminergic neuron apoptosis. Neural Regeneration Research, 8(30), 2820–2826.
- Liu, J. H., Jiang, B., Bao, Y. M., & An, L. J. (2003). Effect of Cuscuta chinensis glycoside on the neuronal differentiation of rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 21(5), 277–281.
- Liu, L. F., Durairajan, S. S. K., Lu, J. H., Koo, I., & Li, M. (2012). In vitro screening on amyloid precursor protein modulation of plants used in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine for memory improvement. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 141(2), 754–760.
- Lu, J., Wu, D., Zheng, Y., Hu, B., Cheng, W., & Zhang, Z. F. (2012). Purple sweet potato color attenuates domoic acid-induced cognitive deficits by promoting estrogen receptor-α-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis signaling in mice. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 52(3), 646–659.
- Lu, J., Wu, D., Zheng, Y., Hu, B., & Zhang, Z. F. (2010). Purple sweet potato color alleviates d-galactose-induced brain aging in old mice by promoting survival of neurons via PI3K pathway and inhibiting cytochrome C-mediated apoptosis. Brain Pathology, 20(3), 598–612.
- Malik, J., Choudhary, S., & Kumar, P. (2015). Protective effect of Convolvulus pluricaulis standardized extract and its fractions against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Pharmaceutical Biology, 53(10), 1448–1457.
- Malik, J., Karan, M., & Vasisht, K. (2011). Nootropic, anxiolytic and CNS-depressant studies on different plant sources of shankhpushpi. Pharmaceutical Biology, 49(12), 1234–1242.
- Malik, J., Karan, M., & Vasisht, K. (2016). Attenuating effect of bioactive coumarins from Convolvulus pluricaulis on scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. Natural Product Research, 30(5), 578–582.
- Mathew, M., & Subramanian, S. (2012). Evaluation of the anti-amyloidogenic potential of nootropic herbal extracts in vitro. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 3(11), 4276–4280.
- Mathew, M., & Subramanian, S. (2014). In vitro screening for anti-cholinesterase and antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of Ayurvedic medicinal plants used for cognitive disorders. PLoS One, 9(1), e86804.
- Meher, A., & Padhan, A. R. (2011). A literature review on Argyreia nervosa (Burm. F.) Bojer. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy, 2(5), 1501–1504.
- Mehla, J., Pahuja, M., Dethe, S. M., Agarwal, A., & Gupta, Y. K. (2012). Amelioration of intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced cognitive impairment by Evolvulus alsinoides in rats: In vitro and in vivo evidence. Neurochemistry International, 61(7), 1052–1064.
- Mehrabani, M., Modirian, E., Ebrahimabadi, A. R., Vafazadeh, J., Shahnavaz, S., & Heidari, M. R. (2007). Study of the effects of hydro-methanol extracts of Lavandula vera DC and Cuscuta epithymum Murr on the seizure induced by pentylentetranzol in mice. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 14(1), 25–32.
- Meira, M., do Silva, E. P., David, J. M., & David, J. P. (2012). Review of the genus Ipomoea: Traditional uses, chemistry and biological activities. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 22(3), 682–713.
- Mirón-López, G., Herrera-Ruiz, M., Estrada-Soto, S., Aguirre-Crespo, F., Vazquez-Navarrete, L., & Léon-Rivera, I. (2007). Resin glycosides from the roots of Ipomoea tyrianthina and their biological activity. Journal of Natural Products, 70(4), 557–562.
- Mitte, K., Noack, P., Steil, R., & Hautzinger, M. (2005). A meta-analytic review of the efficacy of drug treatment in generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 25, 141–150.
- Mohan, S., & Subramani, K. (2014). Chemical investigation of Merremia gangetica. International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology, 3(6), 802–804.
- Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151, 264–269.
- Monjur-Al-Hossain, A. S. M., Hasan, M. M., Shamsunnahar, K., Dey, A., & Khan, M. R. (2013). Phytochemical screening and the evaluation of the antioxidant, antimicrobial and analgesic properties of the plant Ipomoea mauritiana (family: Convolvulaceae). International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 4(2), 60–63.
- Moon, M., Jeong, H. U., Choi, J. G., Jeon, S. G., Song, E. J., Hong, S. P., & Oh, M. S. (2016). Memory-enhancing effects of Cuscuta japonica Choisy via enhancement of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice. Behavioural Brain Research, 311, 173–182.
- Moteetee, A., & Van Wyk, B. E. (2011). The medical ethnobotany of Lesotho: A review. Bothalia, 41(1), 209–228.
