Skin Cosmetics

1.	Introduction
1.1.	Cosmetics and the Skin
1.2.	The Function of Skin Cosmetics
1.3.	History
2.	Product Development
2.1.	Choice of Raw Materials
2.2.	Tests for Stability and Effectiveness
3.	Emulsions
3.1.	Introduction and Definition
3.2.	Composition and Classification
3.2.1.	Emulsifiers
3.2.2.	Lipophilic Constituents
3.2.3.	Hydrophilic Constituents
3.2.4.	Additives
3.2.5.	Special Ingredients
3.3.	PIT-Emulsions
3.3.1.	General Introduction and Definition
3.3.2.	Phase Behavior of Oil - Surfactant - Water Systems
3.3.3.	Influence of Temperature on the Phase Behavior of an Emulsion
3.3.4.	Effects of Formulation Variables on Phase Inversion Temperature
3.3.5.	Nature of the Phase Inversion Area
3.3.6.	Physicochemical Characterization of the Phase Inversion Temperature
3.3.6.1.	Electrical Conductivity Measurement
3.3.6.2.	Interfacial Tension Measurement
3.3.7.	Emulsification Production Process and Emulsification Routes
3.3.8.	CAPICO Method (Calculation of Phase Inversion in Concentrates)
3.3.9.	Applications
3.4.	Stability and Product Safety
3.5.	Cosmetic Properties
3.6.	Production
4.	Gels
4.1.	Lipogels
4.2.	Hydrogels
4.2.1.	Polymer Gels
4.2.2.	Hydrodispersion Gels
4.3.	Lecithin Organogels
4.4.	Gel-Emulsions
4.5.	Surfactant Gels/Detergent Gels
4.6.	Microemulsion Gels
4.7.	Water-in-Silicon Oil Gels
5.	Oils
5.1.	Ingredients
5.2.	Production
6.	Lipsticks
6.1.	Lip Protection
6.2.	Composition
6.3.	Testing
6.4.	Production
7.	Shower and Bath Preparations
7.1.	Composition
7.1.1.	Surfactants
7.1.2.	Auxiliaries
7.2.	Product Forms and Types
7.3.	Production
8.	Deodorants and Antiperspirants
8.1.	Composition
8.2.	Application Forms
8.3.	Testing
8.4.	Production
9.	Body Powders
10.	Decorative Body Agents, Cosmetics, and Makeup
10.1.	Types of Decorative Cosmetics
10.2.	Colorants
10.3.	Production
11.	Sunscreens
11.1.	Composition
11.2.	Evaluation
11.3.	Effectiveness and Production
11.4.	Toxicology and Environmental Protection
12.	Stability Testing
12.1.	Storage Conditions
12.2.	Test Methods
13.	In Vitro Compatibility Testing
13.1.	Introduction
13.2.	Test Methods
14.	Economic Aspects
15.	Legal Aspects

