8 A Merging of Paths: Abscisic Acid and Hormonal Cross-Talk in the Control of Seed Dormancy Maintenance and Alleviation
Annual Plant Reviews book series, Volume 27: Seed Development, Dormancy and Germination
J. Allan Feurtado,
Allison R. Kermode,
J. Allan Feurtado
Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6 Canada
Search for more papers by this authorAllison R. Kermode
Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6 Canada
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Allan Feurtado,
Allison R. Kermode,
J. Allan Feurtado
Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6 Canada
Search for more papers by this authorAllison R. Kermode
Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6 Canada
Search for more papers by this authorThis article was originally published in 2007 in Seed Development, Dormancy and Germination, Volume 27 (ISBN 9781405139830) of the Annual Plant Reviews book series, this volume edited by Kent J. Bradford and Hiroyuki Nonogaki. The article was republished in Annual Plant Reviews online in April 2018.
Abstract
The sections in this article are
- Introduction
- Abscisic Acid
- Gibberellin
- Light Interactions
- Ethylene
- Auxin and Cytokinin
- Brassinosteroids
- G-Protein Signaling Reveals Integration of GA, BR, ABA, and Sugar Responses
- Profiling of Hormone Metabolic Pathways in Arabidopsis Mutants Reveals Cross-Talk
- Summary and Future Directions
References
- G.J. Acevedo-Hernández, P. León and L.R. Herrera-Estrella (2005) Sugar and ABA responsiveness of a minimal RBCS light-responsive unit is mediated by direct binding of ABI4. The Plant Journal 43, 506–519.
- P. Achard, H. Cheng, L. De Grauwe, et al. (2006) Integration of plant responses to environmentally activated phytohormonal signals. Science 311, 91–94.
- P. Achard, W.H. Vriezen, D. Van Der Straeten and N.P. Harberd (2003) Ethylene regulates Arabidopsis development via the modulation of DELLA protein growth repressor function. The Plant Cell 15, 2816–2825.
- S. Ali-Rachedi, D. Bouinot, M-H. Wagner, et al. (2004) Changes in endogenous abscisic acid levels during dormancy release and maintenance of mature seeds: studies with the Cape Verde Islands ecotype, the dormant model of Arabidopsis thaliana . Planta 219, 479–488.
- J.M. Alonso, G. Hirayama, S. Nourizadeh and J.R. Ecker (1999) EIN2, a bifunctional transducer of ethylene and stress responses in Arabidopsis . Science 284, 2148–2152.
- J.M. Alonso and A.N. Stepanova (2004) The ethylene signaling pathway. Science 306, 1513–1515.
- F. Arenas-Huertero, A. Arroyo, L. Zhou, J. Sheen and P. Leon (2000) Analysis of Arabidopsis glucose insensitive mutants, gin5 and gin6, reveals a central role of the plant hormone ABA in the regulation of plant vegetative development by sugar. Genes and Development 14, 2085–2096.
- S.M. Assmann (2005) G proteins go green: a plant G protein signaling FAQ sheet. Science 310, 71–73.
- C. Astot, K. Dolezal, A. Nordstrom, et al. (2000) An alternative cytokinin biosynthesis pathway. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97, 14778–14783.
- C. Audran, C. Borel, A. Frey, et al. (1998) Expression studies of the zeaxanthin epoxidase gene from Nicotiana plumbaginifolia . Plant Physiology 118, 1021–1028.
- C. Audran, S. Liotenberg, M. Gonneau, et al. (2001) Localisation and expression of zeaxanthin epoxidase mRNA in Arabidopsis in response to drought stress and during seed development. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 28, 1161–1173.
- N. Beaudoin, C. Serizet, F. Gosti and J. Giraudat (2000) Interactions between abscisic acid and ethylene signaling cascades. The Plant Cell 12, 1103–1115.
- R.L. Benech-Arnold, M. Fenner and P.J. Edwards (1991) Changes in germinability, ABA content and embryonic sensitivity in developing seeds of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. induced by water stress during grain filling. New Phytologist 118, 339–347.
- S. Bensmihen, S. Rippa, G. Lambert, et al. (2002) The homologous ABI5 and EEL transcription factors function antagonistically to fine-tune gene expression during late embryogenesis. The Plant Cell 14, 1391–1403.
- L. Bentsink and M. Koornneef (2002) Seed dormancy and germination. In: The Arabidopsis Book (eds C.R. Somerville and E.M. Meyerowitz), pp. 1–18. American Society of Plant Biologists, Rockville, MD. http://www.aspb.org/publications/arabidopsis/.
- J.D. Bewley (1997) Seed germination and dormancy. The Plant Cell 9, 1055–1066.
- J.D. Bewley and M. Black (1994) Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination, 2nd edn, 445 pp. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York.
- R.P. Bhalerao, S. Eklöf, K. Ljung, A. Marchant, M. Bennett and G. Sandberg (2002) Shoot-derived auxin is essential for early lateral root emergence in Arabidopsis seedlings. The Plant Journal 29, 325–332.
- J. Bianco, G. Garello and M.T. Le Page-Degivry (1997) De novo ABA synthesis and expression of seed dormancy in a gymnosperm: Pseudotsuga menziesii . Plant Growth Regulation 21, 115–119.
- F. Bittner, M. Oreb and R.R. Mendel (2001) ABA3 is a molybdenum cofactor sulfurase required for activation of aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis thaliana . Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, 40381–40384.
- A.B. Bleecker, M.A. Estelle, C. Somerville and H. Kende (1988) Insensitivity to ethylene conferred by a dominant mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana . Science 241, 1086–1089.
- T. Bouquin, C. Meier, R. Foster, M.E. Nielsen and J. Mundy (2001) Control of specific gene expression by gibberellin and brassinosteroid. Plant Physiology 127, 450–458.
- J. Bove, P. Lucas, B. Godin, Ogé. Laurent, M. Jullien and P. Grappin (2005) Gene expression analysis by cDNA-AFLP highlights a set of new signaling networks and translational control during seed dormancy breaking in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia . Plant Molecular Biology 57, 593–612.
- S.M. Brady, S.F. Sarkar, D. Bonetta and P. McCourt (2003) The ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3 (ABI3) gene is modulated by farnesylation and is involved in auxin signaling and lateral root development in Arabidopsis . The Plant Journal 34, 67–75.
- W.G. Brenner, G.A. Romanov, I. Kollmer, L. Burkle and T. Schmulling (2005) Immediate-early and delayed cytokinin response genes of Arabidopsis thaliana identified by genome-wide expression profiling reveal novel cytokinin-sensitive processes and suggest cytokinin action through transcriptional cascades. The Plant Journal 44, 314–333.
- A.P. Calvo, J.A. Jiménez, C. Nicolás, G. Nicolás and D. Rodriguez (2003) Isolation and characterization of genes related with the breaking of beechnuts dormancy and putatively involved in ethylene signal perception and transduction. In: The Biology of Seeds: Recent Research Advances (eds G. Nicolás, K.J. Bradford, D. Come and H. Pritchard), pp. 141–149. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
- A.P. Calvo, C. Nicolás, O. Lorenzo, G. Nicolás and D. Rodriguez (2004a) Evidence for positive regulation by gibberellins and ethylene of ACC oxidase expression and activity during transition from dormancy to germination in Fagus sylvatica L. seeds. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 23, 44–53.