- Mukherjee, P. K., Kumar, V., & Houghton, P. J. (2007). Screening of Indian medicinal plants for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Phytotherapy Research, 21(12), 1142–1145.
- Murad, W., Ahmad, A., Gilani, S. A., & Khan, M. A. (2011). Indigenous knowledge and folk use of medicinal plants by the tribal communities of Hazar Nao Forest, Malakand District, North Pakistan. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 5(7), 1072–1086.
- Nabavi, S. F., Daglia, M., D'Antona, G., Sobarzo-Sánchez, E., Talas, Z. S., & Nabavi, S. M. (2015). Natural compounds used as therapies targeting to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 16(3), 211–218.
- Nag, G., & De, B. (2008). Antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties of the Indian medicinal plant “Shankhapushpi” used for enhancing memory function. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 5(1): https://doi.org/10.2202/1553-3840.1158.
10.2202/1553-3840.1158 Google Scholar
- Nahata, A., Patil, U. K., & Dixit, V. K. (2008). Effect of Convulvulus pluricaulis Choisy on learning behaviour and memory enhancement activity in rodents. Natural Product Research, 22(16), 1472–1482.
- Nahata, A., Patil, U. K., & Dixit, V. K. (2009). Anxiolytic activity of Evolvulus alsinoides and Convulvulus pluricaulis in rodents. Pharmaceutical Biology, 47(5), 444–451.
- Nahata, A., Patil, U. K., & Dixit, V. K. (2010). Effect of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. on learning behavior and memory enhancement activity in rodents. Phytotherapy Research, 24(4), 486–493.
- Naikawadi, V. B., Ahire, M. L., Lokhande, V. H., Ghorpade, R. P., & Nikam, T. D. (2016). Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization of Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.: A memory enhancing herb. Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 15, 48–56.
- Navarro-Ruiz, A., de la Mora, G. P., Villanueva-Michel, M. T., Dominguez-Rodriguez, J. R., Bastidas-Ramirez, B. E., Quezada-Arellano, J. D., & Ruiz-Madrigal, B. (1996). Anticonvulsant effect of aqueous, hydroalcohol and chloroform extracts from Ipomoea stans root in the rat. Phytotherapy Research, 10(3), 242–244.
- Neeraj, S. V., Rohini, R. P., Virendra, G. K., Prajakta, R. G., Subhash, L. B., & Avinash, A. H. (2009). Central nervous system activity of Argyreia speciosa. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 8(3), 152–158.
10.18579/jpcrkc/2009/8/3/79742 Google Scholar
- Newman, D. J., & Cragg, G. M. (2016). Natural products as sources of new drugs from 1981 to 2014. Journal of Natural Products, 79(3), 629–661.
- Noda, N., Kogetsu, H., Kawasaki, T., & Miyahara, K. (1990). Scammonins I and II, the resin glycosides of radix scammoniae from Convolvulus scammonia. Phytochemistry, 29(11), 3565–3569.
- Ohayon, M. M. (2002). Epidemiology of insomnia: What we know and what we still need to learn. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 6, 97–111.
- Pal, D., Panda, C., Sinhababu, S., Dutta, A., & Bhattacharya, S. (2003). Evaluation of psychopharmacological effects of petroleum ether extract of Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. stem in mice. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica, 60(6), 481–486.
- Patel, N., Galani, V., & Patel, B. (2011). Antistress activity of Argyreia speciosa roots in experimental animals. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 2(3), 129–136.
- Patel, S., Sharma, V., Chauhan, N. S., & Dixit, V. K. (2012). An updated review on the parasitic herb of Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Journal Chinese Integrative Medicine, 10(3), 249–255.
- Paulke, A., Kremer, C., Wunder, C., Achenbach, J., Djahanschiri, B., Elias, A., … Stark, H. (2013). Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.): Receptor profiling of lysergic acid amide and other potential psychedelic LSD-like compounds by computational and binding assay approaches. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 148(2), 492–497.
- Pawar, S. A., Dhuley, J. N., & Naik, S. R. (2001). Neuropharmacology of an extract derived from Convolvulus microphyllus. Pharmaceutical Biology, 39(4), 253–258.
- Pereda-Miranda, R., Rosas-Ramírez, D., & Castañeda-Gómez, J. (2010). Resin glycosides from the morning glory family. Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, 92, 77–153.
