Hyperfine Spectroscopy – ENDOR
2016 - Volume 5 eMagRes
Volume 5, Issue 4
Jeffrey R. Harmer,
Jeffrey R. Harmer
Center for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorJeffrey R. Harmer,
Jeffrey R. Harmer
Center for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Electron–nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) is a widely used technique to measure the nuclear frequencies of paramagnetic centers in solution, single crystals, and disordered systems such as powders and frozen solutions. This article starts with a theoretical overview of the energy levels and corresponding ENDOR spectra of low- and high-spin systems in the strong and weak coupling regimes. Advantages of high-field ENDOR are considered. The basis of CW ENDOR and triple CW ENDOR is then explained. The important concepts behind pulse ENDOR techniques are then introduced, starting with 1D Davies and 1D Mims ENDOR, triple, and followed by two-dimensional techniques that aim to increase the information content extractable from the data. Methods to determine the sign of the hyperfine coupling are described, as well as the advantages of stochastic RF excitation, nonlinear acquisition schemes, and echo train detection sequences that are designed to increase experiment stability and sensitivity.
References
- 1 G. Feher, Phys. Rev., 1956, 103, 834.
- 2 J. S. Hyde and A. H. Maki, J. Chem. Phys., 1964, 40, 3117.
- 3 J. S. Hyde, J. Chem. Phys., 1965, 43, 1806.
- 4 S. Van Doorslaer and D. M. Murphy, in EPR Spectroscopy: Applications in Chemistry and Biology, eds M. Drescher and G. Jeschke, Springer: Berlin, 2012, Vol. 321, 1.
- 5 B. M. Hoffman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2003, 100, 3575.
- 6 D. Goldfarb, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2006, 8, 2325.
- 7 P. G. Baranov, S. B. Orlinskii, C. d. M. Donega, and J. Schmidt, Appl. Magn. Reson., 2010, 39, 151.
- 8 D. Goldfarb, K. G. Strohmaier, D. E. W. Vaughan, H. Thomann, O. G. Poluektov, and J. Schmidt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 4665.
- 9 S. Van Doorslaer and E. Vinck, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2007, 9, 4620.
- 10 B. M. Hoffman, Acc. Chem. Res., 2003, 36, 522.
- 11 C. Calle, A. Sreekanth, M. V. Fedin, J. Forrer, I. Garcia-Rubio, I. A. Gromov, D. Hinderberger, B. Kasumaj, P. Leger, B. Mancosu, G. Mitrikas, M. G. Santangelo, S. Stoll, A. Schweiger, R. Tschaggelar, and J. Harmer, Helvetica Chimica Acta, 2006, 89, 2495.
- 12 A. Savitsky and K. Moebius, Photosynth. Res., 2009, 102, 311.
- 13 L. Kulik and W. Lubitz, Photosynth. Res., 2009, 102, 391.
- 14 T. Lohmiller, V. Krewald, M. P. Navarro, M. Retegan, L. Rapatskiy, M. M. Nowaczyk, A. Boussac, F. Neese, W. Lubitz, D. A. Pantazis, and N. Cox, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2014, 16, 11877.
- 15 M. Bennati and T. F. Prisner, Rep. Prog. Phys., 2005, 68, 411.
- 16 E. Schleicher and S. Weber, in EPR Spectroscopy: Applications in Chemistry and Biology, eds M. Drescher and G. Jeschke, Springer: Berlin, 2012, Vol. 321, 41.
- 17 D. Goldfarb and D. Arieli, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct., 2004, 33, 441.
- 18 I. Gromov, J. Shane, J. Forrer, R. Rakhmatoullin, Y. Rozentzwaig, and A. Schweiger, J. Magn. Reson., 2001, 149, 196.
- 19 I. Gromov, V. Krymov, P. Manikandan, D. Arieli, and D. Goldfarb, J. Magn. Reson., 1999, 139, 8.
- 20 M. Bennati, C. T. Farrar, J. A. Bryant, S. J. Inati, V. Weis, G. J. Gerfen, P. Riggs-Gelasco, J. Stubbe, and R. G. Griffin, J. Magn. Reson., 1999, 138, 232.
- 21 M. M. Hertel, V. P. Denysenkov, M. Bennati, and T. F. Prisner, Magn. Reson. Chem., 2005, 43, S248.
- 22 A. Schnegg, A. A. Dubinskii, M. R. Fuchs, Y. A. Grishin, E. P. Kirilina, W. Lubitz, M. Plato, A. Savitsky, and K. Mobius, Appl. Magn. Reson., 2007, 31, 59.
- 23 M. Fuhs and K. Mobius, in High Magnetic Fields: Applications in Condensed Matter Physics and Spectroscopy, eds C. Berthier, L. P. Levy and G. Martinez, Springer: Berlin, 2001, Vol. 595, 476.
- 24 O. Grinberg and L. J. Berliner, Very High Frequency (VHF) ESR/EPR, Springer Verlag GMBH: New York, 2004, Vol. 22.
- 25
A. Schweiger and G. Jeschke, Principles of Pulse Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Oxford University Press, Inc.: New York, 2001.
10.1093/oso/9780198506348.001.0001 Google Scholar
- 26 P. P. Zanker, G. Jeschke, and D. Goldfarb, J. Chem. Phys., 2005, 122, 024515.
- 27 S. Stoll and A. Schweiger, J. Magn. Reson., 2006, 178, 42.
- 28 N. M. Atherton and A. J. Horsewill, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2, 1980, 76, 660.
- 29 C. P. Aznar, Y. Deligiannakis, E. J. Tolis, T. Kabanos, M. Brynda, and D. Britt, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2004, 108, 4310.
- 30 C. V. Grant, J. A. Ball, B. J. Hamstra, V. L. Pecoraro, and R. D. Britt, J. Phys. Chem. B, 1998, 102, 8145.
- 31 B. E. Sturgeon, J. A. Ball, D. W. Randall, and R. D. Britt, J. Phys. Chem., 1994, 98, 12871.
- 32 R. Vardi, M. Bernardo, H. Thomann, K. G. Strohmaier, D. E. W. Vaughan, and D. Goldfarb, J. Magn. Reson., 1997, 126, 229.
- 33 A. V. Astashkin and A. M. Raitsimring, J. Chem. Phys., 2002, 117, 6121.
- 34 S. Stoll and R. D. Britt, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2009, 11, 6614.
- 35 A. Abragam and B. Bleaney, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Transition Ions, OUP: Oxford, 1970.
- 36 J. Telser, J. Krzystek, and A. Ozarowski, J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 2014, 19, 297.
- 37 J. M. Peloquin, K. A. Campbell, D. W. Randall, M. A. Evanchik, V. L. Pecoraro, W. H. Armstrong, and R. D. Britt, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2000, 122, 10926.
- 38 A. Bencini and D. Gatteschi, EPR of Exchange Coupled Systems, Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1990.
- 39 J. M. Mouesca, L. Noodleman, D. A. Case, and B. Lamotte, Inorg. Chem., 1995, 34, 4347.
- 40 R. Kappl, M. Ebelshauser, F. Hannemann, R. Bernhardt, and J. Huttermann, Appl. Magn. Reson., 2006, 30, 427.
- 41 R. Kappl, G. Bracic, and J. Huettermann, in High Resolution EPR: Applications to Metalloenzymes and Metals in Medicine, eds G. Hanson and L. Berliner, Springer: New York, 2009, Vol. 28, 63.
- 42 J. A. B. Abdalla, A. M. Bowen, S. G. Bell, L. L. Wong, C. R. Timmel, and J. Harmer, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2012, 14, 6526.
- 43 M. M. Dicus, A. Conlan, R. Nechushtai, P. A. Jennings, M. L. Paddock, R. D. Britt, and S. Stoll, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 2037.
- 44 D. M. Murphy and R. D. Farley, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2006, 35, 249.
- 45 H. I. Lee, R. Y. Igarashi, M. Laryukhin, P. E. Doan, P. C. Dos Santos, D. R. Dean, L. C. Seefeldt, and B. M. Hoffman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 9563.
- 46 J. H. Freed, J. Chem. Phys., 1969, 50, 2271.
- 47 K. P. Dinse, R. Biehl, and K. Mobius, J. Chem. Phys., 1974, 61, 4335.
- 48 R. Biehl, M. Plato, and K. Mobius, J. Chem. Phys., 1975, 63, 3515.
- 49 E. R. Davies, Phys. Lett. A, 1974, 47, 1.
- 50 W. B. Mims, in Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, ed S. Geschwind, Plenum: New York, 1972, 263.
- 51 W. B. Mims, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A Math. Phys. Sci., 1965, 283, 452.
- 52 C. L. Fan, P. E. Doan, C. E. Davoust, and B. M. Hoffman, J. Magn. Reson., 1992, 98, 62.
- 53 C. Bolm, M. Martin, G. Gescheidt, C. Palivan, D. Neshchadin, H. Bertagnolli, M. Feth, A. Schweiger, G. Mitrikas, and J. Harmer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 6222.
- 54 P. E. Doan, N. S. Lees, M. Shanmugam, and B. M. Hoffman, Appl. Magn. Reson., 2010, 37, 763.
- 55 A. V. Astashkin and A. Kawamori, J. Magn. Reson., 1998, 135, 406.
- 56 P. E. Doan and B. M. Hoffman, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1997, 269, 208.
- 57 A. Schweiger, Struct. Bond., 1982, 51, R1.
- 58 M. Mehring, P. Hofer, and A. Grupp, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 1987, 91, 1132.
- 59 A. Potapov, B. Epel, and D. Goldfarb, J. Chem. Phys., 2008, 128, 10.
- 60 B. Epel, D. Arieli, D. Baute, and D. Goldfarb, J. Magn. Reson., 2003, 164, 78.
- 61 C. Gemperle, O. W. Sorensen, A. Schweiger, and R. R. Ernst, J. Magn. Reson., 1990, 87, 502.
- 62 P. Hofer, A. Grupp, and M. Mehring, Phys. Rev. A, 1986, 33, 3519.
- 63 G. Jeschke and A. Schweiger, J. Chem. Phys., 1995, 103, 8329.
- 64 S. Deblon, L. Liesum, J. Harmer, H. Schönberg, A. Schweiger, and H. Grützmacher, Chem. Eur. J., 2002, 8, 601.
- 65 N. Yang, M. Reiher, M. Wang, J. Harmer, and E. C. Duin, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129, 11028.
- 66 D. Goldfarb, B. Epel, H. Zimmermann, and G. Jeschke, J. Magn. Reson., 2004, 168, 75.
- 67 B. Epel and D. Goldfarb, J. Magn. Reson., 2000, 146, 196.
- 68 M. T. Bennebroek and J. Schmidt, J. Magn. Reson., 1997, 128, 199.
- 69 B. Epel, P. Manikandan, P. M. H. Kroneck, and D. Goldfarb, Appl. Magn. Reson., 2001, 21, 287.
- 70 B. Epel, A. Poppl, P. Manikandan, S. Vega, and D. Goldfarb, J. Magn. Reson., 2001, 148, 388.
- 71 F. Mentink-Vigier, A. Collauto, A. Feintuch, I. Kaminker, V. T. Le, and D. Goldfarb, J. Magn. Reson., 2013, 236, 117.
- 72 I. Kaminker, M. Florent, B. Epel, and D. Goldfarb, J. Magn. Reson., 2011, 208, 95.
Citing Literature
Browse other articles of this reference work:
