New microstructured chromium doped poly(p-toluidine) as a new acid–base indicator and precursor for chromic oxide nanostructured
Corresponding Author
M.Sh. Zoromba
Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, 21911 Saudi Arabia
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, 42521 Egypt
Correspondence to: M. Sh. Zoromba, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said 42521, Egypt.
E-mail: [email protected]
Correspondence to: M. H. Abdel-Aziz, Chemical Engineering Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
M.H. Abdel-Aziz
Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, 21911 Saudi Arabia
Chemical Engineering Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Correspondence to: M. Sh. Zoromba, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said 42521, Egypt.
E-mail: [email protected]
Correspondence to: M. H. Abdel-Aziz, Chemical Engineering Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorM. Bassyouni
Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, 21911 Saudi Arabia
Department of Chemical Engineering, Higher Technological Institute, 10th of Ramadan, Egypt
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
M.Sh. Zoromba
Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, 21911 Saudi Arabia
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, 42521 Egypt
Correspondence to: M. Sh. Zoromba, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said 42521, Egypt.
E-mail: [email protected]
Correspondence to: M. H. Abdel-Aziz, Chemical Engineering Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
M.H. Abdel-Aziz
Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, 21911 Saudi Arabia
Chemical Engineering Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Correspondence to: M. Sh. Zoromba, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said 42521, Egypt.
E-mail: [email protected]
Correspondence to: M. H. Abdel-Aziz, Chemical Engineering Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorM. Bassyouni
Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, 21911 Saudi Arabia
Department of Chemical Engineering, Higher Technological Institute, 10th of Ramadan, Egypt
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
New chromium doped poly(p-toluidine) (Cr-PPT) was synthesized via chemical oxidative polymerization of p-toluidine with potassium dichromate as an initiator in acidic aqueous medium. The spectrophotometric behavior of Cr-PPT in acetone and chloroform as different solvents was investigated. Cr-PPT exhibits bathochromically red shift at 46-nm value with the increasing of solvent polarity. The intermolecular charge transfer band peak for Cr-PPT shifted from 422 nm in low-polar solvent (chloroform) to high-polar solvent (acetone) to 468 nm. Optical absorption measurements are used to obtain the energy gap of prepared Cr-PPT. Cr-PPT has an optical band gap (Eg = 1.90 to 2.05 eV) that is located in the semiconductor range. Pink color was observed using Cr-PPT solution in acidic media while it changes sharply to yellow in basic medium. Based on intermolecular charge transfer, the Cr-PPT was used as acid–base indicator. Cr-PPT and phenolphthalein (phph) indicator were used for determination of normality of HCl using standard 0.1 N NaOH, the two indicators gave equal end point values. Using Cr-PPT as a new molecular precursor for the production chromium oxide in nanoscale by thermal decomposition route was studied, and the average size of synthesized Cr2O3 was found in the range of 54–61 nm. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
References
- 1H. Sirringhaus, N. Tessler, R. H. Friend, Science 1998, 280, 1741–1744.
- 2J. H. Burroughes, D. D. C. Bradley, A. R. Brown, R. N. Marks, K. Mackay, R. H. Friend, Nature 1990, 347, 539–541.
- 3M. Wohlgenannt, K. Tandon, S. Mazumdar, S. Ramsesha, Z. V. Vardeny, Nature 2001, 409, 494–497.
- 4G. Yu, J. Gao, J. C. Hummelen, F. Wudl, A. J. Heeger, Science 1995, 270, 1789–1791.
- 5E. W. Paul, A. J. Ricco, M. S. Wrighton, J. Phys. Chem. 1985, 89, 1441–1447.
- 6J. N. Ansari, S. Khasim, A. Parveen, O. A. Al-Hartomy, Z. Khattari, N. Badi, A. S. Roy, Polym. Adv. Technol. 2016, 27, 1064–1071.
- 7H. B. Koosheh, A. R. Modarresi-Alam, Polym. Adv. Technol. 2016, 27, 1038–1049.
- 8D. Xie, Y. Jiang, W. Pan, D. Li, Z. Wu, Y. Li, Sens. Actuators B 2002, 8, 158–164.
- 9H. L. Wang, J. Gao, J. M. Sansinena, P. McCarthy, Chem. Mater. 2002, 14, 2546–2552.
- 10M. Lefenfeld, G. Blanchet, J. A. Rogers, Adv. Mater. 2003, 15, 1188–1191.
- 11P. N. Bartlett, E. Simon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4014–4015.
- 12X. Kang, Y. Jin, G. Cheng, S. Dong, Langmuir 2002, 18, 10305–10310.
