RESEARCH ARTICLE
Hanin: Nostalgia among Syrian refugees
Tim Wildschut,
Constantine Sedikides,
Dalal Alowidy,
Corresponding Author
Tim Wildschut
Psychology Department, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
Correspondence
Tim Wildschut, Psychology Department, Center for Research on Self and Identity, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorConstantine Sedikides
Psychology Department, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
Search for more papers by this authorDalal Alowidy
Psychology Department, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
Search for more papers by this authorTim Wildschut,
Constantine Sedikides,
Dalal Alowidy,
Corresponding Author
Tim Wildschut
Psychology Department, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
Correspondence
Tim Wildschut, Psychology Department, Center for Research on Self and Identity, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorConstantine Sedikides
Psychology Department, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
Search for more papers by this authorDalal Alowidy
Psychology Department, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
We examined the psychological functions of nostalgia (hanin in Arabic) among Syrian refugees residing in Saudi Arabia, who were forcibly displaced during the Syrian civil war. Forced displacement entails disruption, loss, and mourning, creating a salient contrast between one's past and present circumstances, which could attenuate the benefits of nostalgia. Studying this population thus affords a strong test of the boundaries of nostalgia's functionality. We experimentally induced nostalgia via vivid autobiographical recall and then assessed various psychological functions, as well as current affect. A supplemental objective was to examine the role of dispositional resilience. Most established benefits of nostalgia also accrued to Syrian refugees. However, contrary to previous findings, nostalgia decreased optimism, highlighting the limits of its palliative capacity among displaced individuals. As hypothesized, the impact of nostalgia was moderated by dispositional resilience, which acted as a catalyst of the emotion's benefits and as an inhibitor of its costs.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there are no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| ejsp2590-sup-0001-Suppinfo.docxWord document, 94.2 KB |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
REFERENCES
- Abakoumkin, G., Hepper, E. G., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. 2018(In press). From nostalgia through social connectedness to self-continuity: Replication and extension. Hellenic Journal of Psychology.
- Abeyta, A. A., Routledge, C., & Juhl, J. (2015). Looking back to move forward: Nostalgia as a psychological resource for promoting relationship goals and overcoming relationship challenges. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109, 1029–1044. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000036
- Abeyta, A., Routledge, C., Roylance, C., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2015). Attachment-related avoidance and the social and agentic content of nostalgic memories. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 32, 406–413. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407514533770
- Adler, J. M., & Hershfield, H. E. (2012). Mixed emotional experience is associated with and precedes improvements in psychological well-being. PLoS One, 7, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035633
- AlGhamdi, A. G. M. (2018). King Salman Humanitarian Aid & Relief Centre speech. Paper presented at the 69th session of the Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme. Retrieved February 1, 2019 from https://www.unhcr.org/uk/excom/speeches/5bb368d14/statement-of-saudi-arabia.html
- Barrett, L. F., & Russell, J. A. (1998). Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 967–984. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.4.967
- Barrett, L. F., & Russell, J. A. (1999). The structure of current affect: Controversies and emerging consensus. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 10–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00003
- Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
- Beiser, M. (1987). Changing time perspective and mental health among Southeast Asian refugees Culture. Medicine and Psychiatry, 11, 437–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00048493
- Beiser, M. (1999). Strangers at the gate. The ‘Boat People's’ first ten years in Canada. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442680234
10.3138/9781442680234 Google Scholar
- Beiser, M. (2004). Trauma, time and mental health: A study of temporal reintegration and depressive disorder among Southeast Asian refugees. Psychological Medicine, 34, 899–910. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291703001703
- Beiser, M., & Hyman, I. (1997). Refugees’ time perspective and mental health. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 996–1002.
- Berntsen, D., & Rubin, D. C. (2004). Cultural life scripts structure recall from autobiographical memory. Memory and Cognition, 32, 427–442. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03195836
- Berry, J. W. (1970). Marginality, stress and ethnic identification in an acculturated Aboriginal community. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1, 239–252. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100303
- Berry, J. W. (1974). Psychological aspects of cultural pluralism. Topics in Culture Learning, 2, 17–22.
