Liquid–Liquid Extraction
Abstract
The article contains sections titled:
| 1 | Fundamentals and Fields of Application |
| 2 | Thermodynamic Fundamentals |
| 2.1 | Graphic Representation of Phase Equilibria |
| 2.1.1 | Triangular Diagrams |
| 2.1.2 | Other Graphic Representations |
| 2.2 | Measuring Methods of Phase Equilibria |
| 2.3 | Correlation of Phase Equilibria |
| 2.4 | Selection of Solvent |
| 2.5 | Determination of Mass-Transfer Performance |
| 2.5.1 | Specific Methods for Determining the Number of Theoretical Stages |
| 2.5.2 | Determining Equipment Behavior Based on Drop-Population Balances |
| 2.5.3 | Evaluation of Stage-Number Calculation for Process Design |
| 3 | Apparatus |
| 3.1 | Survey |
| 3.1.1 | Columns Without Energy Input |
| 3.1.2 | Pulsed Columns |
| 3.1.3 | Columns with Rotating Internals |
| 3.1.4 | Mixer-settlers |
| 3.1.5 | Centrifugal Extractors |
| 3.2 | Fluid-Dynamic Fundamentals |
| 3.2.1 | Problems and Process Strategy |
| 3.2.2 | Operating Characteristics of Pulsed Columns and Columns with Rotating Internals |
| 3.2.3 | Fluid-Dynamic Calculation Methods |
| 3.3 | Apparatus Design |
| 3.3.1 | Internals and Operating Conditions |
| 3.3.2 | Column Diameter |
| 3.3.3 | Column Height |
| 3.4 | Criteria for Equipment Selection |
| 4 | Phase-Separation Equipment |
| 4.1 | Gravity Settlers Without Internals |
| 4.2 | Settlers with Coalescing Aids |
| 4.3 | Problems of Phase Separation |
| 5 | Liquid–Liquid Extraction Processes |
| 5.1 | General |
| 5.2 | Combined Processes of Extraction and Distillation |
| 5.3 | Reactive Extraction |
| 5.3.1 | Introduction |
| 5.3.2 | Extraction Mechanism of Different Types of Solvents |
| 5.3.3 | Diluents and Modifiers |
| 5.3.4 | Uses |
| 5.3.5 | Reaction-Equilibrium Fundamentals |
| 5.3.6 | Setting up an Extraction System |
| Acknowledgment | |
| References |
