STATISTICAL DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGIES OF IRRIGATED AREAS AND THEIR LIMITATIONS: A REVIEW
Corresponding Author
Ali Ajaz
Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
Correspondence to: Mr Ali Ajaz, Oklahoma State University, Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, 222 Agriculture Hall, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74075, USA. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorPoolad Karimi
Land and Water Development for Food Security, Water Science and Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorXueliang Cai
Land and Water Development for Food Security, Water Science and Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorCharlotte De Fraiture
Land and Water Development for Food Security, Water Science and Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorMuhammad Saleem Akhter
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Ali Ajaz
Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
Correspondence to: Mr Ali Ajaz, Oklahoma State University, Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, 222 Agriculture Hall, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74075, USA. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorPoolad Karimi
Land and Water Development for Food Security, Water Science and Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorXueliang Cai
Land and Water Development for Food Security, Water Science and Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorCharlotte De Fraiture
Land and Water Development for Food Security, Water Science and Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorMuhammad Saleem Akhter
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
enInconsistencies in the statistical data sets of irrigated areas at the national level could have considerable implications for policies developed for food and water security. Remote sensing can address this issue; however, doubts about its reliability inhibit its protagonist role. Methods that integrate both remote sensing based and statistical data sets seem expedient, and they are more likely to be acknowledged by policymakers. Therefore, it is important for scientists to know the basis and limitations of statistical data sets which originate at the country level. Data collection methodologies of irrigated areas have been reviewed for seven Asian countries, namely China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Indonesia and Thailand. Factors causing the uncertainties in data, and the limitations of data collection methodologies, were highlighted. Also, an irrigation density distribution analysis was conducted to understand the relation of spatial spread pattern of irrigated areas and uncertainty in their statistical records. It was found that irrigated area statistics are mostly based on information originating from water user associations and farmers, which is either self-reported or collected through interviews during surveys and censuses. The main causes of discrepancy were lack of resources to frequently enumerate the irrigated land, inconsistency in data collection methodologies, unaccounted secondary crops, illegal and unregulated water use, and bureaucratic and political constraints. Irrigation density distribution analysis showed that largely scattered irrigated areas might be prone to a lack of comprehensive and frequent enumeration. Furthermore, dense irrigation regions might have potentially unrecorded irrigated areas where temporary or supplementary irrigation arrangements are made by marginal farmers. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Résumé
frDes incohérences dans les ensembles de données statistiques sur les zones irriguées au niveau national pourraient avoir des conséquences considérables sur les politiques élaborées pour la sécurité alimentaire et en eau. La télédétection peut résoudre ce problème, cependant, des raisons de fiabilité empêchent son rôle de protagoniste. Les méthodes qui intègrent à la fois des bases de données statistiques et basées sur la télédétection semblent appropriées, et elles ont plus de chances d'être reconnues par les décideurs. Par conséquent, il est important que les scientifiques connaissent la base et les limites des ensembles de données statistiques provenant des pays. Les méthodes de collecte de données sur les zones irriguées ont été examinées pour sept pays asiatiques, à savoir la Chine, l'Inde, le Pakistan, le Bangladesh, le Népal, l'Indonésie et la Thaïlande. Les facteurs à l'origine des incertitudes dans les données et les limites des méthodes de collecte de données ont été mis en évidence. En outre, une analyse de la distribution de la densité d'irrigation a été réalisée pour comprendre la relation entre le schéma de répartition spatiale des zones irriguées et l'incertitude dans leurs enregistrements statistiques. Il a été constaté que les statistiques sur les zones irriguées reposent principalement sur des informations provenant d'associations d'utilisateurs d'eau et d'agriculteurs, qui sont soit auto-déclarées, soit collectées au moyen d'interviews au cours d'enquêtes et de recensements. Les principales causes de divergence étaient le manque de ressources pour énumérer fréquemment les terres irriguées, le manque de cohérence dans les méthodes de collecte de données, les cultures secondaires non comptabilisées, l'utilisation illégale et non réglementée de l'eau et les contraintes bureaucratiques et politiques. L'analyse de la distribution de la densité d'irrigation a montré que les zones irriguées largement dispersées pourraient être sujettes à un dénombrement exhaustif et fréquent. En outre, les zones d'irrigation denses pourraient comporter des zones irriguées potentiellement non enregistrées dans lesquelles des arrangements d'irrigation temporaires ou supplémentaires sont mis en place par les agriculteurs marginaux. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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