- Berry, J. W. (1994). Acculturation and psychological adaptation. In A.-M. Bouvy, F. J. R. Vijver, P. Bolski, & P. Schmitz (Eds.), Journeys into cross-cultural psychology (pp. 129–141). Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
- Berry, J. W., & Kalin, R. (1995). Multicultural and ethnic attitudes in Canada. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 27, 301–320. https://doi.org/10.1037/0008-400x.27.3.301
- Berry, J. W., Kim, U., Minde, T., & Mok, D. (1987). Comparative studies of acculturative stress. International Migration Review, 21, 491–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100303
- Berry, J. W., & Sam, D. (1997). Acculturation and adaptation. In J. W. Berry, M. H. Segal, & C. Kagitchibasi (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Social behavior and adaptation (Vol. 3, pp. 291–326). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
- Bluck, S., & Alea, N. (2011). Crafting the TALE: Construction of a measure to assess the functions of autobiographical remembering. Memory, 19, 470–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2011.590500
- Bluck, S., Alea, N., Habermas, T., & Rubin, D. C. (2005). A tale of three functions: The self-reported uses of autobiographical memory. Social Cognition, 23, 91–117. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.23.1.91.59198
- Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59, 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.59.1.20
- Bonanno, G. A. (2005). Resilience in the face of potential trauma. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 135–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00347.x
- Brehm, J. (1956). Post-decision changes in desirability of alternatives. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 52, 384–389. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0041006
- Buhrmester, D. (1990). Intimacy of friendship, interpersonal competence, and adjustment during preadolescence and adolescence. Child Development, 61, 1101–1111. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130878
- Buhrmester, D. (1996). Need fulfillment, interpersonal competence, and the developmental contexts of early adolescent friendship. In W. M. Bukowski & A. F. Newcomb (Eds.), The company they keep: Friendship in childhood and adolescence (pp. 158–185). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Buhrmester, D., Furman, W., Wittenberg, M. T., & Reis, H. T. (1988). Five domains of interpersonal competence in peer relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 991–1108. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.6.991
- Chandler, M. J., Lalonde, C. E., Sokol, B. W., & Hallett, D. (2003). Personal persistence, identity development and suicide: A study of native and non-native North American adolescents. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 68, vii–viii, 1–30; Series 273.
- Chen, S. X., Benet-Martinez, V., & Bond, M. H. (2008). Bicultural identity, bilingualism, and psychological adjustment in multicultural societies. Journal of Personality, 76, 803–838. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00505.x
- Cheung, W. Y., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2016). Induced nostalgia increases optimism (via social connectedness and self-esteem) among individuals high, but not low, in trait nostalgia. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 283–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.20215.11.028
- Cheung, W.-Y., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Tausch, N., & Ayanian, A. H. (2017). Collective nostalgia is associated with stronger outgroup-directed anger and participation in ingroup-favoring collective action. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 5, 301–319. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v5i2.697 https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v5i2.697
10.5964/jspp.v5i2.697 Google Scholar
- Cheung, W. Y., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2018). Autobiographical memory functions of nostalgia in comparison to rumination and counterfactual thinking: Similarity and uniqueness. Memory, 26, 229–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2017.1346129
- Cheung, W. Y., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Hepper, E. G., Arndt, J., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2013). Back to the future: Nostalgia increases optimism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 1484–1496. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213499187
- Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
- Coifman, K. G., Bonanno, G. A., & Rafaeli, E. (2007). Affect dynamics, bereavement, and resilience to loss. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8, 371–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9014-5
10.1007/s10902-006-9014-5 Google Scholar
- Davis, F. (1977). Nostalgia, identity, and the current nostalgia wave. Journal of Popular Culture, 11, 414–425. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3840.1977.00414.x
- Davis, F. (1979). Yearning for yesterday: A sociology of nostalgia. New York, NY: The Free Press.
