Air pollution and risk of lung cancer in a prospective study in Europe
Corresponding Author
Paolo Vineis
Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
University of Torino, Italy
Dept. of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UKSearch for more papers by this authorGerard Hoek
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorMichal Krzyzanowski
World Health Organization, European Centre for Environment and Health, Bonn, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorLuisa Airoldi
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorHerman Autrup
Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorAlison Dunning
Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorPierre Hainaut
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
Search for more papers by this authorChristian Malaveille
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
Search for more papers by this authorKim Overvad
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorOle Raaschou-Nielsen
Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorFrancoise Clavel-Chapelon
INSERM U521, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
Search for more papers by this authorJacob Linseisen
Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorHeiner Boeing
German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbücke, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorAntonia Trichopoulou
Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
Search for more papers by this authorDomenico Palli
Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Molecular Biology Laboratory, CSPO-Scientific Institute of Tuscany, Florence, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorMarco Peluso
Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Molecular Biology Laboratory, CSPO-Scientific Institute of Tuscany, Florence, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorVittorio Krogh
Department of Epidemiology, National Cancer Istitute, Milan, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorRosario Tumino
Cancer Registry, Azienda Ospedaliera “Civile - M.P. Arezzo”, Ragusa, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorSalvatore Panico
Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorH. Bas Bueno-De-Mesquita
Centre for Nutrition and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorPetra H. Peeters
Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorE. Eylin Lund
Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tromso, Norway
Search for more papers by this authorCarlos A. Gonzalez
Department of Epidemiology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
Department of Epidemiology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Consejería de Sanidad y Servicios Sociales, Barcelona, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorCarmen Martinez
Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorMiren Dorronsoro
Department of Public Health of Guipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorLluis Cirera
Department of Epidemiology, Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Ramon Quiros
Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorGoran Berglund
Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Search for more papers by this authorBertil Forsberg
Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, University of Umeå, Sweden
Search for more papers by this authorNicholas E. Day
MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorTim J. Key
Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorRodolfo Saracci
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
Search for more papers by this authorRudolf Kaaks
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
Search for more papers by this authorElio Riboli
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Paolo Vineis
Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
University of Torino, Italy
Dept. of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG London, UKSearch for more papers by this authorGerard Hoek
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorMichal Krzyzanowski
World Health Organization, European Centre for Environment and Health, Bonn, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorLuisa Airoldi
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorHerman Autrup
Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorAlison Dunning
Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorPierre Hainaut
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
Search for more papers by this authorChristian Malaveille
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
Search for more papers by this authorKim Overvad
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorOle Raaschou-Nielsen
Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorFrancoise Clavel-Chapelon
INSERM U521, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
Search for more papers by this authorJacob Linseisen
Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorHeiner Boeing
German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbücke, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorAntonia Trichopoulou
Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
Search for more papers by this authorDomenico Palli
Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Molecular Biology Laboratory, CSPO-Scientific Institute of Tuscany, Florence, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorMarco Peluso
Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Molecular Biology Laboratory, CSPO-Scientific Institute of Tuscany, Florence, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorVittorio Krogh
Department of Epidemiology, National Cancer Istitute, Milan, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorRosario Tumino
Cancer Registry, Azienda Ospedaliera “Civile - M.P. Arezzo”, Ragusa, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorSalvatore Panico
Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
Search for more papers by this authorH. Bas Bueno-De-Mesquita
Centre for Nutrition and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorPetra H. Peeters
Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorE. Eylin Lund
Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tromso, Norway
Search for more papers by this authorCarlos A. Gonzalez
Department of Epidemiology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
Department of Epidemiology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Consejería de Sanidad y Servicios Sociales, Barcelona, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorCarmen Martinez
Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorMiren Dorronsoro
Department of Public Health of Guipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorLluis Cirera
Department of Epidemiology, Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Ramon Quiros
Public Health and Health Planning Directorate, Asturias, Spain
Search for more papers by this authorGoran Berglund
Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Search for more papers by this authorBertil Forsberg
Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, University of Umeå, Sweden
Search for more papers by this authorNicholas E. Day
MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorTim J. Key
Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorRodolfo Saracci
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
Search for more papers by this authorRudolf Kaaks
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
Search for more papers by this authorElio Riboli
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
To estimate the relationship between air pollution and lung cancer, a nested case-control study was set up within EPIC (European Prospective Investigation on Cancer and Nutrition). Cases had newly diagnosed lung cancer, accrued after a median follow-up of 7 years among the EPIC exsmokers (since at least 10 years) and never smokers. Three controls per case were matched. Matching criteria were gender, age (±5 years), smoking status, country of recruitment and time elapsed between recruitment and diagnosis. We studied residence in proximity of heavy traffic roads as an indicator of exposure to air pollution. In addition, exposure to air pollutants (NO2, PM10, SO2) was assessed using concentration data from monitoring stations in routine air quality monitoring networks. Cotinine was measured in plasma. We found a nonsignificant association between lung cancer and residence nearby heavy traffic roads (odds ratio = 1.46, 95% confidence interval, CI, 0.89–2.40). Exposure data for single pollutants were available for 197 cases and 556 matched controls. For NO2 we found an odds ratio of 1.14 (95% CI, 0.78–1.67) for each increment of 10 μg/m3, and an odds ratio of 1.30 (1.02–1.66) for concentrations greater than 30 μg/m3. The association with NO2 did not change after adjustment by cotinine and additional potential confounders, including occupational exposures. No clear association was found with other pollutants. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
References
- 1 Cohen A. Outdoor air pollution and lung cancer. Environ Health Persp 2000; 108: 743–50.