- Prabhavathi, N. B., Kowsalya, B., Ravi-Kumar, S., Jaya Sravani, B., Divya Sri, G., Sakila, A., Jayachand, P. (2012). Analgesic activity of different solvent extract of Operculina turpethum by using Swiss albino mice. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 5(3): 215–218.
- Prasad, K. N., Shivamurthy, G. R., & Aradhya, S. M. (2008). Ipomoea aquatica, an underutilized green leafy vegetable: A review. International Journal of Botany, 4(1), 123–129.
- Prasad, P. S., Mantry, S., Reddy, G. R., & Sadik, J. (2012). Antinociceptive activity of Ipomoea eriocarpa whole plant extracts. International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics, 1(1), 63–66.
- Purushoth, P. T., Panneerselvam, P., Vijaykumar, R., Clement Atlee, W., & Balasubramanian, S. (2012). Anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritis and analgesic effect of ethanolic extract of whole plant of Merremia emarginata Burm. F. Central European Journal of Biology, 1, 94–99.
- Qi, Y., Dou, D. Q., Jiang, H., Zhang, B. B., Qin, W. Y., Kang, K., … Jia, D. (2017). Arctigenin attenuates learning and memory deficits through PI3k/Akt/GSK-3β pathway reducing tau hyperphosphorylation in Aβ-induced AD mice. Planta Medica, 83(01/02), 51–56.
- Quintans Júnior, L. J., Almeida, J. R. G. S., Lima, J. T., Nunes, X. P., Lima, J. T., Siqueira, J. S., … Barbosa-Filho, J. M. (2008). Plants with anticonvulsant properties: A review. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 18(4), 798–819.
10.1590/S0102-695X2008000500026 Google Scholar
- Ratnasooriya, W. D., & Dharmasiri, M. G. (2011). Sedative activity of Argyreia populifolia leaf extract. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2, 183–188.
- Rawat, M. S. M., & Kothiyal, P. (2011). Comparative nootropic effect of Evolvulus alsinoides and Convolvulus pluricaulis. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 2(1), 616–621.
- Reddy, R. G., Veeraval, L., Maitra, S., Chollet-Krugler, M., Tomasi, S., Dévéhat, F. L., … Chakravarty, S. (2016). Lichen-derived compounds show potential for central nervous system therapeutics. Phytomedicine, 23(12), 1527–1534.
- Rogers, K. L., Grice, I. D., & Griffiths, L. R. (2000). Inhibition of platelet aggregation and 5-HT release by extracts of Australian plants used traditionally as headache treatments. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9(4), 355–363.
- Rout, S. K., & Kar, D. M. (2013). Sedative, anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects of different extracts from the leaves of Ipomoea carnea in experimental animals. International Journal of Drug Research, 5(2), 232–243.
- Saeedi, M., Babaie, K., Karimpour-Razkenari, E., Vazirian, M., Akbarzadeh, T., Khanavi, M., … Shams Ardekani, M. R. (2017). In vitro cholinesterase inhibitory activity of some plants used in Iranian traditional medicine. Natural Product Research, https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2017.1290620.
- Sahranavard, S., Ghafari, S., & Mosaddegh, M. (2014). Medicinal plants used in Iranian traditional medicine to treat epilepsy. Seizure, 23(5), 328–332.
- Samaradivakara, S. P., Samarasekera, R., Handunnetti, S. M., & Weerasina, O. V. D. S. J. (2016). Cholinesterase, protease inhibitory and antioxidant capacities of Sri Lankan medicinal plants. Industrial Crops and Products, 83, 227–234.
- Samuelsson, G., Farah, M. H., Claeson, P., Hagos, M., Thulin, M., Hedberg, O., … Alin, M. H. (1992). Inventory of plants used in traditional medicine in Somalia. II. Plants of the families Combretaceae to Labiatae. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 37(1), 47–70.
- Santiago, L. A., Pineda, P. J. O., & Gerona, M. L. G. (2016). Preliminary study on the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of Ipomoea muricata (Linnaeus) Jacquin. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 7(1), 108–114.
- Sasaki, K., Han, J., Shimozono, H., Villareal, M. O., & Isoda, H. (2013). Caffeoylquinic acid-rich purple sweet potato extract, with or without anthocyanin, imparts neuroprotection and contributes to the improvement of spatial learning and memory of SAMP8 mouse. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61(21), 5037–5045.
- Sethiya, N. K., Nahata, A., Dixit, V. K., & Mishra, S. H. (2012). Cognition boosting effect of Canscora decussata (a South Indian Shankhpushpi). European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 4(1), e113–e121.