- A.P. Calvo, C. Nicolás, G. Nicolás and D. Rodriguez (2004b) Evidence of a cross-talk regulation of a GA 20-oxidase (FsGA20ox1) by gibberellins and ethylene during the breaking of dormancy in Fagus sylvatica seeds. Physiologia Plantarum 120, 623–630.
- D. Cao, A. Hussain, H. Cheng and J. Peng (2005) Loss of fuction of four DELLA genes leads to light- and gibberellin-independent seed germination in Arabidopsis . Planta 223, 105–113.
- F. Carrari, L. Perez-Flores, D. Lijavetzky, et al. (2001) Cloning and expression of a sorghum gene with homology to maize VP1. Its potential involvement in pre-harvest sprouting resistance. Plant Molecular Biology 45, 631–640.
- M. Chen, J. Chory and C. Fankhauser (2004) Light signal transduction in higher plants. Annual Review of Genetics 38, 87–117.
- Y.F. Chen, N. Etheridge and G.E. Schaller (2005) Ethylene signal transduction. Annals of Botany 95, 901–915.
- Y. Chen, F. Ji, H. Xie, J. Liang and J. Zhang (2006) The regulator of G-protein signaling proteins involved in sugar and abscisic acid signaling in Arabidopsis seed germination. Plant Physiology 140, 302–310.
- J.G. Chen, S. Pandey, J. Huang, et al. (2004) GCR1 can act independently of heterotrimeric G-protein in response to brassinosteroids and gibberellins in Arabidopsis seed germination. Plant Physiology 135, 907–915.
- J.G. Chen, F.S. Willard, J. Huang, et al. (2003) A seven-transmembrane RGS protein that modulates plant cell proliferation. Science 301, 1728–1731.
- W.H. Cheng, A. Endo, L. Zhou, et al. (2002) A unique short chain dehydrogenase/reductase in Arabidopsis glucose signaling and abscisic acid biosynthesis and functions. The Plant Cell 14, 2723–2743.
- S.D.S. Chiwocha, S.R. Abrams, S.J. Ambrose, et al. (2003) A method for profiling classes of plant hormones and their metabolites using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry: an analysis of hormone regulation of thermodormancy in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seeds. The Plant Journal 35, 405–417.
- S.D.S. Chiwocha, A.J. Cutler, S.R. Abrams, S.J. Ambrose, J. Yang and A.R. Kermode (2005) The etr1-2 mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana affects the abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinin and gibberellin metabolic pathways during maintenance of seed dormancy, moist-chilling and germination. The Plant Journal 42, 35–48.
- S.D. Clouse (2004) Brassinosteroid signal transduction and action. In: Plant Hormones: Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Action! (ed. P.J. Davies), pp. 413–436. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
- S.D. Clouse and J.M. Sasse (1998) Brassinosteroids: essential regulators of plant growth and development. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 49, 427–451.
- M.A. Cohn and D.L. Butera (1982) Seed dormancy in red rice (Oryza sativa). II. Response to cytokinins. Weed Science 30, 200–205.
- G. Colucci, F. Apone, N. Alyeshmerni, D. Chalmers and M.J. Chrispeels (2002) GCR1, the putative Arabidopsis G protein-coupled receptor gene is cell cycle-regulated, and its overexpression abolishes seed dormancy and shortens time to flowering. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99, 4736–4741.
- F. Corbineau, J. Bianco, G. Garello and D. Côme (2002) Breakage of Pseudotsuga menziesii seed dormancy by cold treatment as related to changes in seed ABA sensitivity and ABA levels. Physiologia Plantarum 114, 313–319.
- J. Curaba, T. Moritz, R. Blervaque, et al. (2004) AtGA3ox2, a gene responsible for bioactive gibberellin biosynthesis, is regulated during embryogenesis by LEAFY COTYLEDON2 and FUSCA3 in Arabidopsis . Plant Physiology 136, 3660–3669.
- S. Cutler, M. Ghassesmian, D. Bonetta, S. Cooney and P. McCourt (1996) A protein farnesyl transferase involved in abscisic acid signal transduction. Science 273, 1239–1241.
- A.J. Cutler and J.E. Krochko (1999) Formation and breakdown of ABA. Trends in Plant Science 4, 472–478.
- I. Debeaujon and M. Koornneef (2000) Gibberellin requirement for Arabidopsis seed germination is determined both by testa characteristics and embryonic abscisic acid. Plant Physiology 122, 415–424.
- M. Delseny, N. Bies-Etheve, C.H. Carles, et al. (2001) Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) protein gene regulation during Arabidopsis seed maturation. Journal of Plant Physiology 158, 419–427.
- M.P.M. Derkx and C.M. Karssen (1993) Effects of light and temperature on seed dormancy and gibberellin-stimulated germination in Arabidopsis thaliana: studies with gibberellin-deficient and -insensitive mutants. Physiologia Plantarum 89, 360–368.
- N. Dharmasiri, S. Dharmasiri, D. Weijers, et al. (2005) Plant development is regulated by a family of auxin receptor F box proteins. Developmental Cell 9, 109–119.
- P.D. Duek and C. Fankhauser (2005) bHLH class transcription factors take centre stage in phytochrome signaling. Trends in Plant Science 10, 51–54.
- P. Duque and N.H. Chua (2003) IMB1, a bromodomain protein induced during seed imbibition, regulates ABA- and phyA-mediated responses of germination in Arabidopsis . The Plant Journal 35, 787–799.
- M.A. Estelle and C. Somerville (1987) Auxin-resistant mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana with an altered morphology. Molecular and General Genetics 206, 200–206.
- M.M. Evans and R.S. Poethig (1995) Gibberellins promote vegetative phase change and reproductive maturity in maize. Plant Physiology 108, 475–487.
- C. Fankhauser (2002) Light perception in plants: cytokinins and red light join forces to keep phytochrome B active. Trends in Plant Science 7, 143–145.
- J.A. Feurtado, S.J. Ambrose, A.J. Cutler, A.R.S. Ross, S.R. Abrams and A.R. Kermode (2004) Dormancy termination of western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl. Ex D. Don) seeds is associated with changes in abscisic acid metabolism. Planta 218, 630–639.
-
C. Ficher-Iglesias and G. Neuhaus (2001) Zygotic embryogenesis: hormonal control of embryo development. In: Current Trends in the Embryology of Angiosperms (ed. S.S. Bhojwani), pp. 223–247. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
10.1007/978-94-017-1203-3_10 Google Scholar
- W. Finch-Savage (2004) A genomic approach to understanding seed dormancy. Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre Microarray Database, NASCARRAY-69, http://affymetrix.arabidopsis.info/narrays/experimentbrowse.pl.
- R.R. Finkelstein (1994) Mutations at two new Arabidopsis ABA response loci are similar to the abi3 mutations. The Plant Journal 5, 765–771.