- Davis, M. C., Zautra, A. J., & Smith, B. W. (2004). Chronic pain, stress, and the dynamics of affective differentiation. Journal of Personality, 72, 1133–1159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00293.x
- Debats, D. L., Drost, J., & Hansen, P. (1995). Experiences of meaning in life: A combined qualitative and quantitative approach. British Journal of Psychology, 86, 359–375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1995.tb02758.x
- Donnellan, B., Trzesniewski, K., Robins, R., Moffitt, T., & Caspi, A. (2005). Low self-esteem is related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Psychological Science, 16, 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01535.x
- Ehrensaft, E., & Tousignant, M. (2006). Immigration and resilience. In D. L. Sam & J. W. Berry (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (pp. 469–483). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511489891
10.1017/CBO9780511489891.034 Google Scholar
- Eisenbruch, M. (1991). From post-traumatic stress disorder to cultural bereavement: Diagnosis of Southeast Asian refugees. Social Science and Medicine, 33, 673–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(91)90021-4
- Elliot, A. J. (2006). The hierarchical model of approach-avoidance motivation. Motivation and Emotion, 30, 111–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-006-9028-7
- Fuentenebro de Diego, F., & Valiente Ots, C. (2014). Nostalgia: A conceptual history. History of Psychiatry, 25, 404–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957154x14545290
- Gerard, H. B., & White, G. L. (1983). Post-decisional reevaluation of choice alternatives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 365–369. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167283093006
- Harlowe, L., Newcomb, M., & Bentler, P. (1986). Depression, self- derogation, substance abuse, and suicide ideation: Lack of purpose in life as a mediational factor. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/(issn)1097-4679
10.1002/1097-4679(198601)42:1<5::AID-JCLP2270420102>3.0.CO;2-9 PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Harris, C. B., Rasmussen, A. S., & Berntsen, D. (2014). The functions of autobiographical memory: An integrative approach. Memory, 22, 559–581. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2013.806555
- Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511
- Hepper, E. G., Ritchie, T. D., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2012). Odyssey's end: Lay conceptions of nostalgia reflect its original Homeric meaning. Emotion, 12, 102–119. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025167
- Hepper, E. G., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Ritchie, T. D., Yung, Y.-F., Hansen, N., … Zhou, X. (2014). Pancultural nostalgia: Prototypical conceptions across cultures. Emotion, 14, 733–747. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036790
- Hertz, D. G. (1990). Trauma and nostalgia: New aspects of the coping of aging holocaust survivors. Israeli Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 27, 189–198.
- Hjemdal, O., Friborg, O., Stiles, T. C., Rosenvinge, J. H., & Martinussen, M. (2006). Resilience predicting psychiatric symptoms: A prospective study of protective factors and their role in adjustment to stressful life events. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13, 194–201. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.488
- Holak, S. L., & Havlena, W. J. (1992). Nostalgia: An exploratory study of themes and emotions in the nostalgic experience. Advances in Consumer Research, 19, 380–386.
- Ismail, S. U., Cheston, R., Christopher, G., & Meyrick, J. (2018). Nostalgia as a psychological resource for people with dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence of effectiveness from experimental studies. Dementia. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301218774909
- Iyer, A., & Jetten, J. (2011). What's left behind: Identity continuity moderates the effect of nostalgia on well-being and life choices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 94–108. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022496
- James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology (Vol. 1). London, UK: Macmillan.
- Kaplan, H. A. (1987). The psychopathology of nostalgia. Psychoanalytic Review, 74, 465–486.
- Keyes, E. F., & Kane, C. F. (2004). Belonging and adapting: Mental health of Bosnian refugees living in the United States. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 25, 809–831. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840490506392
- Khalili, L. (2004). Grass-roots commemoration: Remembering the land in the camps of Lebanon. Journal of Palestine Studies, 34, 6–22. https://doi.org/10.1525/jps.2004.34.1.6
- King, L. A., Heintzelman, S. J., & Ward, S. J. (2016). Beyond the search for meaning: A contemporary science of the experience of meaning in life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25, 211–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721416656354
- King, L. A., & Napa, C. K. (1998). What makes a life good? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 156–165. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.156
- Kinzie, J. D. (1988). The psychiatric effects of massive trauma on Cambodian refugees. In J. P. Wilson, Z. Harel, & B. Kahana (Eds.), Human adaptation to extreme stress (pp. 305–317). New York, NY: Plenum. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0786-8
10.1007/978-1-4899-0786-8_13 Google Scholar
- Kinzie, J. D., Boehnlein, J. K., Leung, P. K., Moore, L. J., Riley, C., & Smith, D. (1990). The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and its clinical significance among Southeast Asian refugees. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 913–917. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.147.7.913
- Knudsen, A. J. (2017). The great escape? Converging refugee crises in Tyre, Lebanon. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 37, 96–115. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdx018
- Kohut, H. (1977). The restoration of the self. Madison, CT: International University Press.