- 13W. E. Mahmoud, A. A. Al-Ghamdi, Polym. Adv. Technol. 2011, 22, 877–881.
- 14S. A. Chen, Y. Fang, Synth. Met. 1993, 60, 215–222.
- 15A. B. Yaroslavtsev, I. A. Stenina, E. Y. Voropaeva, A. A. Ilyina, Polym. Adv. Technol. 2009, 20, 566–570.
- 16A. Stolarczyk, M. Lapkowski, Synth. Met. 2001, 121, 1385–1386.
- 17M. I. Boyer, S. Quillard, G. Louarn, G. Froyer, S. Lefrant, J. Phys, Chem. B 2000, 104, 8952–8961.
- 18N. A. El-Ghamaz, M. A. Diab, M. S. Zoromba, A. Z. El-Sonbati, O. El-Shahat, Metal-Org. Nano-Met. Chem. 2016, 46, 1179–1188.
- 19O. P. Dimitriev, Macromolecules 2004, 37, 3388–3395.
- 20C. M. S. Izumi, V. R. L. Constantino, A. M. C. Ferreira, M. L. A. Temperini, Synth. Met. 2006, 156, 654–663.
- 21M. Hasik, C. Paluszkiewicz, E. Wenda, Vib. Spectrosc. 2002, 29, 191–195.
- 22M. S. Zoromba, N. M. Hosny, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2014, 117, 369–375.
- 23N. M. Hosny, M. S. Zoromba, G. Samir, S. Alghool, SynthesisJ. Mol. Struct. 2016, 1122, 117–122.
- 24M. S. Zoromba, S. Alghool, S. M. S. Abdel-Hamid, M. Bassyouni, M. H. Abdel-Aziz, Polym. Adv. Technol. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.3987.
- 25M. S. Zoromba, N. A. El-Ghamaz, S. Alghool, J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. 2015, 25, 955–963.
- 26O. P. Dimitriev, Polym. Bull. 2003, 50, 83–90.
- 27D. Kumar, Eur. Polym. J. 1999, 35, 1919–1923.
- 28J. G. Masters, J. M. Ginder, A. G. MacDiarmid, A. J. Epstein, J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 1992(96), 47–68.
- 29M. S. Zoromba, M. I. M. Ismail, M. Bassyouni, M. H. Abdel-Aziz, N. Salah, A. Alshahrie, A. Memic, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 2017, 520, 121–130.
- 30C. M. S. Izumi, D. C. Rodrigues, M. L. A. Temperini, Synth. Met. 2010, 160, 2552–2558.
- 31C. Reichardt, Solvents and solvent effects in organic chemistry, 3rd edn., WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2003, 389.
- 32W. H. Mulder, C. Párkányi, J. Phys. Chem. A 2002, 106, 11932–11937.
- 33A. R. Katritzky, D. C. Fara, M. Kuanar, E. Hur, M. Karelson, J. Phys. Chem. A 2005, 109, 10323–10341.
- 34S. P. Surwade, S. R. Agnihotra, V. Dua, H. S. Kolla, X. Zhang, S. K. Manohar, Synth. Met. 2009, 159, 2153–2156.
- 35D. Dutta, T. K. Sarma, D. Chowdhury, A. Chattopadhyay, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2005, 283, 153–159.
- 36P. Manvil, G. Venkatachari, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2007, 104, 2595–2601.
- 37M. Rashid, S. Sabir, U. Waware, A. A. Rahim, Anti-Corros. Method Mat. 2014, 61, 334–342.
- 38J. Tauc, R. Grigorovici, A. Vancu, Phys. Status Solid B. 1966, 15, 627.
- 39J. Tauc, Mater. Res. Bull. 1968, 3, 37.
- 40N. Iqbal, S. Sagar, M. B. Khan, M. I. Bassyouni, Z. M. Khan, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2013, 130, 4392–4400.
10.1002/app.39717 Google Scholar
- 41M. Bassyouni, N. Iqbal, S. S. Iqbal, S. M.-S. Abdel-Hamid, M. H. Abdel-Aziz, U. Javaid, M. B. Khan, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2014, 110, 195–202.
- 42C. Reichardt, Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 2319–2358.
- 43S. F. Patil, A. G. Bedekar, C. Agashe, Mater. Lett. 1992, 14, 307–312.
- 44L. Li, Z. Yan, G. Q. Lu, Z. H. Zhu, J. Phys, Chem. B 2006, 110, 178–183.
Citing Literature
