Electronic Health Record
Dimitrios G. Katehakis
Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Search for more papers by this authorManolis Tsiknakis
Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Search for more papers by this authorDimitrios G. Katehakis
Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Search for more papers by this authorManolis Tsiknakis
Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
The term electronic health record (EHR) refers to the complete set of information that resides in electronic form and is related to the past, present, and future health status or health care provided to a subject of care. The primary purpose of electronic health records (EHRs) is the documentation, retrieval, transmission, linking, and processing of multimedia information to legitimate users for the delivery of knowledge and decision support that enhance efficient and secure health-related services, regardless of the health-care model applied. Secondary uses of EHRs are related to policy development, education, research, quality management, and disease surveillance via anonymized datasets requiring, in most of the cases, explicit consent on behalf of the subject of care.
Bibliography
- 1C. P. Waegemann, Status Report 2002: Electronic Health Records. Medical Records Institute. Available: http://www.medrecinst.com/pages/libArticle.asp?id=44. Accessed November 28, 2005.
- 2Institute of Medicine, Division of Health Care Services, Committee on Improving the Patient Record, The Computer-Based Patient Record: An Essential Technology for Health Care (Revised Edition). R. S. Dick, E. B. Steen, and D. E. Detmer, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2000.
- 3M. Tsiknakis, D. G. Katehakis, and S. C. Orphanoudakis. An open, component-based information infrastructure for integrated health information networks. Int. J. Med. Inform. 2002; 68: 3–26.
- 4Professionals and Citizens Network for Integrated Care, Regional Health Economies and ICT Services: The PICNIC Experience. N. Saranummi, D. Piggott, D. G. Katehakis, M. Tsiknakis, and K. Bernstein, eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press, August 2005.
- 5Capgemini, Health Information Technology and the Electronic Health Record: Implications for Healthcare Organizations, 2004.
- 6Institute of Medicine, Committee on Data Standards for Patient Safety, Key Capabilities of an Electronic Health Record System: Letter Report. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2003.
- 7ISO/TC 215, Health Informatics, Requirements for an Electronic Health Record Reference Architecture. Published Standard ISO/TS 18308:2004, January 22, 2004.
- 8ISO/JTC 1/SC 7, Information Technology, Open Distributed Processing, Reference Model: Overview. Published Standard ISO/IEC 10746-1:1998, February 27, 2003.
- 9ISO/JTC 1/SC 7, Information Technology, Open Distributed Processing, Reference Model: Foundations. Published Standard ISO/IEC 10746-2:1996, August 13, 2001.
- 10ISO/JTC 1/SC 7, Information Technology, Open Distributed Processing, Reference Model: Architecture. Published Standard ISO/IEC 10746-3:1996, August 13, 2001.
- 11ISO/JTC 1/SC 7, Information Technology, Open Distributed Processing, Reference Model: Architectural Semantics. Published Standard ISO/IEC 10746-4:1998, February 27, 2003.
- 12ISO/TC 215, Health Informatics, Health Informatics Profiling Framework. Published Standard, ISO/TR 17119:2005, January 12, 2005.
- 13T. Beale, Archetypes: Constraint-based Domain Models for Future-proof Information Systems. OOPSLA 2002 Workshop on Behavioural Semantics. Seattle, Washington. November 4–8, 2002. Available: http://www.openehr.org/downloads/archetypes/archetypes_new.pdf. Accessed November 29, 2005.
- 14International Organization for Standardization. Available: http://www.iso.org/. Accessed November 28, 2005.
- 15ISO/TC 215Ad Hoc Group Report, Standards Requirements for the Electronic Health Record & Discharge/Referral Plans. Final Report, July 26, 2002.
- 16A. L. Rector, Clinical Terminology: Why Is It So Hard? Stuttgart, Germany: Yearbook of Medical Informatics, 2001.
- 17ISO/TC 215, Health Informatics, Trusted End-to-End Information Flows. Published Standard ISO/TR 21089:2004, June 15, 2004.
- 18CEN/TC 251 ENV 13729:1999, Health Informatics—Secure User Identification for Healthcare Strong Authentication Using Microprocessor Cards, 1999.
- 19CEN/TC 251 ENV 13608-1:2000, Health informatics—Security for Healthcare Communication—Part 1: Concepts and Terminology, 2000.
- 20CEN/TC 251 ENV 13608-2:1999, Health Informatics—Security for Healthcare Communication—Part 2: Secure Data Objects, 1999.
- 21CEN/TC 251 ENV 13608-3:1999, Health Informatics—Security for Healthcare Communication—Part 3: Secure Data Channels, 1999.
- 22ISO/TC 215, Health Informatics, Privilege Management and Access Control—Part 1: Overview and Policy Management. Under Development Standard ISO/CD TS 22600-1, October 5, 2004.
- 23ISO/TC 215, Health Informatics, Privilege Management and Access Control—Part 2: Formal Models. Under Development Standard ISO/CD TS 22600-2, August 16, 2005.
- 24D. G. Katehakis, S. C. Orphanoudakis, S. Sfakianakis, and M. Tsiknakis. Fundamental Components for the Realization of a Federated Integrated Electronic Health Record Environment. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (IEEE-EMBS 2001), Istanbul, Turkey, October 25–28, 2001: 3646–3649.
- 25Health Level Seven. Available: http://www.h17.org. Accessed November 28, 2005.
- 26ASTM, Technical Committee E31 on Healthcare Informatics. Available: http://www.astm.org/. Accessed November 28, 2005.
- 27Object Management Group. Available: http://www.omg.org/. Accessed November 28, 2005.
- 28Digital Imaging and Communications inMedicine. Available: http://medical.nema.org/. Accessed November 28, 2005.
- 29HL7 Clinical Document Architecture, Release 2.0 (ANSI/ HL7 CDA, R2-2005), April 21, 2005.
- 30American National Standards Institute. Available: http://www.ansi.org/. Accessed November 28, 2005.
- 31HL7, HL7 EHR System Functional Model: A Major Development Towards Consensus on Electronic Health Record System Functionality, A White Paper, 2004.
- 32European Committee for Standardization, Technical Committee 251, European Standardization of Health Informatics. Available: http://www.centc251.org/. Accessed November 28, 2005.
- 33CEN/TC 251 ENV 13606-1:1999, Health informatics—Electronic healthcare record communication—Part 1: Extended architecture, 1999.
- 34CEN/TC 251 ENV 13606-2:2000, Health Informatics—Electronic Healthcare Record Communication—Part 2: Domain Termlist, 2000.
- 35CEN/TC 251 ENV 13606-3:2000, Health Informatics—Electronic Healthcare Record Communication—Part 3: Distribution Rules, 2000.
- 36CEN/TC 251, ENV 13606-4:1999, Health Informatics—Electronic Healthcare Record Communication—Part 4: Messages for the Exchange of Information, 1999.
- 37OpenEHR. Available: http://www.openehr.org/. Accessed November 28, 2005.
- 38ISO/TC 215, Health Informatics, Electronic Health Record—Definition, Scope, and Context. Published Standard ISO/TR 20514:2005, October 17, 2005.
- 39CEN/TC 251, ENV 12967-1:1998, Medical Informatics—Healthcare Information Systems Architecture—Part 1: Healthcare Middleware Layer, 1999.
- 40Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise. Available: http://www.ihe.net/. Accessed November 28, 2005.
- 41American College of Cardiology (ACC), Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS), Radiological Society of North America (RSNA), IT Infrastructure Technical Framework—Vol. 1 (ITI TF-1): Integration Profiles, Revision 2.0 Final Text, August 15, 2005.
- 42American College of Cardiology (ACC), Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS), Radiological Society of North America (RSNA), IT Infrastructure Technical Framework—Vol. 2 (ITI TF-2): Transactions, Revision 2.0, Final Text, August 15, 2005.
- 43Institute of Medicine, Committee on Quality of Health Care in America, To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System, November 1, 1999.
- 44E. A. Kerr, E. A. McGlynn, J. Adams, et al. Profiling the quality of care in twelve communities: Results from the CQI study. Health Affairs 2004; 23(3): 247–256.