Development of High Energy Density Diaminocyclopropenium-Phenothiazine Hybrid Catholytes for Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries
Yichao Yan
Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 USA
Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439 USA
Search for more papers by this authorDr. David B. Vogt
Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112 USA
Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439 USA
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Thomas P. Vaid
Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 USA
Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439 USA
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Matthew S. Sigman
Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112 USA
Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439 USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Prof. Melanie S. Sanford
Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 USA
Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439 USA
Search for more papers by this authorYichao Yan
Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 USA
Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439 USA
Search for more papers by this authorDr. David B. Vogt
Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112 USA
Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439 USA
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Thomas P. Vaid
Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 USA
Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439 USA
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Matthew S. Sigman
Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112 USA
Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439 USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Prof. Melanie S. Sanford
Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109 USA
Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL, 60439 USA
Search for more papers by this authorGraphical Abstract
Through rational molecular design, simple chemical synthesis, and structure–property computation analysis, a new catholyte with high potential, two-electron transfer, and high solubility is developed for non-aqueous redox flow batteries.
Abstract
This report describes the design of diaminocyclopropenium-phenothiazine hybrid catholytes for non-aqueous redox flow batteries. The molecules are synthesized in a rapid and modular fashion by appending a diaminocyclopropenium (DAC) substituent to the nitrogen of the phenothiazine. Combining a versatile C-N coupling protocol (which provides access to diverse derivatives) with computation and structure-property analysis enabled the identification of a catholyte that displays stable two-electron cycling at potentials of 0.64 and 1.00 V vs. Fc/Fc+ as well as high solubility in all oxidation states (≥0.45 M in TBAPF6/MeCN). This catholyte was deployed in a high energy density two-electron RFB, exhibiting >90 % capacity retention over 266 hours of flow cell cycling at >0.5 M electron concentration.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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