References

1 G. F. Odland in L. A. Goldsmith (ed.): Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the Skin, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford 1991, pp. 3 – 62.
Google Scholar
2 P. W. Wertz, D. T. Downing in L. A. Goldsmith (ed.): Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the Skin, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford 1991, pp. 205 – 236.
Google Scholar
3 D. T. Downing et al., J. Invest. Dermatol. 88 (1987) 2 s – 6 s.
10.1038/jid.1987.2
CAS Google Scholar
4 P. M. Elias, Drug. Dev. Res. 13 (1988) 97 – 105.
10.1002/ddr.430130203
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
5 H. E. Jass, P. M. Elias, Cosmet. Toiletries 106 (1991) no. 10, 47 – 53.
CAS Google Scholar
6 G. Imokawa, H. Kuno, M. Kawai, J. Invest. Dermatol. 96 (1991) 845 – 851.
10.1111/1523-1747.ep12474562
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
7 D. T. Downing, Cosmet. Toiletries 106 (1991) no. 12, 63 – 69.
CAS Google Scholar
8 F. E. Wall in M. S. Balsam et al. (eds.): Cosmetics Science & Technology, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J. Wiley & Sons, New York 1974, pp. 37 – 161.
Google Scholar
9 J. M. Nikitakis, G. N. McEwen, J. A. Wenninger (eds.): International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary, 4th ed., The Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association, Washington, DC, 1991.
Google Scholar
10 C. Fox, Cosmet. Toiletries 108 (1993) no. 8, 47 – 65.
Google Scholar
11 T. Mitsui, Y. Kanda, Cosmet. Toiletries 106 (1991) no. 9, 73 – 81.
Google Scholar
12 P. A. Geis, Dev. Ind. Microbiol. 29 (1988) 305 – 315.
CAS Google Scholar
13 J. J. Kabara: “Cosmetic and Drug Preservation, Principles and Practice,” in E. Jungermann (ed): Cosmetic Science and Technology Series, Marcel Dekker, New York 1984.
Google Scholar
14 H. Stone, J. L. Sidel, Cosmet. Toiletries 101 (1986) no. 3, 45 – 50.
Google Scholar
15 T. M. Kajs, V. Garstein, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 42 (1991) no. 4, 249 – 271.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
16 V. Rogiers, M. P. Derde, G. Verleye, D. Roseeuw, Cosmet. Toiletries 105 (1990) no. 10, 73 – 82.
Google Scholar
17 U. Hoppe, G. Sauermann, R. Lunderstädt, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 36 (1985) 105 – 123.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
18 G. E. Nilsson, Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 15 (1977) 209 – 218.
10.1007/BF02441040
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
19 J. Pinnagoda, R. A. Tupker, T. Agner, J. Serup, Contact Dermatitis 22 (1990) 164 – 178.
10.1111/j.1600-0536.1990.tb01553.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
20 P. H. List: Arzneiformenlehre, 4th ed., Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1985.
Google Scholar
21 A. K. Reng, J. M. Quack: “Rezeptierung kosmetischer Emulsionen mit speziellen anwendungstechnischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften,” Parfüm. Kosmet. 66 (1985) no. 3, 139 ff.
Google Scholar
22 G. M. Eccelston in J. Swarbrick, J. C. Boylan (eds.): Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, vol. 5, Marcel Dekker, New York 1992, pp. 137 – 188
Google Scholar
23 P. Walstra in P. Becher (ed.): Encyclopedia of Emulsion Technology, vol. 1, Marcel Dekker, New York 1983, pp. 57 – 127.
Google Scholar
24 S. E. Friberg, M. L. Hilton, L. B. Goldsmith, Cosmet. Toiletries 102 (1987) no. 2, 87 – 98.
CAS Google Scholar
25 M. M. Breuer in P. Becher (ed.): Encyclopedia of Emulsion Technology, vol. 3, Marcel Dekker, New York 1983, pp. 385 – 424.
Google Scholar
