Cell patterning comprises a set of techniques used to create organized spatial cellular patterns on surfaces. The selectivity of cell attachment is most commonly controlled by using classic and new microfabrication technologies, such as photolithography and soft-lithography, respectively, to create microscale patterns having cell adhesion-specific chemistry and topography. Different surfaces, such as patterns of polymers, proteins, and adhesive-promoting peptides, have been used as well as different planar and profiled geometries. It is also possible to deposit cells directly on surfaces through various “direct write” approaches. The increasing need to produce patterns of cells having in vivo-like functionalities is motivating attempts to build three-dimensional cellular patterns where the interaction of cells with the surrounding environment, including other cells, can be precisely and predictably controlled with micro- and even nano-scale precision.