- 2 Barbone F, Bovenzi M, Cavallieri F, Stanta G. Air pollution and lung cancer in Trieste, Italy. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 141: 1161–9.
- 3 Beeson WL, Abbey DA, Knutsen SF. Long-term concentrations of ambient air pollutants and incident lung cancer in California adults: results from the AHSMOG study. Environ Health Perspect 1998; 106: 813–23.
- 4 Dockery DW, Pope CA III, Xu X, Spengler JD, Ware JH, Fay ME, Ferris BG Jr., Speizer FE. An association between air pollution and mortality in six US cities. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1753–9.
- 5 Pope CA,III, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K, Thurston GD. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 2002; 287: 1132–41.
- 6 Hoek G, Brunekreef B, Goldbohm S, Fischer P, Brandt PA van. Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study. Lancet 2002; 360: 1203–9
- 7 Nafstad P, Haheim LL, Oftedal B, Gram F, Holme I, Hjermann I, Leren P. Lung cancer and air pollution: a 27 year follow up of 16209 Norwegian men. Thorax 2003; 58: 1071–6.
- 8 Bingham S, Riboli E. Diet and cancer—the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Nat Rev Cancer 2004; 4: 206–15.
- 9 Serrano-Trespalacios PI, Ryan L, Spengler JD. Ambient, indoor and personal exposure relationships of volatile organic compounds in Mexico City Metropolitan Area. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2004; 14( Suppl 1): S118–S32.
- 10 Weiland SK, von Mutius E, Hirsch T, Duhme H, Fritzsch C, Werner B, Husing A, Stender M, Renz H, Leupold W, Keil U. Prevalence of respiratory and atopic disorders among children in the East and West of Germany five years after unification. Eur Respir J 1999; 14: 862–70.
- 11 Cohen AJ, Anderson HR, Ostro B, Pandey KD, Krzyzanowski M, Kuenzli N, Gutschmidt K, Pope CA, Romieu I, Samet JM, Smith K. Mortality impacts of urban air pollution. In: M Ezzati, AD Lopez, A Rodgers, CJL Murray, eds. Comparative quantification of health risks: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004.
- 12 Sorensen M, Autrup H, Moller P, Hertel O, Jensen SS, Vinzents P, Knudsen LE, Loft S. Linking exposure to environmental pollutants with biological effects. Mutat Res 2003; 544: 255–71.
- 13 Peluso M, Munnia A, Hoek G, Krzyzanowski M, Veglia F, Airoldi L, Autrup H, Dunning A, Garte S et al. Bulky DNA adducts and lung cancer risk: a prospective study. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 8042–8.
- 14 Palli D, Saieva C, Grechi D, Masala G, Zanna I, Barbaro A, Decarli A, Munnia A, Peluso M. DNA bulky adducts in a Mediterranean population correlate with environmental ozone concentration, an indicator of photochemical smog. Int J Cancer 2004; 109: 17–23.
- 15 Nyberg F, Gustavsson P, Jarup L, Bellander T, Berglind N, Jakobsson R, Pershagen G. Urban air pollution and lung cancer in Stockholm. Epidemiology 2000; 11: 487–95.
- 16 Hoek G, Fischer P, Van Den Brandt P, Goldbohm S, Brunekreef B. Estimation of long-term average exposure to outdoor air pollution for a cohort study on mortality. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2001; 11: 459–69.
- 17 World Health Organization. Air quality guidelines for Europe, 2nd ed. Geneva: WHO, 2001.WHO Regional Publications, European Series No. 91. WHO 2000. Geneva.
Citing Literature