- R.R. Finkelstein (2004) The role of hormones during seed development and germination. In: Plant Hormones: Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Action! (ed. P.J. Davies), pp. 513–537. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
- R.R. Finkelstein, S.S. Gampala and C.D. Rock (2002) Abscisic acid signaling in seeds and seedlings. The Plant Cell 14(Suppl), S15–S45.
- R.R. Finkelstein and T.J. Lynch (2000) The Arabidopsis abscisic acid response gene ABI5 encodes a basic leucine zipper transcription factor. The Plant Cell 12, 599–609.
- R.R. Finkelstein and C.D. Rock (2002) Abscisic acid biosynthesis and response. In: The Arabidopsis Book (eds C.R. Somerville and E.M. Meyerowitz), pp. 1–52. American Society of Plant Biologists, Rockville, MD. http://www.aspb.org/publications/arabidopsis/.
- G.R. Flematti, E.L. Ghisalberti, K.W. Dixon and R.D. Trengove (2004) A compound from smoke that promotes seed germination. Science 305, 977.
- K.A. Franklin and G.C. Whitelam (2004) Light signals, phytochromes and cross-talk with other environmental cues. Journal of Experimental Botany 395, 271–276.
- A. Frey, C. Audran, E. Marin, B. Sotta and A. Marion-Poll (1999) Engineering seed dormancy by modification of zeaxanthin epoxidase gene expression. Plant Molecular Biology 39, 1267–1274.
- A. Frey, B. Godin, M. Bonnet, B. Sotta and A. Marion-Poll (2004) Maternal synthesis of abscisic acid controls seed development and yield in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia . Planta 218, 958–964.
- X. Fu, D.E. Richards, B. Fleck, D. Xie, N. Burton and N.P. Harberd (2004) The Arabidopsis mutant sleepy1gar2−1 protein promotes plant growth by increasing the affinity of the SCFSLY1 E3 ubiquitin ligase for DELLA protein substrates. The Plant Cell 16, 1406–1418.
- H. Fujita and K. Syono (1996) Genetic analysis of the effects of polar auxin transport inhibitors on root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana . Plant and Cell Physiology 37, 1094–1101.
- T. Fukuhara, H.-H. Kirch and H.J. Bohnert (1999) Expression of Vp1 and water channel proteins during seed germination. Plant, Cell and Environment 22, 417–424.
- K. Furuta, K. Minoru, Y-G. Liu, D. Shibata and T. Kakimoto (2005) CKH2/PICKLE negatively regulates a set of cytokinin responses. In: Abstract, Arabidopsis 2005, Madison, WI.
- G. Garello and M.T. LePage-Degivry (1999) Evidence for the role of abscisic acid in the genetic and environmental control of dormancy in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Seed Science Research 9, 219–226.
- S. Gazzarrini, Y. Tsuchiya, S. Lumba, M. Okamoto and P. McCourt (2004) The transcription factor FUSCA3 controls developmental timing in Arabidopsis through the action of the hormones gibberellins and abscisic acid. Developmental Cell 7, 73–85.
- M. Ghassemian, E. Nambara, S. Cutler, H. Kawaide, Y. Kamiya and P. McCourt (2000) Regulation of abscisic acid signaling by the ethylene response pathway in Arabidopsis . The Plant Cell 12, 1117–1126.
- S.I. Gibson, R.J. Laby and D. Kim (2001) The sugar-insensitive1 (sis1) mutant of Arabidopsis is allelic to ctr1 . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 280, 196–203.
- J. Giraudat, B.M. Hauge, C. Valon, J. Smalle, F. Parcy and H.M. Goodman (1992) Isolation of the Arabidopsis ABI3 gene by positional cloning. The Plant Cell 4, 1251–1261.
- T. Gonai, S. Kawahara, M. Tougou, et al. (2004) Abscisic acid in the thermoinhibition of lettuce seed germination and enhancement of its catabolism by gibberellin. Journal of Experimental Botany 55, 111–118.
- M.P. González-García, D. Rodríguez, C. Nicolás, P.L. Rodríguez, G. Nicolás and O. Lorenzo (2003) Negative regulation of abscisic acid signaling by the Fagus sylvatica FsPP2C1 plays a role in seed dormancy regulation and promotion of seed germination. Plant Physiology 133, 135–144.
- M. González-Guzmán, D. Abia, J. Salinas, R. Serrano and P.L. Rodríguez (2004) Two new alleles of the abscisic aldehyde oxidase 3 gene reveal its role in abscisic acid biosynthesis in seeds. Plant Physiology 135, 325–333.
- M. González-Guzmán, N. Apostolova, J.M. Bellés, et al. (2002) The short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase ABA2 catalyzes the conversion of xanthoxin to abscisic aldehyde. The Plant Cell 14, 1833–1846.
- F. Gosti, N. Beaudoin, C. Serizet, A.A. Webb, N. Vartanian and J. Giraudat (1999) ABI1 protein phosphatase 2C is a negative regulator of abscisic acid signaling. The Plant Cell 11, 1897–1910.
- P. Grappin, D. Bouinot, B. Sotta, E. Miginiac and M. Jullien (2000) Control of seed dormancy in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia: post-imbibition abscisic acid synthesis imposes dormancy maintenance. Planta 210, 279–285.
- Y. Greenboim-Wainberg, I. Maymon, R. Borochov, et al. (2005) Cross talk between gibberellin and cytokinin: the Arabidopsis GA response inhibitor SPINDLY plays a positive role in cytokinin signaling. The Plant Cell 17, 92–102.
- Grefen, C. and Harter, K. (2004) Plant two-component systems: principles, functions, complexity and cross talk. Planta 219, 733-742.
- S.P.C. Groot and C.M. Karssen (1987) Gibberellins regulate seed germination in tomato by endosperm weakening: a study with GA-deficient mutants. Planta 171, 525–531.
- S.P.C. Groot, I.I. Van Yperen and C.M. Karssen (1991) Strongly reduced levels of endogenous abscisic acid in developing seeds of tomato mutant sitiens do not influence in vivo accumulation of dry matter and storage proteins. Physiologia Plantarum 81, 83–87.
- F. Gubler, A.A. Millar and J.V. Jacobsen (2005) Dormancy release, ABA, and pre-harvest sprouting. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 8, 183–187.
- A.E. Hall, Q.G. Chen, J.L. Findell, G.E. Schaller and A.B. Bleecker (1999) The relationship between ethylene binding and dominant insensitivity conferred by mutant forms of the ETR1 ethylene receptor. Plant Physiology 121, 291–299.
- J.J. Harada (2001) Role of Arabidopsis LEAFY COTYLEDON genes in seed development. Journal of Plant Physiology 158, 405–409.
- C. Hass, J. Lohrmann, V. Albrecht, et al. (2004) The response regulator 2 mediates ethylene signalling and hormone signal integration in Arabidopsis . The EMBO Journal 23, 3290–3302.
- D.B. Hays, D.M. Reid, E.C. Yeung and R.P. Pharis (2000) Role of ethylene in cotyledon development of microspore-derived embryos of Brassica napus . Journal of Experimental Botany 51, 1851–1859.
- D.B. Hays, E.C. Yeung and R.P. Pharis (2002) The role of gibberellins in embryo axis development. Journal of Experimental Botany 53, 1747–1751.