- Sethiya, N. K., Nahata, A., Mishra, S. H., & Dixit, V. K. (2009). An update on Shankhpushpi, a cognition-boosting Ayurvedic medicine. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao, 7(11), 1001–1022.
- Shan, Q., Lu, J., Zheng, Y., Li, J., Zhou, Z., Hu, B., … Ma, D. (2009). Purple sweet potato color ameliorates cognition deficits and attenuates oxidative damage and inflammation in aging mouse brain induced by d-galactose. BioMed Research International, 2009(1), 564737.
10.1155/2009/564737 Google Scholar
- Sharma, J., Gairola, S., Gaur, R. D., Painuli, R. M., & Siddiqi, T. O. (2013). Ethnomedicinal plants used for treating epilepsy by indigenous communities of sub-Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 150(1), 353–370.
- Sharma, K., Arora, V., Rana, A. C., & Bhatnagar, M. (2009). Anxiolytic effect of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy petals on elevated plus maze model of anxiety in mice. Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology, 3(1), 41–46.
- Sharma, K., Bhatnagar, M., & Kulkarni, S. K. (2010). Effect of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy. and Asparagus racemosus Willd on learning and memory in young and old mice: A comparative evaluation. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 48, 479–485.
- Sharma, V., & Singh, M. (2013). Non-opiodergic like mechanism for antinociceptive analgesic and antipyretic activity of ethanolic root extract of Operculina turpethum in Swiss albino mice. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 4(2), 104–112.
- Shen, C. Y., Jiang, J. G., Yang, L., Wang, D. W., & Zhu, W. (2016). Anti-ageing active ingredients from herbs and nutraceuticals used in traditional Chinese medicine: Pharmacological mechanisms and implications for drug discovery. British Journal of Pharmacology, 174(11), 1395–1425.
- Shi, M. M., Piao, J. H., Xu, X. L., Zhu, L., Xu, X. L., Yang, L., … Jiang, J. G. (2016). Chinese medicines with sedative–hypnotic effects and their active components. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 29, 108–118.
- Siddiqui, N. A., Ahmad, N., Musthaq, N., Chattopadhyaya, I., Kumria, R., & Gupta, S. (2014). Neuropharmacological profile of extracts of aerial parts of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy in mice model. The Open Neurology Journal, 8, 11–14.
- Siripurapu, K. B., Gupta, P., Bhatia, G., Maurya, R., Nath, C., & Palit, G. (2005). Adaptogenic and anti-amnesic properties of Evolvulus alsinoides in rodents. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 81(3), 424–432.
- Sivaraman, D., & Muralidaran, P. (2010a). CNS depressant and antiepileptic activities of the methanol extract of the leaves of Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Journal of Chemistry, 7(4), 1555–1561.
- Sivaraman, D., & Muralidaran, P. (2010b). Nootropic effect of Ipomoea aquatica Forsk in rat hippocampus. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 2, 476–479.
- Sivaraman, D., Panneerselvam, P., & Muralidharan, P. (2014). Isolation, characterization and in silico pharmacological screening of medicinally important bio-active phytoconstituents from the leaves of Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6, 262–267.
- Sivaraman, D., Panneerselvam, P., & Muralidharan, P. (2015). Brain free radical quenching capacity of Ipomoea aquatica by rejuvenating vital anti-oxidant enzymes on beta-amyloid induced stress in Swiss albino mice. Der Pharmacia Lettre, 7, 01–12.
- Sobiecki, J. F. (2002). A preliminary inventory of plants used for psychoactive purposes in southern African healing traditions. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 57(1–2), 1–24.
10.1080/00359190209520523 Google Scholar
- Ssegawa, P., & Kasenene, J. M. (2007). Medicinal plant diversity and uses in the Sango bay area, Southern Uganda. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 113(3), 521–540.
- Stafford, G. I., Pedersen, M. E., van Staden, J., & Jäger, A. K. (2008). Review on plants with CNS-effects used in traditional South African medicine against mental diseases. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 119(3), 513–537.
- Stefaniak, J., & O'Brien, J. (2016). Imaging of neuroinflammation in dementia: A review. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 87(1), 21–28.
- Stefanović, S., Austin, D. F., & Olmstead, R. G. (2003). Classification of Convolvulaceae: A phylogenetic approach. Systematic Botany, 28(4), 791–806.
- Świeboda, P., Filip, R., Prystupa, A., & Drozd, M. (2013). Assessment of pain: Types, mechanism and treatment. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 1, 2–7.