26 A. Martin, J. Swarbrick, A. Cammarata: Physikalische Pharmazie, Methoden der Arzneibereitung – Ihre physikalischen und physikalisch-chemischen Grundlagen, 2nd ed., Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1980.
Google Scholar
27 R. G. Harry (ed.): Harry's Cosmeticology, 7th ed., Leonard Hill Books, London 1982, pp. 50 – 73.
Google Scholar
28 H. N. Bhargava, Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 13 (1987) no. 13, 2363 – 2387.
10.3109/03639048709020592
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
29 W. C. Griffin, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 1 (1949) 311 –326.
Google Scholar
30 W. C. Griffin, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 5 (1954) 249 –256.
Google Scholar
31 K. Shinoda, H. Kunieda in P. Becher (ed.): Encyclopedia of Emulsion Technology, vol. 1, Marcel Dekker, New York 1983, pp. 337 – 367.
Google Scholar
32 M. W. Steed in R. G. Harry (ed.): Harry's Cosmeticology, 6th ed., Leonard Hill Books, London 1973, pp. 691 – 726.
Google Scholar
33 W. C. Griffin in M. S. Balsam, E. Sagarin (eds.): Cosmetic Science and Technology, 2nd ed., vol. 3, Wiley Interscience, New York 1974, pp. 573 – 629.
Google Scholar
34 G. Padberg, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 23 (1972) 271 – 279
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
35 C. Fox, Cosmet. Toiletries 102 (1987) no. 6, 27 – 48.
CAS Google Scholar
36 P. Mayer, W. Pittermall, S. Wallat, Cosmet. Toiletries 108 (1993) no. 2, 99 – 109.
CAS Google Scholar
37 O. Braum-Falco, H. C. Korting, H. J. Maibach (eds.): Liposome Dermatics, Springer Verlag, Berlin 1992.
10.1007/978-3-642-48391-2
Google Scholar
38 A. Huc, C. Bufferaut, E. Perrier, Seifen, Öle, Fette, Wachse 118 (1992) no. 18, 1147 – 1149.
CAS Google Scholar
39 T. Förster, W. von Rybinski, A. Wadle, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 58 (1995) 119 – 149.
10.1016/0001-8686(95)00247-N
Web of Science® Google Scholar
40 M. Kahlweit, R. Strey, Angew. Chem. 97 (1985) 655 – 669.
10.1002/ange.19850970806
CAS Google Scholar
41 M. Kahlweit, Tenside Surf. Det. 30 (1992) 83 – 89.
Google Scholar
42 T. Förster, F. Schambil, H. Tesmann, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 12 (1990) 217 – 227.
10.1111/j.1467-2494.1990.tb00537.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
43 A. Wadle, T. Förster, W. von Rybinski, Colloids and Surf. A 76 (1993) 51 – 57.
10.1016/0927-7757(93)80060-R
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
44 R. Hofmann, T. Förster, W. von Rybinski, A. Wadle, Progr. Colloid Polym. Sci. 98 (1995) 106 – 110.
10.1007/BFb0115218
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
45 F. Schambil, F. Jost, M. J. Schwuger, Progr. Colloid Polym. Sci. 73 (1987) 37 – 47.
10.1007/3-798-50724-4_61
CAS Google Scholar
46 T. Förster, F. Schambil, W. von Rybinski, J. Disp. Sci. Technol. 13 (1992) no. 2, 183 – 193.
10.1080/01932699208943306
Web of Science® Google Scholar
47 T. Förster, H. Tesmann, Cosmetics & Toil. 106 (1991) 49 – 52.
Google Scholar
48 T. Förster, W. von Rybinski, H. Tesmann, Int. J. Cosm. Sci. 16 (1994) 84 – 92.
10.1111/j.1467-2494.1994.tb00086.x
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
49 A. Ansmann, R. Kawa, E. Prat, A. Wadle, SÖFW 120 (1994) 158 – 161.
Google Scholar
50 A. Wadle, A. Ansmann, B. Jackwerth, H. Tesmann, Parfuem. Kosmet. 77 (1996) 250 – 254.
CAS Google Scholar
51 H. Stone, J. L. Sidel, Cosmet. Toiletries 101 (1986) no. 3, 45 – 50.
Google Scholar
52 G. V. Civilli, C. A. Dus, Cosmet. Toiletries 106 (1991) no. 5, 83 – 88.
Google Scholar
53 P. G. I. Lauffer in R. G. Harry (ed.): Harry's Cosmeticology, 7th ed., Leonard Hill Books, London 1982, pp. 757 – 799.
Google Scholar
54 L. Träger: Chemie in der Kosmetik, 2nd ed., Hüthig Verlag, Heidelberg 1989, pp. 46.
Google Scholar
55 R. Y. Lochhead: “Encyclopedia of Polymers and Thickeners for Cometics,” Cosmet. Toiletries, 103 (1988) 12.
Google Scholar
56 B. W. Müller: “Kieselsäure und Silicate”, in Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4th ed., vol. VII B, Springer Verlag, Berlin 1977, pp. 232 ff.
Google Scholar
57 Chr. Verder: “Betonit – flüssige Stützwand aus Kristallen,” Bild Wiss. 12 (1975) 50.
Google Scholar
58 U. Hofmann: “Aus der Chemie der hochquellfähigen Tone (Bentonite),” Angew. Chem. 68 (1956) 53.
10.1002/ange.19560680202
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
59 L. Grosse: Cellulose und Cellulosederivate, Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4th ed., vol. VII B, Springer Verlag, Berlin 1977, pp. 54 ff.
Google Scholar
60 P. H. List: Polyacrylate, Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4th ed., vol. VII B, Springer Verlag, Berlin 1977, pp. 398 ff.
Google Scholar
61 K. Schöffling: “Glasklar gequollen,” (Hydrogele und hydrophile Gelbildner), PTA Heute 4 (1990).
Google Scholar
62 K.-D. Bremecker, K. Seidel, A. Böhner: “Polyacrylatgele,” Dtsch. Apoth. Z. 130 (1990) no. 8.
CAS Google Scholar
63 H. Drs. Meijer: “Tenside und Wasser,” Seifen, Öle, Fette, Wachse 116 (1990) no. 7.
Google Scholar
64 Prof. Dr. E. Nürnberg, N. Pollinger: “Transparente Tensidgele,” Tenside Deterg. 23 (1986) 1.
Google Scholar
65 K. Schrader: Grundlagen und Rezepturen der Kosmetika, 2nd ed., Hüthig Verlag, Heidelberg 1989.
Google Scholar
66 H. Fey, J. Otte: Wörterbuch der Kosmetik, 3rd ed., Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1991.
Google Scholar
67 R. L. Diamond, W. Montagna, Arch. Dermatol. 112 (1976) 1235 – 1244.
10.1001/archderm.112.9.1235
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
68 C. Zugerman, Cutis 38 (1986) 116 – 120.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
69 S. Romm, Clin. Plast. Surg. 11 (1984) no. 4, 571 – 581.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
70 A. C. Deweck, Cosmet. Toiletries 96 (1981) no. 1, 29 – 32.
Google Scholar
71 M. G. de Navarre (ed.): The Chemistry and Manufacture of Cosmetics, 2nd ed., vol. 4, Continental Press, Orlando, Fla., 1975, pp. 767 – 840.
Google Scholar
72 M. S. Balsam, E. Sagarin (eds.): Cosmetic Science and Technology, 2nd ed., vol. 1, Wiley-Interscience, New York 1974, pp. 365 ff.
Google Scholar
73 R. G. Harry (ed.): Harry's Cosmeticology, 6th ed., Leonard Hill Books, London 1973, pp. 140 – 156.
Google Scholar
74 Shiseido Co. Ltd., US 3 957 969, 1976 (Y. Fujiyama, Y. Kenda, M. Matsuda).
Google Scholar
75 A. C. Dweck, C. A. Burnham, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2 (1980) 143 – 173.
10.1111/j.1467-2494.1980.tb00242.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
76 R. G. Harry (ed.): Harry's Cosmeticology, 6th ed., Leonard Hill Books, London 1973, pp. 609 – 623.
Google Scholar
77 Y. A. Shchipunov, E. V. Shumilina, Progr. Colloid Polym. Sci. 106 (1997) 228 – 231.
10.1007/BF01189526
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
78 P. Schurtenberger, Q. Peng, M. E. Leser, P. L. Luisi, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 156 (1993) 43 – 51.
10.1006/jcis.1993.1078
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
79 F. Dreher, P. Walde, P. L. Luisi, P. Elsner, Skin Pharmacol. 9 (1996) 124 – 129.
10.1159/000211408
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
80 H. Kunieda, Y. Fukui, H. Uchiyama, C. Solans, Langmuir 12 (1996) 2136 – 2140.
10.1021/la950752k
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
81 C. Solans, I. Carrera, R. Pons, P. Erra, C. Azemar, Cosmetics & Toilettries 108 (1993) 61 – 64.
CAS Google Scholar
82 R. Pons, I. Carrera, P. Erra, H. Kunieda, C. Solans, Colloids and Surf. A 91 (1994) 259 – 266.
10.1016/0927-7757(94)02950-4
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
83 J. M. Seddon, N. Zeb, R. H. Templer, R. N. McElhaney, D. A. Mannock, Langmuir 12 (1996) 5250 – 5253.
10.1021/la960664f
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
84 K. Fontell, Colloid Polym. Sci. 268 (1990) 264 – 285.
10.1007/BF01490251
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
85 C. Malcolmson, M. J. Lawrence, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 4 (1995) 97 – 109.
10.1016/0927-7765(94)01160-7
CAS Google Scholar
86 A. Kabalnov, B. Lindman, U. Olsson, L. Piculell, K. Thuresson, H. Wennerström, Colloid Polym. Sci. 274 (1996) 297 – 308.
10.1007/BF00654050
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
87 C. Quellet, H. F. Eicke, Chimia 40 (1986) 233 – 238.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
88 E. Nürnberg, W. Pohler, Progr Colloid & Polymer Sci. 69 (1984) 48 – 55.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
89 E. Nürnberg, W. Pohler, Progr Colloid & Polymer Sci. 69 (1984) 64 – 72.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
90 C. Fox, Cosmetics & Toilettries 111 (1996) 53 – 69.
Google Scholar
91 C. Fox, Cosmetics & Toilettries 112 (1997) 31 – 48.
CAS Google Scholar
92 H. P. Fiedler et al. (eds.): Blaue Liste – Inhaltsstoffe kosmetischer Mittel, 2nd ed., Editio Cantor, Aulendorf 1992.
Google Scholar
93 Proposed Names Lists, International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances, World Health Organization, Geneva 1992, nos. 1 – 66.
Google Scholar
94 R. Schulze, Parfüm. Kosmet. 37 (1956) 310, 365.
Google Scholar
95 K. L. Gabriel et al., J. Toxicol. Cutan. Ocular. Toxicol. 6 (1987) 357 – 370.
10.3109/15569528709052181
Google Scholar
96 J. J. P. Morton, E. G. Murphy: “Sun Protection Factors: Regulatory Issues and Methods of Determination” in E. M. Jackson (ed.): Photobiology of the Skin and Eye, Marcel Dekker, New York 1986, pp. 85 – 104.
Google Scholar
97 H. Ippen, Medizinische 1958, 200 – 203.
Google Scholar
98 I. B. Fitzpatrick et al. (eds.): Dermatology in General Medicine, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York 1987, p. 1509.
Google Scholar
99 K. H. Kaidbey, A. Barnes, J. Am. Acad. Derm. 25 (1991) 262 – 266.
10.1016/0190-9622(91)70193-6
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
100 G. A. Erlemann et al., Parfum. Kosmet. 54 (1973) 263.
CAS Google Scholar
101 E. Charlet, P. Finkel, Aerztl. Kosmetol. 9 (1979) 368.
CAS Google Scholar
102 H. Ippen, U. Perschmann, Arch. Derm. Forsch. 236 (1970) 207 – 216.
10.1007/BF00496275
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
103 M. O. Masse, M. Herpol-Borremans, Int. J. Cosm. Sci. 13 (1991) 303 – 316.
10.1111/j.1467-2494.1991.tb00032.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
104 R. Matissek, Z. Lebensm.-Unters. Forsch. 179 (1984) 279 – 287, 432 – 439.
10.1007/BF01043420
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
105 F. P. Tomasella, P. Zuting, L. J. Love, J. Chromatogr. 587 (1991) 325 – 328.
10.1016/0021-9673(91)85177-H
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
106 L. Y. Matsuoka, J. Wortsman, B. W. Hollis, J. Am. Acad. Derm. 22 (1990) 772 – 775.
10.1016/0190-9622(90)70107-S
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
107 A. A. Skolnick, J. Am. Med. Ass. 265 (1991) 3218 – 3220.
10.1001/jama.265.24.3218b
PubMed Google Scholar
108 M. C. van Praag et al., J. Invest. Dermatol. 97 (1991) 629 – 633.
10.1111/1523-1747.ep12483065
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
109 V. E. Reeve, M. Bosnic, C. Boehm-Wolcox, R. D. Ley, J. Invest. Dermatol. 97 (1991) 624 – 628.
10.1111/1523-1747.ep12483006
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
110 S. Schauder, Zschr. Hautkr. 66 (1991) 294 – 318.
Google Scholar
111 S. Schauder: Göttinger Liste lichtfilterhaltiger Hautpflegepräparate in Deutschland, Berliner Med. Verlagsanstalt, Berlin 1991.
Google Scholar
112 J. T. Dorlakoglu, R. Kickuth, Environm. Contaminat. Toxicol. 37 (1986) 866 – 873.
10.1007/BF01607851
Google Scholar
113 G. M. Eccleston, Cosmet. Toiletries 101 (1986) 73 –92.
CAS Google Scholar
114 T. de Vringer, J. G. H. Joosten, H. E. Junginger, Colloid & Polymer Sci. 265 (1987) 448 – 457.
10.1007/BF01412224
Google Scholar
115 L. M. Greenstein, R. A. Bolomy, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 22 (1971) 161 – 177.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
116 E. Nürnberg, N. Pollinger, Tenside Deterg. 23 (1986) 25 – 35.
Google Scholar
117 P. Finkle, H. I. Draper, J. H. Hildebrand, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 45 (1923) 2780 ff.
10.1021/ja01665a002
Google Scholar
118 E. R. Garrett, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 21 (1970) 393 – 415.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
119 R. D. Vold, R. C. Groot, J. Phys. Chem. 66 (1962) 1966 ff.
10.1021/j100816a037
Web of Science® Google Scholar
120 W. Cavigalli, Kosmetika (Zürich) 5 (1977) 17 ff.
Google Scholar
121 J. B. Ward, J. F. Kinney, H. Y. Soad, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 25 (1974) 437 ff.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
122 P. Becher (ed.): Encyclopedia of Emulsion Technology, vol. 1, Marcel Dekker, New York 1983.
Google Scholar
123 W. F. Hemminger, H. K. Cammenga: Methoden der Thermischen Analyse, Springer Verlag, Berlin 1986.
Google Scholar
124 T. A. Iranloye, Int. Lab. 1985, Nov./Dec., 68 – 71.
Google Scholar
125 G. W. Jo Lee, M. J. Groves, Powder Technol. 28 (1981) 49 – 54.
10.1016/0032-5910(81)87008-8
Web of Science® Google Scholar
126 J. F. Trumbetas, J. A. Fisriti, R. J. Sims, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 54 (1977) no. 10, 433 – 434.
10.1007/BF02671027
Web of Science® Google Scholar
127 M. Frenkel, R. Schwartz, N. Garti, J. Dispersion Sci. Technol. 3 (1982) 2, 195 – 207.
10.1080/01932698208943633
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
128 M. Fender, O. Tannert, Seifen, Öle, Fette, Wachse 14 (1989) 459 – 461.
Google Scholar
129 M. Mrukot, M. Schmidt, Parfum Kosmet. 12 (1976) 337 – 343.
Google Scholar
130 F. Schambil, S. Paasch, R. M. Sax, Seifen, Öle, Fette, Wachse 15 (1989) 515 – 521.
Google Scholar
131 R. M. Sax, G. Schön, S. Paasch, M. J. Schwuger, Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci. 77 (1988) 109 – 114.
10.1007/BFb0116768
CAS Google Scholar
132 D. J. Miller, A. K. Reng, W. Skrypzak, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 10 (1988) 161 – 170.
10.1111/j.1467-2494.1988.tb00015.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
133 K. H. Wallhäuser, Parfum. Kosmet. 6 (1981) 173 –181.
Google Scholar
134 D. S. Orth, Cosmet. Toiletries 96 (1981) 43 – 52.
CAS Google Scholar
135 G. K. Muberry, D. R. Entrup, J. R. Agin, Cosmet. Toiletries 102 (1987) 47 – 54.
Google Scholar
136 D. S. Orth, Cosmet. Toiletries 104 (1989) 49 –64.
CAS Google Scholar
137 Gesetz zum Schutz vor gefährlichen Stoffen (Chemikaliengesetz) from Sept. 16, 1980 (BG-Bl. I) pp. 1718 – 1728.
Google Scholar
138 Verordnung über kosmetische Mittel (Kosmetikverordnung) from June 29, 1985 (BG-Bl. I) pp. 1082 – 1121.
Google Scholar
139 Gesetz über den Verkehr mit Lebensmitteln, Tabakerzeugnissen, kosmetischen Mitteln und sonstigen Bedarfsgegenständen (Lebensmittel- und Bedarfsgegenständegesetz), Bundesgesetzblatt from Aug. 15, 1974, pp. 1946 – 1966.
Google Scholar
140 Council Directive of July 27, 1976 on the Approximation of the Laws of the Member States relating to Cosmetic Products, (76/768/EEC), Official Journal of the European Communities no. L 262, 27. 9. 1976, pp. 169 – 200.
Google Scholar
141 Council of Europe: “Cosmetic Products and their Ingredients,” 2nd ed., [Dok. P-SG (84)43], Strasbourg 1984.
Google Scholar
142 Verordnung über gefährliche Stoffe (Gefahrenstoffverordnung) from Aug. 26, 1986 (BGBl.) pp. 1470 – 1487.
Google Scholar
143 Empfehlungen des Bundesgesundheitsamtes zur Prüfung der gesundheitlichen Unbedenklichkeit von kosmetischen Mitteln, Bundesgesundheitsblatt 24 (1981) pp. 96 – 98.
Google Scholar
144 Wissenschaftlicher Ausschuß für Kosmetologie der EG-Kommission, Leitlinien für Toxizitätstests von Inhaltsstoffen kosmetischer Mittel, Brüssel 1983.
Google Scholar
145 M. Balls et al.: ECVAM Workshop 7,” ATLA 23 (1995) 398 – 409.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
146 H. Spielmann et al., ATLA 24 (1996) 741 – 858.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
147 W. J. W. Pape et al., Toxicol. In Vitro 13 (1999) 343 – 354.
10.1016/S0887-2333(98)00085-X
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
148 M. Balls et al., ATLA Altern. Lab. Anim. 18 (1990) 313 – 336.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
149 W. J. W. Pape, U. Hoppe, Skin Pharmacol. 4 (1991) 205 – 212.
10.1159/000210950
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
150 W. J. W. Pape et al., in: Altern. Toxicol. 10 (1994) 203 – 212.
CAS Google Scholar
151 M. Balls et al., Toxicol. In Vitro 9 (1995) 871 – 929.
10.1016/0887-2333(95)00092-5
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
152 P. G. Brantom et al., Toxicol. In Vitro 11 (1997) 141 – 179.
10.1016/S0887-2333(96)00069-0
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
153 H. Spielmann et al., Toxicol. In Vitro 12 (1998) 305 – 327.
10.1016/S0887-2333(98)00006-X
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
154 H. Spielmann et al., ATLA 26 (1998) 679 – 708.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
155 N. P. Lüpke, Food Chem. Toxicol. 23 (1985) 287 – 291.
10.1016/0278-6915(85)90030-4
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
156 S. D. Gettings et al., In Vitro Toxicology 4 (1991) 247 – 288.
CAS Google Scholar
157 Commission Directive 2000/33/EC.
Google Scholar
158 SCCNFP/0103/99 Final, 20 January 1999.
Google Scholar
159 H. Schäfer, T. E. Redelmeier: Skin Barrier, Karger, Basel 1996.
Google Scholar
160 FDA, Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA). CTFA Labeling Manual, CTFA, Washington 1982.
Google Scholar
161 Nippon Keshohin genryoshu (Japan Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary), Yakuji Nippo, Tokyo 1989.
Google Scholar

Citing Literature

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

Browse other articles of this reference work:

Skin Cosmetics

Abstract

References

Further Reading

Citing Literature

References

Information

About Wiley Online Library

Help & Support

Opportunities

Connect with Wiley

Skin Cosmetics

Abstract

References

Further Reading

Citing Literature

References

Related

Information