Abstract
The notion of freezing refers to the phenomenon whereby a constituent becomes an island for extraction when that constituent has undergone syntactic movement (displacement). In other words, the constituent is opaque (“frozen”) in its movement-derived position. This chapter presents different types of movement-derived syntactic configurations that display freezing effects and discusses various approaches that have been proposed in generative grammar in order to account for the frozen status of displaced constituents. The chapter further addresses the question as to whether a displaced constituent is an absolute barrier for extraction. That is, are there syntactic configurations from which extraction out of a displaced constituent is possible after all?
References
- Bach, Emmon, and George Horn. 1976. “Remarks on ‘Conditions on Transformations’.” Linguistic Inquiry, 7: 265–299.
- Baltin, Mark. 1978. “ Toward a Theory of Movement Rules.” PhD diss., MIT.
- Baltin, Mark. 1982. “A Landing Site Theory of Movement Rules.” Linguistic Inquiry, 13: 1–38
- Baltin, Mark. 1984. “Extraposition Rules and Discontinuous Constituents.” Linguistic Inquiry, 15: 157–163.
- Barrs, Andrew, and Howard Lasnik. 1986. “A Note on Anaphora and Double Objects.” Linguistic Inquiry, 17: 347–354.
-
Boeckx, Cedric. 2003. Islands and Chains: Stranding as Resumption. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
10.1075/la.63 Google Scholar
- Boeckx, Cedric. 2008. Bare Syntax. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-
Boeckx, Cedric, and Kleanthes Grohmann. 2007. “Putting Phases in Perspective.” Syntax, 10: 204–222.
10.1111/j.1467-9612.2007.00098.x Google Scholar
- Bošković, Željko. 2008. “On the Operator Freezing Effect.” Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 26: 249–287.
- Broekhuis, Hans. 2005. “ Extraction from Subjects: Some Remarks on Chomsky's ‘On Phases’.” In Organizing Grammar: Studies in Honor of Henk van Riemsdijk, edited by Hans Broekhuis, Norbert Corver, Riny Huybregts, et al., 50–68. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Browning, Margaret. 1991. “Bounding Conditions on Representations.” Linguistic Inquiry, 22: 541–562.
- Chomsky, Noam. 1964. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. The Hague: De Gruyter.
- Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Chomsky, Noam. 1973. “ Conditions on Transformations.” In A Festschrift for Morris Halle, edited by Stephen R. Anderson and Paul Kiparsky, 232–286. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
- Chomsky, Noam. 1976. “Conditions on Rules of Grammar.” Linguistic Analysis, 2: 303–351.
- Chomsky, Noam. 1977. “ On Wh-Movement.” In Formal Syntax, edited by Peter Culicover, Thomas Wasow, and Adrian Akmajian, 71–132. New York, NY: Academic Press.
- Chomsky, Noam. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris.
- Chomsky, Noam. 1986a. Barriers. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Chomsky, Noam. 1986b. Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin and Use. New York, NY: Praeger.
- Chomsky, Noam. 1993. “ A Minimalist Program for Linguistic Theory.” In The View from Building 20: Essays in Linguistics in Honor of Sylvain Bromberger, edited by Kenneth Hale and Samuel J. Keyser, 1–52. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Chomsky, Noam. 1995. The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Chomsky, Noam. 2000. “ Minimalist Inquiries: The Framework.” In Step by Step: Essays in Minimalist Syntax in Honor of Howard Lasnik, edited by Roger Martin, David Michaels, and Juan Uriagereka, 89–155. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
-
Chomsky, Noam. 2001. “ Derivation by Phase.” In Ken Hale: A Life in Language, edited by Michael Kenstowicz, 1–52. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
10.7551/mitpress/4056.003.0004 Google Scholar
- Chomsky, Noam. 2008. “ On Phases.” In Foundational Issues in Linguistic Theory: Essays in Honor of Jean-Roger Vergnaud, edited by Robert Freidin, Carlos Peregrín Otero, and Maria Luisa Zubizarreta, 133–166. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
-
Chomsky, Noam, and Howard Lasnik. 1993. “ The Theory of Principles and Parameters.” In Syntax: An International Handbook of Contemporary Research, edited by Joachim Jacobs, Arnim Stechow, Wolfgang Sternefeld, and Theo Vennemann, 506–569. Berlin: De Gruyter.
10.1515/9783110095869.1.9.506 Google Scholar
- Cinque, Guglielmo. 1990. Types of A′-Dependencies. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Collins, Chris. 1994. “Economy of Derivation and the Generalized Proper Binding Condition.” Linguistic Inquiry, 25: 45–61.