- Taber, W. A., Heacock, R. A., & Mahon, M. E. (1963). Ergot-type alkaloids in vegetative tissue of Rivea corymbosa (L.) Hall. f. Phytochemistry, 2(1), 99–101.
- Tan, L., Shen, Q., & Huang, Z. (2012). Study on screening valid target of anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Calystegia soldanella. Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 30(1), 155–157.
- Tang, X., Huang, R., Huang, Y., Huang, C., & Wang, N. (2009). Study on the analgesic effects and its mechanisms of ethanol extract of Calonyction acculeatum Beans. Lishizhen Medicine and Materia Medica Research, 20(12), 3153–3154.
- Thomas, S., Shrikumar, S., Velmurugan, C., & Ashok Kumar, B. S. (2015). Evaluation of anxiolytic effect of whole plant of Cuscuta reflexa. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(4), 1245–1253.
- Tsukamoto, K. (2015). Development of novel pharmaceutical agents for Alzheimer's disease: The impact of regulatory initiatives in Japan and the United States. Clinical Therapeutics, 37(8), 1652–1660.
- Verma, S., Sinha, R., Kumar, P., Amin, F., Jain, J., & Tanwar, S. (2012). Study of Convolvulus pluricaulis for antioxidant and anticonvulsant activity. Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 12(1), 55–59.
- Vieira, D., Padoani, C., Soares, J. S., Adriano, J., Cechinel-Filho, V., de Souza, M. M., … Couto, A. G. (2013). Development of hydroethanolic extract of Ipomoea pes-caprae using factorial design followed by antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory evaluation. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 23(1), 72–78.
- Vyawahare, N. S., & Bodhankar, S. L. (2009a). Anticonvulsant activity of Argyreia speciosa in mice. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 71(2), 131–134.
- Vyawahare, N. S., & Bodhankar, S. L. (2009b). Effect of Argyreia speciosa extract on learning and memory paradigms in mice. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 5(17), 43–48.
- Wang, L. M., & Chu, Y. H. (1995). Effect of norepinephrinergic system on ipalbidine analgesia. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 31(11), 806–811.
- Wang, Y. J., Zheng, Y. L., Lu, J., Chen, G. Q., Wang, X. H., Feng, J., … Sun, Q. J. (2010). Purple sweet potato color suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced acute inflammatory response in mouse brain. Neurochemistry International, 56(3), 424–430.
- Wang, Z. Y., Liu, J. Y., Yang, C. B., Malampati, S., Huang, Y. Y., Li, M. X., … Song, J. X. (2017). Neuroprotective natural products for the treatment of Parkinson's disease by targeting the autophagy–lysosome pathway: A systematic review. Phytotherapy Research, 31(8), 1119–1127.
- Weber, J. T. (2015). Methodologies and limitations in the analysis of potential neuroprotective compounds derived from natural products. New Horizons in Translational Medicine, 2(3), 81–85.
- Woolf, C. J. (2010). What is this thing called pain? The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 120(11), 3742–3744.
- Wu, D., Lu, J., Zheng, Y., Zhou, Z., Shan, Q., & Ma, D. F. (2008). Purple sweet potato color repairs d-galactose-induced spatial learning and memory impairment by regulating the expression of synaptic proteins. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 90(1), 19–27.
- Yang, D., Wang, G., & Zhai, H. (2013). Effects of Cuscutae Semen flavonoids on inflammatory response of brain tissue in rats with cerebral ischemia–reperfusion Injury. China Pharmaceutical, 11, 012.
- Ye, J., Meng, X., Yan, C., & Wang, C. (2010). Effect of purple sweet potato anthocyanins on β-amyloid-mediated PC-12 cells death by inhibition of oxidative stress. Neurochemical Research, 35(3), 357–365.
- Ye, M., Lee, S. G., Chung, E. S., Lim, S. J., Kim, W. S., Yoon, H., … Bae, H. (2014). Neuroprotective effects of Cuscutae Semen in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative, 2014, 150153.
- Ysrael, M. C., & Nonato, M. G. (1999). Biological activities of chemical constituents from Ipomoea muricata (Jacq). Convolvulaceae. Acta Manilana, 41, 47–52.
- Zhen, G. H., Jiang, B., Bao, Y. M., Li, D. X., & An, L. J. (2006). The protect effect of flavonoids from Cuscuta chinensis in PC12 cells from damage induced by H2O2. The Journal of Chinese Medicine, 29(10), 1051–1055.