REVIEW
The gut microbiome in psychiatry: A primer for clinicians
Michael Van Ameringen,
Jasmine Turna,
Beth Patterson,
Amy Pipe,
Randi Q. Mao,
Rebecca Anglin,
Michael G. Surette,
Corresponding Author
Michael Van Ameringen
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
MacAnxiety Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Correspondence Michael van Ameringen, MacAnxiety Research Centre, 1057 Main St. W., Suite L02, Hamilton, ON L8S1B7, Canada.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorJasmine Turna
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
MacAnxiety Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Present address: Jasmine Turna, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada and Rebecca Anglin, School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Fiona Stanley Hospital, University of Western Australia, Australia.
Search for more papers by this authorBeth Patterson
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
MacAnxiety Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorAmy Pipe
MacAnxiety Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
Search for more papers by this authorRandi Q. Mao
MacAnxiety Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorRebecca Anglin
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Farncombe Family Digestive Health Researcth Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorMichael G. Surette
Farncombe Family Digestive Health Researcth Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorMichael Van Ameringen,
Jasmine Turna,
Beth Patterson,
Amy Pipe,
Randi Q. Mao,
Rebecca Anglin,
Michael G. Surette,
Corresponding Author
Michael Van Ameringen
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
MacAnxiety Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Correspondence Michael van Ameringen, MacAnxiety Research Centre, 1057 Main St. W., Suite L02, Hamilton, ON L8S1B7, Canada.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorJasmine Turna
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
MacAnxiety Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Present address: Jasmine Turna, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada and Rebecca Anglin, School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Fiona Stanley Hospital, University of Western Australia, Australia.
Search for more papers by this authorBeth Patterson
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
MacAnxiety Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorAmy Pipe
MacAnxiety Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
Search for more papers by this authorRandi Q. Mao
MacAnxiety Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorRebecca Anglin
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Farncombe Family Digestive Health Researcth Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorMichael G. Surette
Farncombe Family Digestive Health Researcth Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Research in the past decade has shown that variations in the gut microbiome may influence behavior, and vice versa. As such, interest in the role of the gut microbiome in psychiatric conditions has drawn immense interest. This is evidenced by the recent surge in published studies examining microbial dysbiosis in clinical psychiatric populations, particularly autism spectrum disorder and depression. However, critical examination of these studies reveals methodological flaws in design and execution, suggesting that they may not be held to the same standards as other bodies of clinical research. Given the complex nature of the gut microbiome, this narrative review attempts to clarify concepts critical to effectively examine its potential role in psychopathology to appropriately inform mental health researchers. More specifically, the numerous variables known to affect the gut microbiome are discussed, including inflammation, diet, weight, and medications. A comprehensive review of the extant microbiome literature in clinical psychiatric populations is also provided, in addition to clinical implications and suggestions for future directions of research. Although there is a clear need for additional studies to elucidate the gut microbiome's role in psychiatric disorders, there is an even greater need for well-designed, appropriately controlled studies to truly impact the field.
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