- Collins, Chris. 2005. “A Smuggling Approach to Raising in English.” Linguistic Inquiry, 36: 289–298.
- Corver, Norbert. 1997. “The Internal Syntax of the Dutch Extended Adjectival Projection.” Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 15: 289–368.
-
Corver, Norbert, and Jairo Nunes. 2007. The Copy Theory of Movement. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
10.1075/la.107 Google Scholar
- Culicover, Peter. 1982. Syntax. New York, NY: Academic Press.
- Culicover, Peter, and Susanne Winkler. 2010. “ Freezing: A Conspiracy.” MS, Ohio State University and Universität Tübingen.
- Diesing, Molly. 1992. Indefinites. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Emonds, Joseph. 1970. “ Root and Structure-Preserving Transformations.” PhD diss., MIT.
- Emonds, Joseph. 1976. A Transformational Approach to English Syntax. New York, NY: Academic Press.
- Fanselow, Gisbert. 1987. Konfigurationalität. Tübingen: Narr.
- Fanselow, Gisbert. 2001. “Features, θ-Roles, and Free Constituent Order.” Linguistic Inquiry, 32: 405–437.
- Fiengo, Robert. 1977. “On Trace Theory.” Linguistic Inquiry, 8: 35–61.
- Freidin, Robert. 1978. “Cyclicity and the Theory of Grammar.” Linguistic Inquiry, 9: 519–549.
- Gallego, Angel. 2009. “On Freezing Effects.” Iberia, 1: 33–51.
-
Gallego, Angel. 2010. Phase Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
10.1075/la.152 Google Scholar
-
Gallego, Angel, and Juan Uriagereka. 2007. “ Conditions on Sub-Extraction.” In Coreference, Modality, and Focus, edited by Luis Eguren and Olga Fernández-Soriano, 45–70. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
10.1075/la.111.04gal Google Scholar
-
Grewendorf, Günther. 1989. Ergativity in German. Dordrecht: Foris.
10.1515/9783110859256 Google Scholar
-
Grohmann, Kleanthes. 2003. “Successive Cyclicity under (Anti-)Local Considerations.” Syntax, 6: 260–312.
10.1111/j.1467-9612.2003.00063.x Google Scholar
- Haan, Germen de. 1979. Conditions on Rules. Dordrecht: Foris.
- Hoekstra, Teun. 1983. “ Government and the Distribution of Sentential Complements in Dutch.” In Sentential Complementation, edited by W. Geest and Yvan Putseys, 105–116. Dordrecht: Foris.
- Hoekstra, Teun, and René Mulder. 1990. “Unergatives as Copular Verbs: Locational and Existential Predication.” Linguistic Review, 7: 1–79.
- Huang, Cheng-Teh James. 1982. “ Logical Relations in Chinese and the Theory of Grammar.” PhD diss., MIT.
- Huybregts, Riny. 1976. “ Vragende(r)wijs: progressieve taalkunde.” In Lijnen van taaltheoretisch onderzoek, edited by Geerd Koefoed and Arnold Evers, 303–366. Groningen: Tjeenk Willink.
- Johnson, Kyle. 1986. “ A Case for Movement.” PhD diss., MIT.
- Kayne, Richard S. 1994. The Antisymmetry of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Kitagawa, Yoshi. 1986. “ Subjects in Japanese and English.” PhD diss., University of Massachusetts. Amherst.
- Koopman, Hilda. 1984. The Syntax of Verbs: From Verb Movement in the Kru Languages to Universal Grammar. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
- Koopman, Hilda, and Dominique Sportiche. 1991. “The Position of Subjects.” Lingua, 85: 211–258.
- Koster, Jan. 1975. “Dutch as an SOV Language.” Linguistic Analysis, 1: 111–136.
-
Koster, Jan. 1978a. Locality Principles in Syntax. Dordrecht: Foris.
10.1515/9783110882339 Google Scholar
- Koster, Jan. 1978b. “Conditions, Empty Nodes, and Markedness.” Linguistic Inquiry, 9: 551–593.
- Koster, Jan. 1978c. “ Why Subject Sentences Don't Exist.” In Recent Studies in European Languages, edited by Samuel Jay Keyser, 53–64. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Kuno, Susumo. 1973. “Constraints on Internal Clauses and Sentential Subjects.” Linguistic Inquiry, 6: 363–386.
- Lakoff, George. 1986. “ Frame Semantic Control of the Coordinate Structure Constraint.” In Papers from the Parasession on Pragmatics and Grammatical Theory, 22nd Regional Meeting, Chicago Linguistic Society, edited by Anne M. Farley, Peter T. Farley, and Karl-Erik McCullogh, 152–167.
- Lasnik, Howard, and Myung-Kwan Park. 2003. “The EPP and the Subject Condition under Sluicing.” Linguistic Inquiry, 34: 649–660.
- Lasnik, Howard, and Mamuro Saito. 1992. Move α: Conditions on Its Application and Output. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Lohndal, Terje. 2011. “Freezing Effects and Objects.” Journal of Linguistics, 47: 163–199.
-
Müller, Gereon. 1995. A-Bar Syntax: A Study in Movement Types. Berlin: De Gruyter.
10.1515/9783110814286 Google Scholar
-
Müller, Gereon. 1998. Incomplete Category Fronting. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
10.1007/978-94-017-1864-6 Google Scholar
- Müller, Gereon. 2010. “On Deriving CED Effects from the PIC.” Linguistic Inquiry, 41: 35–82.
-
Nunes, Jairo. 2004. Linearization of Chains and Sideward Movement. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
10.7551/mitpress/4241.001.0001 Google Scholar
- Ochi, Masao. 1999. “Some Consequences of Attract F.” Lingua, 109: 81–107.
- Postal, Paul. 1972. “On Some Rules that Are Not Successive Cyclic.” Linguistic Inquiry, 3: 211–222.
- Rezac, Milan. 2004. “ Elements of Cyclic Syntax: Agree and Merge.” PhD diss., University of Toronto.
- Riemsdijk, Henk van. 1978. A Case Study in Syntactic Markedness: The Binding Nature of Prepositional Phrases. Dordrecht: Foris.
- Rizzi, Luigi. 1990. Relativized Minimality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Rizzi, Luigi. 2006. “ On the Form of Chains: Criterial Positions and ECP Effects.” In Wh-Movement: Moving On, edited by Lisa Lai-Shen Cheng and Norbert Corver, 97–133. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Rizzi, Luigi. 2007. “On Some Properties of Criterial Freezing.” CISCL Working Papers on Language and Cognition, 1: 145–158.
- Rizzi, Luigi, and Ur Shlonsky. 2007. “ Strategies of Subject Extraction.” In Interfaces + Recursion = Language? Chomsky's Minimalism and the View from Syntax–Semantics, edited by Hans-Martin Gärtner and Uli Sauerland, 115–160. Berlin: De Gruyter.
- Rosenbaum, Peter S. 1967. The Grammar of English Predicate Complement Constructions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Ross, John Robert. 1967. “ Constraints on Variables in Syntax.” PhD diss., MIT, Cambridge, MA (published as Ross, John Robert. 1986. Infinite Syntax! Norwood, NJ: Ablex).
- Ross, John Robert. 1974. “ Three Batons for Cognitive Psychology.” In Cognition and the Symbolic Processes, edited by Walter B. Weimer and David S. Palermo. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Ruys, Eddy. 2008. “Stranding, Weak Pronouns and the Fine Structure of the Dutch Mittelfeld.” Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 26: 547–587.
- Safir, Kenneth. 1982. “ Syntactic Chains and the Definiteness Effect.” PhD diss., MIT.
-
Stepanov, Arthur. 2007. “The End of CED? Minimalism and Extraction Domains.” Syntax, 10: 80–126.
10.1111/j.1467-9612.2007.00094.x Google Scholar
- Stowell, Timothy. 1981. “ Origins of Phrase Structure.” PhD diss., MIT.
- Takahashi, D. 1994. “ Minimality of Movement.” PhD diss., University of Connecticut.
- Torrego, Ester. 1985. “ On Empty Categories in Nominals.” MS, University of Massachusetts, Boston.
- Travis, Lisa. 1984. “ Parameters and Effects on Word Order.” PhD diss., MIT.
- Webelhuth, Gert. 1989. “ Syntactic Saturation Phenomena and the Modern Germanic Languages.” PhD diss., University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
- Wexler, Ken, and Peter Culicover. 1977. “ Some Syntactic Implications of a Theory of Language Learnability.” In Formal Syntax, edited by Peter Culicover, Thomas Wasow, and Adrian Akmajian, 7–60. New York, NY: Academic Press.
- Wexler, Ken, and Peter Culicover. 1980. Formal Principles of Language Acquisition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Williams, Edwin. 1974. “ Rule Ordering in Syntax.” PhD diss., MIT.
- Williams, George M. 1971. “ Networks of Anaphora: An Essay in the Syntax of Pronominalization.” PhD diss., MIT.
- Zwart, Jan-Wouter. 1993. “ Dutch Syntax. A Minimalist View.” PhD diss., Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.
Citing Literature
The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Syntax, Second Edition
Browse other articles of this reference work:
