This entry defines a sociological approach to the study of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education as an established body of research and outlines key areas of future research. Sociological research in STEM education is largely concerned with the causes and consequences of student interest in, and knowledge of, STEM fields. Educational sociologists examine how social institutions and the individuals' experiences within these institutions affect educational processes and social development through the development of research techniques. They examine careers and international cultural differences in educational practices and outline future areas of research that have been recently developed through modern technologies.