- Krause, N. (2007). Evaluating the stress-buffering function of meaning in life among older people. Journal of Aging and Health, 19, 792–812. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264307304390
- Krause, N., & Hayward, R. D. (2014). Assessing stability and change in a second-order confirmatory factor model of meaning in life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15, 237–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-013-9418-y
- LaFromboise, T., Coleman, H. L. K., & Gerton, K. (1993). Psychological impact of biculturalism: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 395–412. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.395
- Lalonde, R., & Cameron, J. (1993). An intergroup perspective on immigrant acculturation with a focus on collective strategies. International Journal of Psychology, 28, 57–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207599308246918
- Lampinen, J. M., Odegard, T. N., & Leding, J. K. (2004). Diachronic disunity. In D. R. Beike, J. M. Lampinen, & D. A. Behrend (Eds.), The self in memory (pp. 227–253). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
- Landau, M. J., Meier, B. P., & Keefer, L. A. (2010). A metaphor-enriched social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 1045–1067. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020970
- Larsen, J. T., Hemenover, S. H., Norris, C. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2003). Turning adversity to advantage: On the virtues of the coactivation of positive and negative emotions. In L. G. Aspinwall & U. M. Staudinger (Eds.), A psychology of human strengths: Fundamental questions and future directions for a positive psychology (pp. 211–225). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10566-015 https://doi.org/10.1037/10566-000
- Larsen, J. T., & McGraw, A. P. (2011). Further evidence for mixed emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 1095–1110. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021846
- Lasaleta, J. D., Sedikides, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2014). Nostalgia weakens the desire for money. Journal of Consumer Research, 41, 713–729. https://doi.org/10.1086/677227
- Leunissen, J. M., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., & Cohen, T. R. (2018). Organizational nostalgia lowers turnover intentions by increasing work meaning: The moderating role of burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23, 44–57. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000059
- Leunissen, J. M., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., & Routledge, C. (2018). The perplexing affective signature of nostalgia: An integrative data analysis. Manuscript in preparation, Nottingham Trent University.
- Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71, 543–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164
- Madoglou, A., Gkinopoulos, T., Xanthopoulos, P., & Kalamaras, D. (2017). Representations of autobiographical nostalgic memories: Generational effect, gender, nostalgia proneness and communication of nostalgic experiences. Journal of Integrated Social Sciences, 7, 60–88.
- Marsh, A., Smith, L., Piek, J., & Saunders, B. (2003). The Purpose in Life scale: Psychometric properties for social drinkers and drinkers in alcohol treatment. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63, 859–871. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164402251040
- Martin, A. J., Colmar, S. H., Davey, L. A., & Marsh, H. W. (2010). Longitudinal modeling of academic buoyancy and motivation: Do the “5Cs” hold up over time? British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 473–496. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709910x486376
- Martin, A. J., & Marsh, H. W. (2006). Academic resilience and its psychological and educational correlates: A construct validity approach. Psychology in the Schools, 43, 267–282. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20149
- Masten, A. S., & Reed, M. G. J. (2002). Resilience in development. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 74–88). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Ong, A., Bergeman, C. S., Bisconti, T. L., & Wallace, K. A. (2006). The contours of resilience and the complexity of emotions in later life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 730–749. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.730
- Padelford, B. (1974). Relationship between drug involvement and purpose in life. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30, 303–305. https://doi.org/10.1002/(issn)1097-4679
10.1002/1097-4679(197407)30:3<303::AID-JCLP2270300323>3.0.CO;2-2 CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Pearsall, J. (Ed.) (1998). The new Oxford dictionary of English. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Philippe, F. L., Lecours, S., & Beaulieu-Pelletier, G. (2009). Resilience and positive emotions: Examining the role of emotional memories. Journal of Personality, 77, 139–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00541.x
- Phinney, J. S., Cantu, C. L., & Kurtz, D. A. (1997). Ethnic and American identity as predictors of self-esteem among African American, Latino, and White adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26, 165–185. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1024500514834
- Porter, M., & Haslam, N. (2005). Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: A meta-analysis. JAMA, 294, 602–612. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.5.602
- Ritivoi, A. D. (2002). Yesterday's self: Nostalgia and the immigrant identity. Boulder, CO: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Roberts, J. E., Gotlib, I. H., & Kassel, J. D. (1996). Adult attachment security and symptoms of depression: The mediating role of dysfunctional attitudes and low self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 310–320. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.310
- Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400876136
10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb02765.x Google Scholar
- Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Hart, C., Juhl, J., … Scholtz, W. (2011). The past makes the present meaningful: Nostalgia as an existential resource. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 638–652. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024292
- Routledge, C., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., & Juhl, J. (2013). Finding meaning in one's past: Nostalgia as an existential resource. In K. D. Markman, T. Proulx, & M. J. Lindberg (Eds.), The psychology of meaning (pp. 297–316). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14040-000
10.1037/14040-015 Google Scholar
- Routledge, C., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Juhl, J., & Arndt, J. (2012). The power of the past: Nostalgia as a meaning-making resource. Memory, 20, 452–460. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2012.677452
- Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 316–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1987.tb03541.x
- Sarason, B. R., Sarason, I. G., & Gurung, R. A. R. (1997). Close personal relationships and health outcomes: A key to the role of social support. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships (pp. 547–573). New York, NY: Wiley.
- Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A re-evaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063–1078. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063
- Schimmack, U. (2001). Pleasure, displeasure, and mixed feelings? Are semantic opposites mutually exclusive? Cognition and Emotion, 15, 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269993004200123
- Sedikides, C., Cheung, W. Y., Wildschut, T., Hepper, E. G., Baldursson, E., & Pedersen, B. (2018). Nostalgia motivates pursuit of important goals by increasing meaning in life. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48, 209–216. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2318
- Sedikides, C., & Gregg, A. P. (2003). Portraits of the self. In M. A. Hogg & J. Cooper (Eds.), Sage handbook of social psychology (pp. 110–138). London, UK: Sage Publications.
- Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2016). Past forward: Nostalgia as a motivational force. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20, 319–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.01.008
- Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2018). Finding meaning in nostalgia. Review of General Psychology, 22, 48–61. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000109
- Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Cheung, W.-Y., Routledge, C., Hepper, E. G., Arndt, J., … Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2016). Nostalgia fosters self-continuity: Uncovering the mechanism (social connectedness) and the consequence (eudaimonic well-being). Emotion, 16, 524–539. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000136
- Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Routledge, C., & Arndt, J. (2015). Nostalgia counteracts self-discontinuity and restores self-continuity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2073
- Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Hepper, E. G., & Zhou, X. (2015). To nostalgize: Mixing memory with affect and desire. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 51, 189–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2014.10.001
- Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Routledge, C., Arndt, J., & Zhou, X. (2009). Buffering acculturative stress and facilitating cultural adaptation: Nostalgias as a psychological resource. In R. S. Wyer, C.-Y. Chiu, & Y.-Y. Hong (Eds.), Understanding culture: Theory, research, and application (pp. 361–378). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
- Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., & Stephan, E. (2018). Nostalgia shapes and potentiates the future. In J. P. Forgas & R. F. Baumeister (Eds.), The social psychology of living well (pp. 181–199). New York, NY: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351189712
10.4324/9781351189712-11 Google Scholar
- Seehusen, J., Cordaro, F., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Routledge, C., Blackhart, G. C., … Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2013). Individual differences in nostalgia proneness: The integrating role of the need to belong. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 904–908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.020
- Steiger, J. H. (2004). Beyond the F test: Effect size confidence intervals and tests of close fit in the analysis of variance and contrast analysis. Psychological Methods, 9, 164–182. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.9.2.164
- Stephan, E., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Cheung, W. Y., Routledge, C., & Arndt, J. (2015). Nostalgia-evoked inspiration: Mediating mechanisms and motivational implications. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41, 1395–1410. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215596985
- Stephan, E., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Zhou, X., He, W., Routledge, C., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2014). The mnemonic mover: Nostalgia regulates avoidance and approach motivation. Emotion, 14, 545–561. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035673
- Swann, W. B. Jr, Chang-Schneider, C., & McClarty, K. L. (2007). Do people's self-views matter? Self-concept and self-esteem in everyday life. American Psychologist, 62, 84–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.62.2.84
- Taylor, H. (2013). Refugees, the state and the concept of home. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 32, 130–152. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdt004
10.1093/rsq/hdt004 Google Scholar
- The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2019). Syria emergency. Retrieved February 1, 2019 from https://www.unhcr.org/uk/syria-emergency.html
- Thrash, T. M., & Elliot, A. J. (2003). Inspiration as a psychological construct. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 871–889. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.871
- Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 320–333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320
- Van Dijke, M., Leunissen, J. M., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2019). Nostalgia promotes intrinsic motivation and effort in the presence of low interaction justice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 150, 46–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.12.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.12.003
- Van Tilburg, W. A. P., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2018). How nostalgia infuses life with meaning: From social connectedness to self-continuity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 49, 521–532. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2519
- Verduyn, P., Delvaux, E., Van Coillie, H., Tuerlinckx, F., & Van Mechelen, I. (2009). Predicting the duration of emotional experience: Two experience sampling studies. Emotion, 9, 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014610
- Vess, M., Arndt, J., Routledge, C., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2012). Nostalgia as resource for the self. Self and Identity, 11, 273–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2010.521452
- Vignoles, V. L., Regalia, C., Manzi, C., Golledge, J., & Scabini, E. (2006). Beyond self-esteem: Influence of multiple motives on identity construction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 308–333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.308
- Volkan, V. D. (1999). Nostalgia as a linking phenomenon. Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 1, 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1023037222314
10.1023/A:1023037222314 Google Scholar
- Wagnild, G. M. (2009). A review of the Resilience Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 17, 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.17.2.105
- Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1, 165–178. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-4-509
- Waisberg, J., & Porter, J. (1994). Purpose in life and outcome of treatment for alcohol dependence. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01093.x
- Ward, C., & Leong, C. H. (2006). Intercultural relations in plural societies. In D. L. Sam, & J. W. Berry (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (pp. 485–503). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
10.1017/CBO9780511489891.035 Google Scholar
- Webster, J. D. (2003). The reminiscence circumplex and autobiographical memory functions. Memory, 11, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210244000379
- Wehr, H. (1979). A dictionary of modern written Arabic ( 4th ed.). J. M. Cowan (Ed.). Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz.
- Weisaeth, L., & Eitinger, L. (1993). Posttraumatic stress phenomena: Common themes across wars, disasters and traumatic events. In J. Wilson, & B. Raphael (Eds.), International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 69–78). New York, NY: Plenum. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2820-3
10.1007/978-1-4615-2820-3_6 Google Scholar
- Werman, D. S. (1977). Normal and pathological nostalgia. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 25, 387–398. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306517702500205
- Wildschut, T., Bruder, M., Robertson, S., Van Tilburg, A. P. W., & Sedikides, C. (2014). Collective nostalgia: A group-level emotion that confers unique benefits on the group. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107, 844–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037760
- Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Arndt, J., & Routledge, C. (2006). Nostalgia: Content, triggers, functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 975–993. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.975
- Wildschut, C., Sedikides, C., & Cordaro, F. (2011). Self-regulatory interplay between negative and positive emotions: The case of loneliness and nostalgia. In I. Nyklicek, A. J. J. M. Vingerhoets, & M. Zeelenberg (Eds.), Emotion regulation and well-being (pp. 67–83). New York, NY: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6953-8
- Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., & Robertson, S. (2018). Sociality and intergenerational transfer of older adults’ nostalgia. Memory, 26, 1030–1041. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2018.1470645
- Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Routledge, C., Arndt, J., & Cordaro, F. (2010). Nostalgia as a repository of social connectedness: The role of attachment-related avoidance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 573–586. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017597
- Zautra, A. J., Berkhof, J., & Nicolson, N. A. (2002). Changes in affect interrelations as a function of stressful events. Cognition and Emotion, 16, 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930143000257
- Zautra, A. J., Reich, J. W., Davis, M. C., Potter, P. T., & Nicolson, N. A. (2000). The role of stressful events in the relationship between positive and negative affects: Evidence from field and experimental studies. Journal of Personality, 68, 927–951. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00121
- Zhou, X., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, C., & Gao, D.-G. (2008). Counteracting loneliness: On the restorative function of nostalgia. Psychological Science, 19, 1023–1029. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02194.x
- Zhou, X., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Shi, K., & Feng, C. (2012). Nostalgia: The gift that keeps on giving. Journal of Consumer Research, 39, 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1086/662199
- Zou, X., Wildschut, T., Cable, D., & Sedikides, C. (2018). Nostalgia for host culture facilitates repatriation success: The role of self-continuity. Self and Identity, 17, 327–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1378123
