5 Gibberellins in Fungi, Bacteria and Lower Plants: Biosynthesis, Function and Evolution
Annual Plant Reviews book series, Volume 49: The Gibberellins
Bettina Tudzynski,
Lena Studt,
María Cecilia Rojas,
Bettina Tudzynski
Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorLena Studt
Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorMaría Cecilia Rojas
Laboratorio de Bioorgánica, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Chile
Search for more papers by this authorBettina Tudzynski,
Lena Studt,
María Cecilia Rojas,
Bettina Tudzynski
Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorLena Studt
Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorMaría Cecilia Rojas
Laboratorio de Bioorgánica, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Chile
Search for more papers by this authorThis article was originally published in 2016 in The Gibberellins, Volume 49 (ISBN 9781119210429) of the Annual Plant Reviews book series, this volume edited by Peter Hedden and Stephen G. Thomas. The article was republished in Annual Plant Reviews online in April 2018.
Abstract
The rice pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi, as well as two distantly related fungi, Sphaceloma manihoticola and Phaeosphaeriae sp., contains clusters of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis genes and produces GAs. Fungal GAs are structurally identical to those synthesised by higher plants, although the respective biosynthetic pathways, genes and enzymes differ. Besides fungi, some bacteria synthesise GAs. An operon of GA biosynthesis genes was found in the symbiotic rhizobacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum and in other Rhizobium species. This operon encodes the enzymes of GA9 biosynthesis and includes a reductase or alcohol dehydrogenase gene not present in fungal clusters. Differences between genes and enzymes indicate convergent evolution of the GA biosynthesis pathway in higher plants, fungi and bacteria. In contrast to higher plants, GAs are not produced by all lower plants. Mosses or liverworts synthesise ent-kaurenoids, but not GAs, while lycophytes and ferns synthesise GAs or GA-related products that participate in the regulation of reproductive development.
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