- Y. He and S. Gan (2004) A novel zinc-finger protein with a proline-rich domain mediates ABA-regulated seed dormancy in Arabidopsis . Plant Molecular Biology 54, 1–9.
-
P. Hedden (1999) Regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis. In: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Hormones (eds P.J.J. , M.A. Hall and K.R. Libbenga), pp. 161–188. Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam.
10.1016/S0167-7306(08)60487-1 Google Scholar
- J.T. Henderson, H.C. Li, S.D. Rider, et al. (2004) PICKLE acts throughout the plant to repress expression of embryonic traits and may play a role in gibberellin dependent responses. Plant Physiology 134, 995–1005.
- L. Hennig, W.M. Stoddart, M. Dieterle, G.C. Whitelam and E. Schäfer (2002) Phytochrome E controls light-induced germination of Arabidopsis . Plant Physiology 128, 194–200.
- L. Hobbie and M. Estelle (1995) The axr4 auxin-resistant mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana define a gene important for root gravitropism and lateral root initiation. The Plant Journal 7, 211–220.
- M. Holdsworth, S. Kurup and R. McKibbin (1999) Molecular and genetic mechanisms regulating the transition from embryo development to germination. Trends in Plant Science 4, 275–280.
- S.E. Jacobsen and N.E. Olszewski (1993) Mutations at the SPINDLY locus of Arabidopsis alter gibberellin signal transduction. The Plant Cell 5, 887–896.
- J.V. Jacobsen, D.W. Pearce, A.T. Poole, R.P. Pharis and L.N. Mander (2002) Abscisic acid, phaseic acid and gibberellin contents associated with dormancy and germination in barley. Physiologia Plantarum 115, 428–441.
- P.D. Jenik and M.K. Barton (2005) Surge and destroy: the role of auxin in plant embryogenesis. Development 132, 3577–3585.
- L. Jiang, S. Abrams and A.R. Kermode (1996) Vicilin and napin storage protein gene promoters are responsive to abscisic acid in developing transgenic tobacco seed but lose sensitivity following premature desiccation. Plant Physiology 110, 1135–1144.
- H.D. Jones, N.C. Peters and M.J. Holdsworth (1997) Genotype and environment interact to control dormancy and differential expression of the VIVIPAROUS 1 homologue in embryos of Avena fatua . The Plant Journal 12, 911–920.
- S. Jones-Held, M. Vandoren and T. Lockwood (1996) Brassinolide application to Lepidium sativum seeds and the effects on seedling growth. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 15, 63–67.
- Y. Kagaya, R. Toyoshima, R. Okuda, H. Usui, A. Yamamoto and T. Hattori (2005) LEAFY COTYLEDON1 controls seed storage protein genes through its regulation of FUSCA3 and ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 . Plant and Cell Physiology 46, 399–406.
- C.M. Karssen, D.L.C. Brinkhorst-van der Swan, A.E. Breekland and M. Koornneef (1983) Induction of dormancy during seed development by endogenous abscisic acid: studies on abscisic acid-deficient genotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Planta 157, 158–165.
- C.M. Karssen and E. Laçka (1986) A revision of the hormone balance theory of seed dormancy: studies on gibberellin and/or abscisic acid deficient mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana . In: Plant Growth Substances (ed. M. Bopp), pp. 315–323. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
- C.M. Karssen, S. Zagórsky, J. Kepczynski and S.P.C. Groot (1989) Key role for endogenous gibberellins in the control of seed germination. Annals of Botany 63, 71–80.
- K. Keith, M. Kraml, N.G. Dengler and P. McCourt (1994) fusca 3: a heterochronic mutation affecting late embryo development in Arabidopsis . The Plant Cell 6, 589–600.
- J. Kępczyński and E. Kępczyński (1997) Ethylene in seed dormancy and germination. Physiologia Plantarum 101, 720–726.
- A.R. Kermode (1995) Regulatory mechanisms in the transition from seed development to germination: interactions between the embryo and the seed environment. In: Seed Development and Germination (eds J. Kigel and G. Galili), pp. 273–332. Marcel Dekker, New York.
- A.R. Kermode (2005) Role of abscisic acid in seed dormancy. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 24, 319–344.
- J.J. Kieber, M. Rothenberg, G. Roman, K.A. Feldmann and J.R. Ecker (1993) CTR1, a negative regulator of the ethylene response pathway in Arabidopsis, encodes a member of the raf family of protein kinases. Cell 72, 427–441.
- H.J. Kim, H. Ryu, S.H. Hong, et al. (2006) Cytokinin-mediated control of leaf longevity by AHK3 through phosphorylation of ARR2 in Arabidopsis . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, 814–819.
- T. Kinoshita, A. Cano-Delgado, H. Seto, et al. (2005) Binding of brassinosteroids to the extracellular domain of plant receptor kinase BRI1. Nature 433, 167–171.
- M. Koornneef, L. Bentsink and H. Hilhorst (2002) Seed dormancy and germination. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 5, 33–36.
- M. Koornneef, M.L. Jorna, D.L.C. Brinkhorst-van der Swan and C.M. Karssen (1982) The isolation of abscisic acid (ABA) deficient mutants by selection of induced revertants in non-germinating gibberellin sensitive lines of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 61, 385–393.
- Y. Kraepiel, P. Rousselin, B. Sotta, et al. (1994) Analysis of phytochrome- and ABA-deficient mutants suggests that ABA degradation is controlled by light in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia . The Plant Journal 6, 665–672.
- B. Kucera, M.A. Cohn and G. Leubner-Metzger (2005) Plant hormone interactions during seed dormancy release and germination. Seed Science Research 15, 281–307.
- S. Kurup, H.D. Jones and M.J. Holdsworth (2000) Interactions of the developmental regulator ABI3 with proteins identified from developing Arabidopsis seeds. The Plant Journal 21, 143–155.
- T. Kushiro, M. Okamoto, K. Nakabayashi, et al. (2004) The Arabidopsis cytochrome P450 CYP707A encodes ABA 8′-hydroxylases: key enzymes in ABA catabolism. The EMBO Journal 23, 1647–1656.
- R.J. Laby, M.S. Kincaid, D. Kim and S.I. Gibson (2000) The Arabidopsis sugar-insensitive mutants sis4 and sis5 are defective in abscisic acid synthesis and response. The Plant Journal 23, 587–596.
- C.C. Lashbrook, D.M. Tieman and H.J. Klee (1998) Differential regulation of the tomato ETR gene family throughout plant development. The Plant Journal 15, 243–252.
- V. Lefebvre, H. North, A. Frey, et al. (2006) Functional analysis of Arabidopsis NCED6 and NCED9 genes indicates that ABA synthesised in the endosperm is involved in the induction of seed dormancy. The Plant Journal 45, 309–319.
- P. León and J. Sheen (2003) Sugar and hormone connections. Trends in Plant Science 8, 110–116.
- M.T. Le Page-Degivry and G. Garello (1992) In situ abscisic acid synthesis. A requirement for induction of embryo dormancy in Helianthus annuus . Plant Physiology 98, 1386–1390.
- M.T. Le Page-Degivry, G. Garello and P. Barthe (1997) Changes in abscisic acid biosynthesis and catabolism during dormancy breaking in Fagus sylvatica embryo. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 16, 57–61.
- G. Leubner-Metzger (2001) Brassinosteroids and gibberellins promote tobacco seed germination by distinct pathways. Planta 213, 758–763.
-
G. Leubner-Metzger (2003) Brassinosteroids promote seed germination. In: Brassinosteroids: Bioactivity and Crop Productivity (eds S. Hayat and A. Ahmad), pp. 119–128. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
10.1007/978-94-017-0948-4_5 Google Scholar
- G. Leubner-Metzger, L. Petruzzelli, R. Waldvogel, R. Vogeli-Lange and F. Meins Jr. (1998) Ethylene-responsive element binding protein (EREBP) expression and the transcriptional regulation of class I β-1,3-glucanase during tobacco seed germination. Plant Molecular Biology 38, 785–795.
- J. Leung, M. Bouvier-Durand, P.-C. Morris, D. Guerrier, F. Chefdor and J. Giraudat (1994) Arabidopsis ABA-response gene ABI1: features of a calcium-modulated protein phosphatase. Science 264, 1448–1452.
- H. Li, J.J. Shen, Z.L. Zheng, Y. Lin and Z. Yang (2001) The Rop GTPase switch controls multiple developmental processes in Arabidopsis . Plant Physiology 126, 670–684.
- H.C. Li, K. Chuang, J.T. Henderson, et al. (2005) PICKLE acts during germination to repress expression of embryonic traits. The Plant Journal 44, 1010–1022.
-
P.P. Liu, N. Koizuka, R.C. Martin and H. Nonogaki (2005) The BME3 (Blue Micropylar End 3) GATA zinc finger transcription factor is a positive regulator of Arabidopsis seed germination. The Plant Journal
44, 960–971.
10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02588.x Google Scholar
- K. Ljung, A. Ostin, L. Lioussanne and G. Sandberg (2001) Developmental regulation of indole-3-acetic acid turnover in Scots pine seedlings. Plant Physiology 125, 464–475.
- O. Lorenzo, C. Nicolás, G. Nicolás and D. Rodríguez (2002) Molecular cloning of a functional protein phosphatase 2C (FsPP2C2) with unusual features and synergistically upregulated by ABA and calcium in dormant seeds of Fagus sylvatica . Physiologia Plantarum 114, 482–490.
- O. Lorenzo, C. Nicolás, G. Nicolás and D. Rodríguez (2003) Characterization of a dual plant protein kinase (FsPK1) up-regulated by abscisic acid and calcium and specifically expressed in dormant seeds of Fagus sylvatica L. Seed Science Research 13, 261–271.
- O. Lorenzo, D. Rodríguez, G. Nicolás, P.L. Rodríguez and C. Nicolás (2001) A new protein phosphatase 2C (FsPP2C1) induced by abscisic acid is specifically expressed in dormant beechnut seeds. Plant Physiology 125, 1949–1956.
- T. Lotan, M. Ohto, K.M. Yee, et al. (1998) Arabidopsis LEAFY COTYLEDON1 is sufficient to induce embryo development in vegetative cells. Cell 93, 1195–1205.
- H. Luerßen, V. Kirik, P. Herrmann and S. Miséra (1998) FUSCA3 encodes a protein with a conserved VP1/ABI3-like B3 domain which is of functional importance for the regulation of seed maturation in Arabidopsis thaliana . The Plant Journal 15, 755–764.
- A.P. Mähönen, M. Bonke, L. Kauppinen, M. RiiKonen, P.N. Benfey and Y. Helariutta (2000) A novel two-component hybrid molecule regulates vascular morphogenesis of the Arabidopsis root. Genes and Develoment 14, 2938–2943.
- M.G. Mason, D.E. Mathews, D.A. Argyros, et al. G.E. (2005) Multiple type-B response regulators mediate cytokinin signal transduction in Arabidopsis . The Plant Cell 17, 3007–3018.
- A.J. Matilla (2000) Ethylene in seed formation and germination. Seed Science Research 10, 111–126.
- M.A. Mazzella, M.V. Arana, R.J. Staneloni, et al. (2005) Phytochrome control of the Arabidopsis transcriptome anticipates seedling exposure to light. The Plant Cell 17, 2507–2516.
- D.R. McCarty (1995) Genetic control and integration of maturation and germination pathways in seed development. Annual Review of Plant Biology 46, 71–93.
- D.R. McCarty, T. Hattori, C.B. Carson, V. Vasil, M. Lazar and I.K. Vasil (1991) The viviparous-1 developmental gene of maize encodes a novel transcriptional activator. Cell 66, 895–905.
- P. McCourt, S. Lumba, Y. Tsuchiya and S. Gazzarrini (2005) Crosstalk and abscisic acid: the roles of terpenoid hormones in coordinating development. Physiologia Plantarum 123, 147–152.
- R.S. McKibbin, M.D. Wilkinson, P.C. Bailey, et al. (2002) Transcripts of Vp-1 homeologues are misspliced in modern wheat and ancestral species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99, 10203–10208.
- D.W. Meinke (1995) Molecular genetics of plant embryogenesis. Annual Review of Plant Biology 46, 369–394.
- D.W. Meinke, L.H. Franzmann, T.C. Nickle and E.C. Yeung (1994) Leafy cotyledon mutants of Arabidopsis . The Plant Cell 6, 1049–1064.
- A.A. Jacobsen, J.V. Millar, J.J. Ross, et al. (2006) Seed dormancy and ABA metabolism in Arabidopsis and barley: the role of ABA 8′-hydroxylase. The Plant Journal 45, 942–954.
- D.W.S. Mok and M.C. Mok (2001) Cytokinin metabolism and action. Annual Review of Plant Biology 52, 89–118.
- M. Monroe-Augustus, B.K. Zolman and B. Bartel (2003) IBR5, a dual-specificity phosphatase-like protein modulating auxin and abscisic acid responsiveness in Arabidopsis . The Plant Cell 15, 2979–2991.
- A. Nagatani (2004) Light-regulated nuclear localization of phytochromes. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 7, 708–711.
- K. Nakaminami, Y. Sawada, M. Suzuki, et al. (2003) Deactivation of gibberellin by 2-oxidation during germination of photoblastic lettuce seeds. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 67, 1551–1558.
- S. Nakamura, T.J. Lynch and R.R. Finkelstein (2001) Physical interactions between ABA response loci of Arabidopsis . The Plant Journal 26, 627–635.
- E. Nambara, R. Hayama, Y. Tsuchiya, et al. (2000) The role of ABI3 and FUS3 loci in Arabidopsis thaliana on phase transition from late embryo development to germination. Developmental Biology 220, 412–423.
- E. Nambara and A. Marion-Poll (2005) Abscisic acid biosynthesis and catabolism. Annual Review of Plant Biology 56, 165–185.
- E. Nambara, S. Naito and P. McCourt (1992) A mutant of Arabidopsis which is defective in seed development and storage protein accumulation is a new abi3 allele. The Plant Journal 2, 435–441.
- C. Nicolás, G. Nicolás and D. Rodríguez (1998) Transcripts of a gene, encoding a small GTP-binding protein from Fagus sylvatica, are induced by ABA and accumulated in the embryonic axis of dormant seeds. Plant Molecular Biology 36, 487–491.
- N. Nishimura, N. Kitahata, M. Seki, et al. (2005) Analysis of ABA hypersensitive germination2 revealed the pivotal functions of PARN in stress response in Arabidopsis . The Plant Journal 44, 972–984.
- J. Normanly (1997) Auxin metabolism. Physiologia Plantarum 100, 431–442.
- J. Ogas, J.C. Cheng, Z.R. Sung and C. Somerville (1997) Cellular differentiation regulated by gibberellin in the Arabidopsis thaliana pickle mutant. Science 277, 91–94.
- J. Ogas, S. Kaufmann, J. Henderson and C. Somerville (1999) PICKLE is a CHD3 chromatin-remodeling factor that regulates the transition from embryonic to vegetative development in Arabidopsis . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96, 13839–13844.
- M. Ogawa, A. Hanada, Y. Yamauchi, A. Kuwahara, Y. Kamiya and S. Yamaguchi (2003) Gibberellin biosynthesis and response during Arabidopsis seed germination. The Plant Cell 15, 1591–1604.
- E. Oh, J. Kim, E. Park, J.I. Kim, C. Kang and G. Choi (2004) PIL5, a phytochrome-interacting basic helix-loop-helix protein, is a key negative regulator of seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana . The Plant Cell 16, 3045–3058.
- J.J.J. Ooms, K.M. Leon-Kloosterziel, D. Bartels, M. Koornneef and C.M. Karssen (1993) Acquisition of desiccation tolerance and longevity in seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana – a comparative study using abscisic acid insensitive abi3 mutants. Plant Physiology 102, 1185–1191.
- F. Ouaked, W. Rozhon, D. Lecourieux and H. Hirt (2003) A MAPK pathway mediates ethylene signaling in plants. The EMBO Journal 22, 1282–1288.
- F. Parcy, C. Valon, A. Kohara, S. Miséra and J. Giraudat (1997) The ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE3, FUSCA3, and LEAFY COTYLEDON1 loci act in concert to control multiple aspects of Arabidopsis seed development. The Plant Cell 9, 1265–1277.
- S. Penfield, E.M. Josse, R. Kannangara, A.D. Gilday, K.J. Halliday and I.A. Graham (2005) Cold and light control seed germination through the bHLH transcription factor SPATULA. Current Biology 22, 1998–2006.
- L. Pérez-Flores, F. Carrari, R. Osuna-Fernández, et al. (2003) Expression analysis of a GA 20-oxidase in embryos from two sorghum lines with contrasting dormancy: possible participation of this gene in the hormonal control of germination. Journal of Experimental Botany 54, 2071–2079.
- J. Phillips, O. Artsaenko, U. Fiedler, et al. (1997) Seed-specific immunomodulation of abscisic acid activity induces a developmental switch. The EMBO Journal 16, 4489–4496.
- A. Poljakoff-Mayber, I. Popilevski, E. Belausov and Y. Ben-Tal (2002) Involvement of phytohormones in germination of dormant and non-dormant oat (Avena sativa L.) seeds. Plant Growth Regulation 37, 7–16.
- S. Ramaih, M. Guedira and G.M. Paulsen (2003) Relationship of indoleacetic acid and tryptophan to dormancy and preharvest sprouting of wheat. Functional Plant Biology 30, 939–945.
- R.A. Rampey, S. LeClere, M. Kowalczyk, K. Ljung, G. Sandberg and B. Bartel (2004) A family of auxin-conjugate hydrolases that contributes to free indole-3-acetic acid levels during Arabidopsis germination. Plant Physiology 135, 978–988.
- V. Raz, J.H.W. Bergervoet and M. Koornneef (2001) Sequential steps for developmental arrest in Arabidopsis seeds. Development 128, 243–252.
- F.A. Razem, A. El-Kereamy, S.R. Abrams and R.D. Hill (2006) The RNA-binding protein FCA is an abscisic acid receptor. Nature 439, 290–294.
- F.A. Razem, M. Luo, J.H. Liu, S.R. Abrams and R.D. Hill (2004) Purification and characterization of a barley aleurone abscisic acid-binding protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry 279, 9922–9929.
- J.B. Reid, G.M. Symons and J.J. Ross (2004) Regulation of gibberellin and brassinosteroid biosynthesis by genetic, environmental and hormonal factors. In: Plant Hormones: Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Action! (ed. P.J. Davies), pp. 179–203. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
- C. Ren and A.R. Kermode (1999) Analyses to determine the role of the megagametophyte and other seed tissues in dormancy maintenance of yellow cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) seeds: morphological, cellular and physiological changes following moist chilling and during germination. Journal of Experimental Botany 50, 1403–1419.
- S.D. Rider Jr., M.R. Hemm, H.A. Hostetler, H.C. Li, C. Chapple and J. Ogas (2004) Metabolic profiling of the Arabidopsis pkl mutant reveals selective derepression of embryonic traits. Planta 219, 489–499.
- S.D. Rider, J.T. Henderson, R.E. Jerome, H.J. Edenberg, J. Romero-Severson and J. Ogas (2003) Coordinate repression of regulators of embryonic identity by PICKLE during germination in Arabidopsis . The Plant Journal 35, 33–43.
- M. Riefler, O. Novak, M. Strand and T. Schmulling (2006) Arabidopsis cytokinin receptor mutants reveal functions in shoot growth, leaf senescence, seed size, germination, root development, and cytokinin metabolism. The Plant Cell 18, 40–54.
- I. Romagosa, D. Prada, M.A. Moralejo, et al. (2001) Dormancy, ABA content and sensitivity of a barley mutant to ABA application during seed development and after ripening. Journal of Experimental Botany 52, 1499–1506.
- F. Rook, F. Corke, R. Card, G. Munz, C. Smith and M.W. Bevan (2001) Impaired sucrose-induction mutants reveal the modulation of sugar-induced starch biosynthetic gene expression by abscisic acid signalling. The Plant Journal 26, 421–433.
- H.S. Saini, E.D. Consolacion, P.K. Bassi and M.S. Spencer (1986) Requirement for ethylene synthesis and action during relief of thermoinhibition of lettuce seed germination by combinations of gibberellic acid, kinetin, and carbon dioxide. Plant Physiology 81, 950–953.
- H.S. Saini, D. Evangeline, E.D. Consolacion, K. Pawan, P.K. Bassi and M.S. Spencer (1989) Control processes in the induction and relief of thermoinhibition of lettuce seed germination, actions of phytochrome and endogenous ethylene. Plant Physiology 90, 311–315.
- S. Saito, N. Hirai, C. Matsumoto, et al. (2004) Arabidopsis CYP707As encode (+)-abscisic acid 8′-hydoxylase, a key enzyme in the oxidative catabolism of abscisic acid. Plant Physiology 134, 1439–1449.
- N. Schmitz, S.R. Abrams and A.R. Kermode (2000) Changes in abscisic acid content and embryo sensitivity to (+)-abscisic acid during dormancy termination of yellow-cedar seeds. Journal of Experimental Botany 51, 1159–1162.
- N. Schmitz, S.R. Abrams and A.R. Kermode (2002) Changes in ABA turnover and sensitivity that accompany dormancy termination of yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) seeds. Journal of Experimental Botany 53, 89–101.
- J. Schmidt, T. Altmann and G. Adam (1997) Brassinosteroids from seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana . Phytochemistry 45, 1325–1327.
- N. Schmitz, J.-H. Xia and A.R. Kermode (2001) Dormancy of yellow-cedar seeds is terminated by gibberellic acid in combination with fluridone or with osmotic priming and moist chilling. Seed Science and Technology 29, 331–346.
- P. Schopfer and C. Plachy (1985) Control of seed germination by ABA. III. Effect on embryo growth potential (minimum turgor pressure) and growth coefficient (cell wall extensibility) in Brassica napus L. Plant Physiology 77, 676–686.
- J. Schwachtje and I.T. Baldwin (2004) Smoke exposure alters endogenous gibberellin and abscisic acid pools and gibberellin sensitivity while eliciting germination in the post-fire annual, Nicotiana attenuata seed. Seed Science Research 14, 51–60.
- S.H. Schwartz, X. Qin and J.A.D. Zeevaart (2003) Elucidation of the indirect pathway of abscisic acid biosynthesis by mutants, genes, and enzymes. Plant Physiology 131, 1591–1601.
- A. Schweighofer, H. Hirt and I. Meskiene (2004) Plant PP2C phosphatases: emerging functions in stress signaling. Trends in Plant Science 9, 236–243.
- M. Seo, H. Aoki, H. Koiwai, Y. Kamiya, E. Nambara and T. Koshiba (2004) Comparative studies on the Arabidopsis aldehyde oxidase (AAO) gene family revealed a major role of AAO3 in ABA biosynthesis in seeds. Plant and Cell Physiology 45, 1694–1703.
- M. Seo and T. Koshiba (2002) Complex regulation of ABA biosynthesis in plants. Trends in Plant Science 7, 41–48.
- J. Sheen (1998) Mutational analysis of protein phosphatase 2C involved in abscisic acid signal transduction in higher plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95, 975–980.
- H. Shen, J. Moon and E. Huq (2005) PIF1 is degraded by light through ubiquitin-mediated proteasome pathway. In: Abstract, Arabidopsis 2005, Madison, WI.
- T. Shinomura, A. Nagatani, J. Chory and M. Furuya (1994) The induction of seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana is regulated principally by phytochrome B and secondarily by phytochrome A. Plant Physiology 104, 363–371.
- T. Shinomura, A. Nagatani, H. Manzawa, M. Kubota, M. Watanabe and M. Furuya (1996) Action spectra for phytochrome A and B-specific photoinduction of seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93, 8129–8133.
- D.P. Singh, A.M. Jermakow and S.M. Swain (2002) Gibberellins are required for seed development and pollen tube growth in Arabidopsis . The Plant Cell 14, 3133–3147.
- G. Siriwitayawan, R.L. Geneve and A.B. Downie (2003) Seed germination of ethylene perception mutants of tomato and Arabidopsis . Seed Science Research 13, 303–314.
- J. Smalle, J. Kurepa, P. Yang, et al. (2003) The pleiotropic role of the 26S proteasome subunit RPN10 in Arabidopsis growth and development supports a substrate-specific function in abscisic acid signaling. The Plant Cell 15, 965–980.
- E.M. Söderman, I.M. Brocard, T.J. Lynch and R.R. Finkelstein (2000) Regulation and function of the Arabidopsis ABA-insensitive4 gene in seed and abscisic acid response signaling networks. Plant Physiology 124, 1752–1765.
- W.G. Spollen, M.E. LeNoble, T.D. Samuels, N. Bernstein and R.E. Sharp (2000) Abscisic acid accumulation maintains maize primary root elongation at low water potentials by restricting ethylene production. Plant Physiology 122, 967–976.
- C. Steber, S.E. Cooney and P. McCourt (1998) Isolation of the GA-response mutant sly1 as a suppressor of ABI1 in Arabidopsis thaliana . Genetics 149, 509–521.
- C.M. Steber and P. McCourt (2001) A role for brassinosteroids in germination in Arabidopsis . Plant Physiology 125, 763–769.
- S.L. Stone, L.K.M. Kwongm, J. Pelletier, et al. (2001) LEAFY COTYLEDON2 encodes a B3 domain transcription factor that induces embryo development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98, 11806–11811.
- W. Su and S.H. Howell (1992) A single genetic locus, ckr1, defines Arabidopsis mutants in which root growth is resistant to low concentrations of cytokinins. Plant Physiology 99, 1569–1574.
- J.A. Sullivan and X.W. Deng (2003) From seed to seed: the role of photoreceptors in Arabidopsis development. Developmental Biology 260, 289–297.
- I.M. Sussex (1975) Growth and metabolism of the embryo and attached seedlings of the viviparous mangrove, Rhizophora mangle . American Journal of Botany 62, 948–953.
- M. Suzuki, C.Y. Kao, S. Cocciolone and D.R. McCarty (2001) Maize VP1 complements Arabidopsis abi3 and confers a novel ABA/auxin interaction in roots. The Plant Journal 28, 409–418.
- M. Suzuki, A.M. Settles, C.-W. Tseung, et al. (2006) The maize viviparous15 locus encodes the molybdopterin synthase small subunit. The Plant Journal 45, 264–274.
- U. Sweere, K. Eichenberg, J. Lohrmann, et al. (2001) Interaction of the response regulator ARR4 with phytochrome B in modulating red light signaling. Science 294, 1108–1111.
- Y. Takeuchi, Y. Omigawa, M. Ogasawara, K. Yoneyama, M. Konnai and A.D. Worsham (1995) Effects of brassinosteroids on conditioning and germination of clover broomrape (Orobanche minor) seeds. Plant Growth Regulation 16, 153–160.
- B.C. Tan, L.M. Joseph, W.T. Deng, L.J. Liu, Q.B. Li, K. Cline and D.R. McCarty (2003) Molecular characterization of the Arabidopsis 9-cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene family. The Plant Journal 35, 44–56.
- B.C. Tan, S.H. Schwartz, J.A. Zeevaart and D.R. McCarty (1997) Genetic control of abscisic acid biosynthesis in maize. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94, 12235–12240.
- E. Tillberg (1992) Effect of light on abscisic acid content in photosensitive Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seed. Plant Growth Regulation 11, 147–152.
- I. Tiryaki and P.E. Staswick (2002) An Arabidopsis mutant defective in jasmonate response is allelic to the auxin-signaling mutant axr1 . Plant Physiology 130, 887–894.
- T. Toyomasu, H. Kawaide, W. Mitsuhashi, Y. Inoue and Y. Kamiya (1998) Phytochrome regulates gibberellin biosynthesis during germination of photoblastic lettuce seeds. Plant Physiology 118, 1517–1523.
- T. Toyomasu, H. Tsuji, H. Yamane, et al. (1993) Light effects on endogenous levels of gibberellins in photoblastic lettuce seeds. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 12, 85–90.
- H. Ullah, J.G. Chen, S. Wang and A.M. Jones (2002). Role of a heterotrimeric G protein in regulation of Arabidopsis seed germination. Plant Physiology 129, 897–907.
- T. Urao, B. Yakubov, R. Satoh, et al. (1999) A transmembrane hybrid-type histidine kinase in Arabidopsis functions as an osmosensor. The Plant Cell 11, 1743–1754.
- A.J. van Hengel and K. Roberts (2003) AtAGP30, an arabinogalactan-protein in the cell walls of the primary root, plays a role in root regeneration and seed germination. The Plant Journal 36, 256–270.
- B.V. Vardhini and S.S.R. Rao (2001) Effect of brassinosteroids on the seed germination and seedling growth of tomato (Lycopersicon escultentum Mill.). Journal of Plant Biology 27, 303–305.
- B.V. Vardhini and S.S.R. Rao (2003) Amelioration of osmotic stress by brassinosteroids on seed germination and seedling growth of three varieties of sorghum. Plant Growth Regulation 41, 25–31.
- R.D. Vierstra (2003) The ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway, the complex last chapter in the life of many plant proteins. Trends in Plant Science 8, 135–142.
-
M. Walker-Simmons (1990) Dormancy in cereals – levels of and response to abscisic acid. In: Plant Growth Substances (eds R.P. Pharis and S.B. Rood), pp. 400–406. Springer-Verlag, New York.
10.1007/978-3-642-74545-4_47 Google Scholar
- M. Wang, S. Heimovaara-Dijkstra and B. Van Duijn (1995) Modulation of germination of embryos isolated from dormant and non-dormant barley grains by manipulation of endogenous abscisic acid. Planta 195, 586–592.
- X.Q. Wang, H. Ullah, A.M. Jones and S.M. Assmann (2001). G protein regulation of ion channels and abscisic acid signaling in Arabidopsis guard cells. Science 292, 2070–2072.
- C.N. White, W.M. Proebsting, P. Hedden and C.J. Riven (2000) Gibberellins and seed development in maize. I. Evidence that gibberellin/abscisic acid balance governs germination versus maturation pathways. Plant Physiology 122, 1081–1088.
- C.N. White and C.J. Riven (2000) Gibberellins and seed development in maize. II. Gibberellin synthesis inhibition enhances abscisic acid signaling in cultured embryos. Plant Physiology 122, 1089–1097.
- F. Woodger, J.V. Jacobsen and F. Gubler (2004) Gibberellin action in germinating cereal grains. In: Plant Hormones: Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Action! (ed. P.J. Davies), pp. 221–240. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
- L. Xiong, Z. Gong, C. Rock, et al. (2001a) Modulation of abscisic acid signal transduction and biosynthesis by an Sm-like protein in Arabidopsis . Developmental Cell 1, 771–781.
- L. Xiong, H. Lee, M. Ishitani and J.K. Zhu (2002) Regulation of osmotic stress-responsive gene expression by the LOS6/ABA1 locus in Arabidopsis . Journal of Biological Chemistry 277, 8588–8596.
- L. Xiong and J.K. Zhu (2003) Regulation of abscisic acid biosynthesis. Plant Physiology 133, 29–36.
- L.M. Xiong, M. Ishitani, H. Lee and J.K. Zhu (2001b) The Arabidopsis LOS5/ABA3 locus encodes a molybdenum cofactor sulfurase and modulates cold stress- and osmotic stress-responsive gene expression. The Plant Cell 13, 2063–2083.
- N. Xu and J.D. Bewley (1991) Sensitivity to abscisic acid and osmoticum changes during embryogenesis of alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Journal of Experimental Botany 42, 821–826.
- H. Yamada, T. Suzuki, K. Terada, et al. (2001) The Arabidopsis AHK4 histidine kinase is a cytokinin-binding receptor that transduces cytokinin signals across the membrane. Plant and Cell Physiology 42, 1017–1023.
- S. Yamaguchi and Y. Kamiya (2002) Gibberellins and light-stimulated seed germination. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 20, 369–376.
- S. Yamaguchi, Y. Kamiya and T-P. Sun (2001) Distinct cell-specific expression patterns of early and late gibberellin biosynthetic genes during Arabidopsis seed germination. The Plant Journal 28, 443–453.
- S. Yamaguchi, M.W. Smith, R.G. Brown, Y. Kamiya and T-P. Sun (1998) Phytochrome regulation and differential expression of gibberellin 3β-hydroxylase genes in germinating Arabidopsis seeds. The Plant Cell 10, 2115–2126.
- T. Yamaguchi, T. Wakizuka, K. Hirai, S. Fujii and A. Fujita (1987) Stimulation of germination in aged rice seeds by pretreatment with brassinolide. Proceedings of the Plant Growth Regulation Society of America 14, 26–27.
- Y. Yamauchi, M. Ogawa, A. Kuwahara, A. Hanada, Y. Kamiya and S. Yamaguchi (2004) Activation of gibberellin biosynthesis and response pathways by low temperature during imbibition of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. The Plant Cell 16, 367–378.
- T. Yoshioka, T. Endo and S. Satoh (1998) Restoration of seed germination at supraoptimal temperature by fluridone, an inhibitor of abscisic acid biosynthesis. Plant and Cell Physiology 39, 307–312.
- T. Yoshida, N. Nishimura, N. Kitahata, et al. (2006) ABA-Hypersensitive Germination3 encodes a protein phosphatase 2C (AtPP2CA) that strongly regulates abscisic acid signaling during germination among Arabidopsis protein phosphatase 2Cs. Plant Physiology 140, 115–126.
- T.E. Young and D.R. Gallie (2000) Programmed cell death during endosperm development. Plant Molecular Biology 44, 283–301.
- T.E. Young, D.R. Gallie and D.A. DeMason (1997) Ethylene mediated programmed cell death during maize endosperm development of Su and sh2 genotypes. Plant Physiology 115, 737–751.
- L.I. Zaharia, M.K. Walker-Simmons, C.N. Rodriguez and S.R. Abrams (2005) Chemistry of abscisic acid and abscisic acid catabolites and analogs. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 24, 274–284.
-
J.A.D. Zeevaart (1999) Abscisic acid metabolism and its regulation. In: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Hormones (eds P.J.J. Hooykaas, K.R. Hall and K.R. Libbenga), pp. 189–207. Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam.
10.1016/S0167-7306(08)60488-3 Google Scholar
- Y. Zeng and A.R. Kermode (2004) A gymnosperm ABI3 gene functions in a severe abscisic acid-insensitive mutant of Arabidopsis (abi3-6) to restore the wild-type phenotype and demonstrates a strong synergistic effect with sugar in the inhibition of post-germinative growth. Plant Molecular Biology 56, 731–746.
- Y. Zeng, N. Raimondi and A.R. Kermode (2003) Role of an ABI3 homologue in dormancy maintenance of yellow-cedar seeds and in the activation of storage protein and Em gene promoters. Plant Molecular Biology 51, 39–49.
- X. Zhang, V. Garreton and N.-H. Chua (2005) The AIP2 E3 ligase acts as a novel negative regulator of ABA signaling by promoting ABI3 degradation. Genes and Development 19, 1532–1543.
Citing Literature
Browse other articles of this reference work:
