Chlorethanes and Chloroethylenes
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Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes
Eberhard-Ludwig Dreher, Klaus K. Beutel, John D. Myers, Thomas Lübbe, Shannon Krieger, Lynn H. Pottenger,
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Chlorethanes and Chloroethylenes
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Manfred Rossberg, Wilhelm Lendle, Gerhard Pfleiderer, Adolf Tögel, Eberhard-Ludwig Dreher, Ernst Langer, Heinz Rassaerts, Peter Kleinschmidt, Heinz Strack, Richard Cook, Uwe Beck, Karl-August Lipper, Theodore R. Torkelson, Eckhard Löser, Klaus K. Beutel, Trevor Mann,
Eberhard-Ludwig Dreher, Theodore R. Torkelson,
Klaus K. Beutel,
Theodore R. Torkelson
Dow Chemical, Midland, Michigan, United States, 48674
Search for more papers by this authorEberhard-Ludwig Dreher, Theodore R. Torkelson,
Klaus K. Beutel,
Theodore R. Torkelson
Dow Chemical, Midland, Michigan, United States, 48674
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
The article contains sections titled:
1. |
Chloroethanes |
1.1. |
Monochloroethane |
1.1.1. |
Physical Properties |
1.1.2. |
Chemical Properties |
1.1.3. |
Production |
1.1.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
1.2. |
1,1-Dichloroethane |
1.2.1. |
Physical Properties |
1.2.2. |
Chemical Properties |
1.2.3. |
Production |
1.2.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
1.3. |
1,2-Dichloroethane |
1.3.1. |
Physical Properties |
1.3.2. |
Chemical Properties |
1.3.3. |
Production |
1.3.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
1.4. |
1,1,1-Trichloroethane |
1.4.1. |
Physical Properties |
1.4.2. |
Chemical Properties |
1.4.3. |
Production |
1.4.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
1.5. |
1,1,2-Trichloroethane |
1.5.1. |
Physical Properties |
1.5.2. |
Chemical Properties |
1.5.3. |
Production |
1.5.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
1.6. |
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane |
1.6.1. |
Physical Properties |
1.6.2. |
Chemical Properties |
1.6.3. |
Production |
1.7. |
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane |
1.7.1. |
Physical Properties |
1.7.2. |
Chemical Properties |
1.7.3. |
Production |
1.7.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
1.8. |
Pentachloroethane |
1.8.1. |
Physical Properties |
1.8.2. |
Chemical Properties |
1.8.3. |
Production |
1.8.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
1.9. |
Hexachloroethane |
1.9.1. |
Physical Properties |
1.9.2. |
Chemical Properties |
1.9.3. |
Production |
1.9.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
2. |
Chloroethylenes |
2.1. |
Vinyl Chloride (VCM) |
2.1.1. |
Physical Properties |
2.1.2. |
Chemical Properties |
2.1.3. |
Production |
2.1.3.1. |
Vinyl Chloride from Acetylene |
2.1.3.2. |
Vinyl Chloride from 1,2-Dichloroethane |
2.1.3.3. |
Vinyl Chloride from Ethylene by Direct Routes |
2.1.3.4. |
Vinyl Chloride from Ethane |
2.1.3.5. |
Vinyl Chloride by Other Routes |
2.1.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
2.2. |
1,1-Dichloroethylene (Vinylidene Chloride, VDC) |
2.2.1. |
Physical Properties |
2.2.2. |
Chemical Properties |
2.2.3. |
Production |
2.2.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
2.3. |
1,2-Dichloroethylene |
2.3.1. |
Physical Properties |
2.3.2. |
Chemical Properties |
2.3.3. |
Production |
2.3.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
2.4. |
Trichloroethylene |
2.4.1. |
Physical Properties |
2.4.2. |
Chemical Properties |
2.4.3. |
Production |
2.4.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
2.5. |
Tetrachloroethylene |
2.5.1. |
Physical Properties |
2.5.2. |
Chemical Properties |
2.5.3. |
Production |
2.5.4. |
Uses and Economic Aspects |
3. |
Analysis and Quality Control of Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes |
4. |
Storage and Transportation of Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes |
5. |
Environmental Aspects in the Production of Chloroethanes and Chloroethylenes |
6. |
Toxicology |
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- 156 D. H. R. Barton, J. Chem. Soc. 1949, 148.
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- 158 PPG, US 3 344 197, 1967 (Ch. R. Reiche, J. M. Jackson).
- 159 Toa Gosei Chemical Ind. Co., DE-OS 1 944 212, 1969 (Y. Suzuki, R. Saito); 2 000 424, 1970 (T. Kawaguchi et al.).
- 160 J. C. Martin, E. H. Drew, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 83 (1961) 1232; M. L. Poutsma, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85 (1963) 3511. Y. H. Chua et al., Mech. Chem. Eng. Trans. 7 (1971) 6.
- 161 ICI, GB 1 388 660, 1972 (J. S. Berrie, I. Campbell). Solvay and Cie., DE-OS 2 505 055, 1984.
- 162 Bataafsche Petroleum, GB 627 119, 1947. Shell Development Co., US 2 621 153, 1947 (R. H. Meyer, F. J. F. van der Plas). Toa Gosei Chem. Ind., DE-OS 2 000 424, 1970. Dow Chemical, US 2 174 737, 1963 (G. H. Coleman, G. V. Moore).
- 163 British Celanese Ltd., GB 599 288, 1945 (P. J. Thurman, J. Downing).
- 164 Dow Chemical, US 2 140 549, 1937 (J. H. Reilly).
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- 166 Produits Chimiques Péchiney-Saint-Gobain, FR 1 552 820, 1969 (G. Benaroya, M. Long, F. Lainé); 1 555 518, 1969 (A. Antonini, P. Joffre, F. Lainé). Rhône-Poulenc Ind., US 4 057 592, 1977 (A. Antonini, P. Joffre, F. Lainé).
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- 168 Asahi Kasei Kogyo, FR 1 417 810, 1964. Vulcan Materials Corp., GB 980 983, 1963. Central Glass Co., JP 42–9924, 1965.
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- 184 T. Kawaguchi et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. 62 (1970) 36.
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- 187 Toa Gosei Chem. Ind. Co. Ltd., FR 2 057 604, 1971.
- 188 Produits Chimiques, Péchiney-Saint-Gobain S.A., DE-OS 1 964 552, 1975 (J. C. Strini, Y. Correia); 1 964 551, 1975 (Y. Correia); US 4 148 832, 1979 (Y. Correia); DE-OS 1 817 193, 1975 (Y. Correia, J. C. Strini); 1 817 191, 1975 (Y. Correia, J. C. Strini).
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- 190 Wacker, DE-OS 2 023 455, 1971 (L. Schmidhammer, O. Fruhwirth); 2 320 915, 1974 (L. Schmidhammer, D. Dempf, O. Sommer); 2 239 052, 1974 (S. Nitzsche, L. Schmidhammer).
- 191 Monsanto Chem. Co., US 2 846 484, 1954 (J. E. Fox). Produits Chimiques Péchiney-Saint-Gobain, DE-OS 1 768 485, 1968 (G. du Crest, G. Benaroya, F. Lainé); 1 768 494, 1968 (A. Antonini, P. Joffre, C. Vrillon); 1 768 495, 1968 (A. Antonini, C. Kaziz, G. Wetroff); FR 1 552 825, 1969 (A. Antonini, C. Kaziz, G. Wetroff); 1 552 826, 1969 (A. Antonini, C. Kaziz, G. Wetroff).
- 192 Solvay Cie., FR 1 380 970, 1964.
- 193 Japan Atomic Energy Research Inst., JP 42–13842, 1967.
- 194 Knapsack-Griesheim, GB 749 351, 1954.
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- 197 Wacker, DE 843 843, 1942 (W. Fritz, E. Schaeffer).
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- 199 Kali-Chemie, DE 712 784, 1938 (F. Rüsberg, E. Gruner).
- 200 Du Pont, US 2 440 731, 1948 (W. H. Vining, O. W. Cass).
- 201 Nachr. Chem. Tech. Lab. 29 (1981) 10.
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- 203 D. Hardt et al., Angew. Chem. 94 (1982) 159; Int. Ed. 21 (1982) 174.
- 204 E. Sanhueza et al., Chem. Rev. 75 (1976) 801.
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- 210 Société Belge de l'Azote, GB 954 791, 1959 (F. F. A. Braconier, H. Le Bihan).
- 211 Chemische Werke Hüls AG, GB 709 604, 1957; BASF, GB 769 773, 1955; Produits Chimiques de Péchiney-Saint-Gobain, FR 1 361 884, 1963 (F. Lainé, C. Kaziz, G. Wetroff).
- 212 Knapsack AG, DE-OS 2 053 337, 1972 (A. Lauke).
- 213 F. J. Gattys-Verfahrenstechnik GmbH, DE-OS 2 646 129, 1979 (F. J. Gattys).
- 214 D. H. R. Barton, M. Mugdan, J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 69 (1950) 75; F. Patat, P. Weidlich, Helv. Chim. Acta 32 (1949) 783.
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- 217 VEB Chemische Werke Buna, DD 159 985, 1981 (J. Glietsch et al.).
- 218 VEB Chemiefaserwerk Friedrich Engels, DD 150 880, 1981 (H. E. Steglich et al.); 200 017, 1983 (H. E. Steglich et al.); VEB Chemische Werke Buna, DD 126 454, 1977 (G. Henke); 132 711, 1978 (H. Stolze et al.); 149 212, 1981 (J. Glietsch, W. Linke).
- 219 Marathon Oil Co., GB 1 138 669, 1969.
- 220 Monsanto, GB 600 785, 1945; US 757 661, 1954.
- 221 Air Reduction Co., US 2 448 110, 1946 (H. S. Miller).
- 222 Gevaert Photo Production N.V., GB 655 424, 1947.
- 223 Gevaert Photo Production N.V., GB 643 743, 1947.
- 224 Wacker, DE-OS 1 277 845, 1968 (O. Fruhwirth, H. Kainzmeier).
- 225 VEB Chemische Werke Buna, DD 139 976, 1980 (R. Adler et al.).
- 226 Hoechst, DE 2 558 871, 1984 (W. Gerhardt, H. Scholz).
- 227 VEB Chemische Werke Buna, DD 139 975, 1980 (K. Hartwig et al.); 143 367, 1980 (K. Hartwig et al.).
- 228 Chemische Werke Hüls AG, DE 1 205 705, 1964 (W. Knepper, G. Höckele); DE-OS 2 054 102, 1970 (H. Maiwald, G. Höckele, H. Sauer).
- 229 H. Bremer et al., DD 84 182, 1971.
- 230 Institut für Chemieanlagen, FR 1 441 148, 1966; DD 51 850, 1968 (K. Roland, C. Gerber, G. Voigt).
- 231 Institut für Chemieanlagen, GB 1 174 147, 1969; FR 1 553 573, 1968; DD 60 303, 1968 (K. Roland).
- 232 Institut für Chemieanlagen, DD 50 593, 1966 (K. Roland); DE 1 260 416, 1968 (K. Roland).
- 233 Grupul Industrial de Petrochimie Borzesti, FR 7 202 582, 1972 (T. Has et al.); Knapsack AG, DE-OS 1 254 143, 1967 (G. Rechmeyer, A. Jacobowsky).
- 234 Kureha Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha, GB 1 149 798, 1969; FR 1 558 893, 1968. Japan Gas-Chemical Co. Inc., FR 1 465 296, 1967.
- 235 Solvay and Cie., BE 698 555, 1967; US 3 506 727 (J. Mulders).
- 236 N. L. Volodin et al., DE-OS 2 026 429, 1975; US 4 014 947, 1977; FR 2 045 822, 1971.
- 237 B. J. Pope, US 3 864 409, 1975.
- 238 S. Gomi, Hydrocarbon Process. 43 (1964) 165; K. Washimi, M. A. Kura, Chem. Eng. (N.Y.) 73 (1966) no. 10, 133; no. 11, 121; Y. Onoue, K. Sakurayama, Chem. Econ. Eng. Rev. 4 (1969) 17.
- 239 F. J. Gattys Ingenieurbüro, DE-OS 2 820 776, 1980 (F. J. Gattys); DE 2 905 572, 1983 (F. J. Gattys).
- 240 H. J. Pettelkau, DE 3 007 634, 1982.
- 241 K. E. Howlett, Trans. Faraday Soc. 48 (1952) 25; L. K. Doraiswamy et al., Br. Chem. Eng. 5 (1960) 618; G. A. Kapralova, N. N. Semenov, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 37 (1963) 73; P. G. Ashmore et al., J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1 1982, 657.
- 242 Chemische Werke Hüls AG, DE-OS 2 130 297, 1975 (G. Scharein, J. Gaube).
- 243 E. V. Sonin et al., FR 2 082 004, 1971; GB 1 225 210, 1969; DE 1 953 240, 1984.
- 244 Allied, DE-OS 2 319 646, 1973 (B. E. Kurtz et al.).
- 245 BASF, DE-OS 2 349 838, 1974 (G. Krome).
- 246 BP Chemicals Intern. Ltd., GB 1 337 326, 1973 (N. F. Chisholm).
- 247 BP Chemicals Ltd., FR 2 099 466, 1972 (D. P. Young); DE-OS 2 135 248, 1972 (D. P. Young); US 3 896 182, 1975.
- 248 Mitsui Chem. Ind., JP 42 22921, 1967.
- 249 BP Chemicals Ltd., GB 1 494 797, 1977 (R. W. Rae, W. F. Fry).
- 250 Magyar Asvanyolaj es Földgaz Kiserleti Intezet, DE-OS 2 223 011, 1973 (L. Szepesy et al.); 2 225 656, 1973 (I. Vendel et al.); Hoechst, NL 7 503 850, 1974; Knapsack AG, DE-OS 2 313 037, 1974 (G. Rechmeier, W. Mittler, R. Wesselmann); B. F. Goodrich Co., GB 938 824, 1961.
- 251 BASF, DE-OS 3 147 310, 1973 (W. Hebgen et al.).
- 252 Hoechst, DE-OS 2 907 066, 1980 (A. Czekay et al.); 3 013 017, 1981 (R. Krumböck et al.); Hoechst and Uhde GmbH/Hoechst AG, EP 14 920, 1980 (A. Czekay et al.); 21 381, 1980 (G. Link et al.).
- 253 Halcon Intern. Inc., FR 1 505 735, 1967 (B. J. Ozero); Knapsack AG, NL 6 612 668, 1967; Knapsack AG, DE-OS 1 250 426, 1966 (H. Krekeler et al.); 1 910 854, 1972 (G. Rechmeier, A. Jacobowsky, P. Wirtz); The Lummus Co., DE-OS 2 501 186, 1975 (R. Long, H. Unger); Hoechst AG, DE 3 024 156, 1983 (A. Czekay et al.); BASF, DE-OS 3 140 892, 1983 (W. Hebgen et al.).
- 254 Hoechst, GB 2 054 574, 1981 (J. Riedl, W. Fröhlich, E. Mittermaier).
- 255 PPG, NL 6 613 177, 1967; BASF, DE 3 219 352, 1984 (E. Birnbaum, E. Palme).
- 256 Solvay and Cie., BE 746 270, 1970; DE-OS 1 288 594, 1969 (G. Coppens); 2 101 464, 1971 (G. Coppens).
- 257 Knapsack AG, DE-OS 1 959 211, 1971 (P. Wirtz et al.); Kanegafuchi Kagaku Kogyo K.K., DE-OS 2 426 514, 1975 (T. Ohishi, N. Yoshida, T. Hino); Allied, NL 7 711 904, 1977; Wacker, DE-OS 2 754 891, 1979 (L. Schmidhammer, H. Frey); BASF, 2 307 376, 1974 (G. Krome); Dynamit Nobel AG, DE 3 135 242, 1984; (R. Stephan et al.); BASF, DE-OS 3 140 447, 1983 (W. Hebgen et al.).
- 258 ICI, GB 1 405 714, 1975; Wacker, DE-OS 3 009 520, 1981 (L. Schmidhammer, R. Straßer); Solvay and Cie., EP 101 127, 1983 (A. Closon).
- 259 Deutsche Gold- und Silberschmiedeanstalt, DE-OS 2 438 153, 1976 (G. Vollheim et al.).
- 260 Solvay and Cie, FR 1 602 522, 1970; US 3 801 660, 1974 (G. Coppens).
- 261 Dow Chemical, US 3 723 550, 1973 (R. T. McFadden).
- 262 Monsanto, US 3 125 607, 1964 (H. M. Keating, P. D. Montgomery); Hoechst, DE-OS 2 903 640, 1980 (G. Rechmeier, U. Roesnik, H. Scholz).
- 263 Monsanto, US 3 142 709, 1964 (E. H. Gause, P. D. Montgomery).
- 264 Monsanto, US 3 125 608, 1964 (D. W. McDonald).
- 265 Continental Oil Co., US 3 830 859, 1974 (R. Gordon et al.).
- 266 VEB Chemische Werke Buna, DD 143 368, 1980 (H. Hauthal et al.).
- 267 Rhône-Progil S.A., DE-OS 2 429 273, 1976 (Y. Correia, J.- C. Lanet).
- 268 Rhône-Progil, FR 2 241 519, 1973 (Y. Correia, J.-C. Lanet).
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- 272 Continental Oil Co., US 3 917 728, 1975 (R. D. Gordon).
- 273 Hydrocarbon Process. 44 (1965) 290.
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- 275 Wacker, DE-OS 2 156 943, 1973 (O. Fruhwirth, L. Schmidhammer, H. Kainzmeier).
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- 279 B. F. Goodrich Co., EP 0 002 021, 1979 (A. J. Magistro).
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- 283 M. Sittig: Vinyl Chloride and PVC Manufacture, Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, New York 1978.
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- 286 Montecatini S.G., IT 761 015, 1967 (M. Mugero, M. Boriningo).
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- 288 Badger Co. Inc, DE-OS 2 629 461, 1978 (H. R. Sheely, F. F. Oricchio, D. C. Ferrari). Pullmann Inc., GB 1 177 971, 1970 (B. E. Firnhaber).
- 289 Ethyl Corp., US 2 681 372, 1951 (P. W. Trotter); Hoechst, DE 1 003 701, 1954; National Distillers, US 2 896 000, 1955 (F. D. Miller, D. P. Jenks); Société Belge de l'Azote, GB 889 177, 1959 (P. J. Leroux, F. F. A. Braconier); ESSO Research and Engin. Co., FR 1 344 322, 1962 (J.-M. Guilhaumou, M. Prillieux, P. Verrier); S. Tsutsumi, GB 956 657, 1962; Union Carbide, FR 1 385 179, 1964; Toyo Koatsu Ind., BE 637 573, 1963; 658 457, 1965 (T. Takahashi et al.).
- 290 ESSO Research and Engin Co., US 3 670 037, 1972 (J. J. Dugan); ICI, DE-OS 2 837 514, 1979 (J. D. Scott); Shell Intern. Research, NL 6 611 699, 1968; Allied, US 4 039 596, 1977 (W. M. Pieters, E. J. Carlson); Du Pont, US 2 308 489, 1940 (O. W. Cass); ICI, FR 1 330 367, 1962; 1 359 016, 1963; Hoechst, BE 662 098, 1965; Osaka Kinzoku Kogyo, US 3 267 161, 1963 (R. Ukaji et al.).
- 291 ICI, DE-OS 1 277 243, 1968 (B. Hancock, L. McGinty, I. McMillan).
- 292 Diamond Shamrock Corp., US 4 115 323, 1978 (M. F. Lemanski, F. C. Leitert, C. G. Vinson, Jr.
- 293 Hoechst, DE-OS 1 931 393, 1971 (H. Krekeler, H. Kuckertz); British Petroleum Co. Ltd., DE-OS 1 907 764, 1972 (G. H. Ludwig); GB 1 213 402, 1970 (G. H. Ludwig); Marathon Oil Co., US 3 501 539, (D. H. Olson, G. M. Bailey).
- 294 Produits Chimiques Péchiney-Saint-Gobain, FR 1 552 849, 1969 (A. Antonini, G. Stahl, C. Vrillon).
- 295 British Petroleum Co. Ltd., DE-OS 2 540 067, 1976 (J. L. Barclay). B. F. Goodrich Co., DE-OS 2 613 561, 1976 (W. J. Kroenke, P. P. Nicholas); US 4 100 211, 1978 (A. J. Magistro); 4 102 935, 1978 (W. J. Kroenke, R. T. Carroll, A. J. Magistro); 4 102 936, 1978 (A. J. Magistro); 4 119 570, 1978 (W. J. Kroenke, P. P. Nicholas); CA 1 096 406, 1981 (A. J. Magistro). Monsanto, DE-OS 2 852 036, 1979 (T. P. Li); CA 1 111 454, 1981 (T. P. Li). ICI, GB 2 095 242, 1982 (D. R. Pyke, R. Reid); 2 095 245, 1982 (D. R. Pyke, R. Reid); DE-OS 3 226 028, 1983 (D. R. Pyke, R. Reid).
- 296 Owens-Illinois Inc., US 4 042 639, 1977 (T. H. Gordon, H. F. Kummerle); Princeton Chemical Research Inc., FR 1 595 619, 1970 (N. W. Frisch, R. I. Bergmann).
- 297 O. A. Zaidman et al., DE-OS 2 853 008, 1980; GB 2 036 718, 1980.
- 298 Princeton Chemical Research Inc., DE-OS 1 806 036, 1969 (R. I. Bergmann); Produits Chimiques Péchiney-Saint-Gobain, US 3 923 913, 1975 (A. Antonini et al.).
- 299 Monsanto, NL 6 515 252, 1966.
- 300 Ethyl Corp., US 3 658 933, 1972 (W. Q. Beard, Jr. 3 658 934, 1972 (W. Q. Beard, Jr. 3 629 354, 1971 (W. Q. Beard, Jr.
- 301 The Lummus Co., DE-OS 1 693 042, 1974 (H. Riegel); 1 812 993, 1974 (H. Riegel, H. Schindler); 1 952 780, 1970 (H. Riegel et al.); 2 230 259, 1973 (H. Riegel); 2 314 786, 1973 (U. Tsao); 2 335 949, 1974 (H. Riegel et al.); 2 336 497, 1974 (H. D. Schindler et al.); 2 509 966, 1975 (H. Riegel); 2 536 286, 1976 (U. Tsao); US 3 920 764, 1975; (H. Riegel et al.); 3 935 288, 1976 (H. Riegel); 3 937 744, 1976 (H. Riegel); 3 796 641, 1974 (H. Riegel et al.); FR 1 574 064, 1969 (M. C. Sze); 1 574 705, 1969 (H. Riegel); 1 576 909, 1969 (H. Riegel, H. D. Schindler); 1 577 105, 1969 (H. Riegel); GB 1 258 750, 1971.
- 302 Ethyl Corp., US 2 838 579, 1954 (F. Conrad, M. L. Gould, C. M. Neher); Monsanto, US 3 166 601, 1961 (K. M. Taylor); Du Pont, US 3 234 295, 1961 (J. W. Sprauer, S. Heights).
- 303 PPG, GB 996 323, 1962 (W. K. Snead, R. H. Chandley); 998 689, 1965; FR 1 341 711, 1962 (A. C. Ellsworth); Princeton Chemical Research Inc., DE-OS 1 929 062, 1969 (N. W. Frisch); The British Petroleum Co. Ltd., DE-OS 2 006 262, 1971 (G. H. Ludwig).
- 304 Ethyl Corp., US 2 765 349–352, 1955 (F. Conrad); 2 803 677 1955 (C. M. Neher, J. H. Dunn); 2 803 678–680 1955 (F. Conrad).
- 305 Air Reduction Co. Inc., US 3 506 552, 1970 (J. P. Russell).
- 306 Allied, US 4 155 941, 1979 (H. E. Nychka, R. E. Eibeck).
- 307 PCUK Produits Chimiques Ugine Kuhlmann, FR 2 529 883, 1982 (G. A. Olah).
- 308 ICI, EP 15 665, 1980 (C. S. Allen).
- 309 PPG, GB 2 121 793, 1982 (D. R. Nielsen).
- 310 Central Glass Co. Ltd., DE 2 818 066, 1982 (K. Yagii, H. Oshio).
- 311 Amer., US 3 558 453, 1971 (J. S. Mayell).
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- 323 ICI, GB 1 453 509, 1976 (I. S. McColl, A. C. P. Pugh, G. A. Thompson).
- 324 Detrex Chemical Industries Inc., US 3 725 486, 1973 (W. L. McCracken et al.).
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- 327 S. A. Devinter, FR 2 131 896, 1973.
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- 330 Dow Chemical, US 3 984 489, 1976 (R. F. Mogford).
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- 352 Asahi-Dow Ltd., JP 56/57721, 1981.
- 353 ICI, DE-OS 2 850 807, 1979 (J. D. Wild).
- 354 Dow Chemical, US 3 726 932, 1973 (C. R. Mullin, D. J. Perettie).
- 355 Dow Chemical, US 3 654 358, 1977 (G. C. Jeffrey).
- 356 Donau-Chemie, AT 162 391, 1947.
- 357 Knapsack-Griesheim AG, DE 969 191, 1952 (A. Jacobowsky, K. Sennewald); DE-OS 1 011 414, 1953 (A. Jacobowsky, K. Sennewald); Péchiney, US 3 197 515, 1962 (P. Chassaing, G. Clerc).
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- 365 Donau-Chemie AG, AT 191 859, 1957 (L. Gavanda, A. F. Orlicek); ICI, GB 697 482, 1951 (R. T. Foster, S. W. Frankish).
- 366 The Distillers Co., US 2 378 859, 1942 (M. Mugdan, D. H. R. Barton).
- 367 Du Pont, US 3 388 176, 1968 (J. L. Sheard); 3 388 177, 1968 (L. J. Todd).
- 368 Produits Chimiques Péchiney-Saint-Gobain, DE-OS 2 008 002, 1975 (R. Clair, Y. Correia); Toa Gosei Chem. Ind., DE-OS 1 943 614, 1969 (T. Kawaguchi et al.).
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- 371 Detrex Chemical Ind. Inc., US 3 691 240, 1972 (C. E. Kirchner, D. R. McAllister, D. L. Brothers).
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- 373 Diamond Shamrock Corp., DE-OS 2 061 508, 1970 (J. J. Lukes, R. J. Koll).
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- 377 Allied, BE 841 998, 1976.
- 378 Dow Chemical, US 4 105 702, 1978 (C. R. Mullin, D. J. Perettie).
- 379 Wacker, DE-OS 2 819 209, 1979 (W. Mack et al.).
- 380 Wacker, EP 59 251, 1984 (K. Blum, W. Mack, R. Strasser).
- 381 Dow Chemical, FR 1 508 863, 1967 (S. G. Levy).
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- 387 FMC, ZA 715 781, 1970 (J. S. Sproul et al.).
- 388 Rhône-Progil, FR 2 260 551, 1974 (J.-C. Strini); FMC, ZA 715 780, 1970 (J. S. Sproul, B. R. Marx).
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- 416 The B. F. Goodrich Co., DE-OS 2 531 981, 1976; 2 532 027, 1976 (J. S. Eden); 2 532 043, 1976; 2 532 052, 1976; 2 532 075, 1976.
- 417 Chemische Werke Hüls AG, DE 1 246 701, 1961.
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Further Reading
-
J. Boer (ed.):
Chlorinated Paraffins,
Springer,
Berlin Heidelberg
2010.
10.1007/978-3-642-10761-0 Google Scholar
- G. Kreysa, M. Schütze (eds.): Corrosion Handbook, 2nd ed., DECHEMA/Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2009.
-
K. A. Marshall:
Chlorocarbons and Chlorohydrocarbons, Survey,
Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,
5th edition,
John Wiley & Sons,
Hoboken, NJ,
online DOI: 10.1002/0471238961.1921182218050504.a01.pub2.
10.1002/0471238961.1921182218050504.a01.pub2 Google Scholar
- R. A. Meyers, D. K. Dittrick (eds.): Encyclopedia of Environmental Pollution and Cleanup, Wiley, New York 1999.
-
P. Patnaik (ed.):
A Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances,
3rd ed.,
Wiley,
Hoboken, NJ
2007.
10.1002/9780470134955 Google Scholar
- C. E. Wilkes, J. W. Summers, C. A. Daniels (eds.): PVC Handbook, Hanser Gardner, Cincinnati, OH 2005.
