Evaluation of Different Geometry Poly(L-Lactide-Co-Glycolide-Co-Trimethylene Carbonate Oligomer) Scaffolds Fabricated by Material Extrusion 3D Printing for Adipose Derived Stem Cells Culture
Corresponding Author
Piotr Paduszyński
Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Correspondence:
Piotr Paduszyński ([email protected])
Jakub Włodarczyk ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jakub Włodarczyk
Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials of Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
Correspondence:
Piotr Paduszyński ([email protected])
Jakub Włodarczyk ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorJakub Rok
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Prof. Jakub Rok, tragically passed away at a young age in November 28, 2024 during the peer review.
Search for more papers by this authorMałgorzata Pastusiak
Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials of Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
Search for more papers by this authorZuzanna Rzepka
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Search for more papers by this authorAgnieszka Ochab
Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Search for more papers by this authorPaulina Karpeta-Jarząbek
Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials of Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
Search for more papers by this authorArkadiusz Orchel
Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Search for more papers by this authorDorota Wrześniok
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Search for more papers by this authorJanusz Kasperczyk
Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials of Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Piotr Paduszyński
Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Correspondence:
Piotr Paduszyński ([email protected])
Jakub Włodarczyk ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jakub Włodarczyk
Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials of Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
Correspondence:
Piotr Paduszyński ([email protected])
Jakub Włodarczyk ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorJakub Rok
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Prof. Jakub Rok, tragically passed away at a young age in November 28, 2024 during the peer review.
Search for more papers by this authorMałgorzata Pastusiak
Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials of Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
Search for more papers by this authorZuzanna Rzepka
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Search for more papers by this authorAgnieszka Ochab
Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Search for more papers by this authorPaulina Karpeta-Jarząbek
Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials of Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
Search for more papers by this authorArkadiusz Orchel
Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Search for more papers by this authorDorota Wrześniok
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Search for more papers by this authorJanusz Kasperczyk
Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials of Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
Search for more papers by this authorFunding: This work was supported by Medical University of Silesia (grant number: BNW-1-081/K/3/F).
ABSTRACT
The combination of stem cells, growth factors, and biomaterials has driven significant advancements in tissue engineering. Depending on the specific tissue requiring regeneration, the scaffold structure and cell type must be carefully selected. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) have garnered considerable interest due to their ease of isolation and high differentiation potential. However, cellular components alone are often insufficient for complete tissue regeneration, making the selection of an appropriate scaffold structure a critical factor. Modern additive manufacturing techniques enable the precise design and fabrication of scaffolds with tailored properties and architectures. This study presents comprehensive research in tissue engineering, polymer chemistry, and polymer processing, focusing on the fabrication of scaffolds with varying architectures for ADSC culture using additive manufacturing. A poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide-co-trimethylene carbonate oligomer) (PLGA-oTMC) terpolymer of defined molar composition and microstructure was synthesized and processed into a filament suitable for 3D printing via the Material Extrusion (formerly Fused Deposition Modeling) method, which has not yet been demonstrated in scientific research. Optimized molar composition, microstructure, and average molar mass of PLGA-oTMC ensured an appropriate melt viscosity, facilitating 3D printing under conditions that minimized polymer thermal degradation. This, in turn, enabled effective cell culture. The resulting scaffolds exhibited favorable biocompatibility, as evidenced by high ADSC viability and proliferation capacity. However, variations in scaffold architecture influenced ADSC colonization, with certain designs promoting more effective adhesion and cytoskeletal organization. The good viability and proliferative ability of ADSC strongly suggest that PLGA-oTMC scaffolds, combined with stem cells, show great promise for the engineering of damaged tissues such as bone or cartilage.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Open Research
Data Availability Statement
The raw data required to reproduce these findings are available from the corresponding author upon request. The processed data required to reproduce these findings are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Supporting Information
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| jbmb35580-sup-0001-Annex_A.docxWord 2007 document , 285.7 KB |
Data S1. Annex A. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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