This work discusses the procedures and outcomes of restorative and endodontic treatments performed under general anesthesia, with examples from the Unit of Special Care Dentistry at the University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand.

Methods and results

The restorative and endodontic treatment techniques used in the Special Care Unit are described. These techniques are compared to existing reports in the literature of treatment procedures under general anesthesia. Little evidence was found in the literature regarding sealants or restorative protocols. A few studies described root canal treatment and pulpotomy protocols carried out under general anesthesia, and the results of these met academic outcome standards.

Conclusion

Patients with equal needs should have equal access, equal quality of treatment and equal treatment outcomes, regardless of whether a facilitatory procedure is used to achieve treatment. The provision of restorative treatment under general anesthesia is essential to avoid an excessive number of extractions in patients unable to receive treatment in the chair. Restorative care provided under general anesthesia should be standardized and evaluated in the same way as treatment performed under local anesthesia. In this way, the provision of conservative dental care under general anesthesia could be promoted and the maintenance of a functional dentition encouraged.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors have no conflict of interest to disclose.

REFERENCES

1Glassman P. A review of guidelines for sedation, anesthesia, and alternative interventions for people with special needs. Spec Care Dentist. 2009; 29(1): 9-16.
10.1111/j.1754-4505.2008.00056.x
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
2Mallineni SK, Yiu CKY. Dental treatment under general anesthesia for special-needs patients: analysis of the literature. J Investig Clin Dent. 2016; 7(4): 325-331.
10.1111/jicd.12174
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
3anesthesie_odontologie_rap.pdf [Internet]. [cité 17 déc 2018]. Disponible sur: https://www.has-sante.fr/portail/upload/docs/application/pdf/anesthesie_odontologie_rap.pdf
Google Scholar
4Rothmaier K, Bücher K, Metz I, et al. Preventive and invasive treatment in special needs patients: a German retrospective study. Clin Oral Investig. 2017; 21(4): 1343-1350.
10.1007/s00784-016-1900-6
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
5Yap E, Parashos P, Borromeo GL. Root canal treatment and special needs patients. Int Endod J. 2015; 48(4): 351-361.
10.1111/iej.12321
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
6Ismail AI, Sohn W, Tellez M, Willem JM, Betz J, Lepkowski J. Risk indicators for dental caries using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS). Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2008; 36(1): 55-68.
10.1111/j.1600-0528.2006.00369.x
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
7Pohjola V, Lahti S, Vehkalahti MM, Tolvanen M, Hausen H. Age-specific associations between dental fear and dental condition among adults in Finland. Acta Odontol Scand. 2008; 66(5): 278-285.
10.1080/00016350802293960
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
8Syrjälä A-MH, Ylöstalo P, Sulkava R, Knuuttila M. Relationship between cognitive impairment and oral health: results of the Health 2000 Health Examination Survey in Finland. Acta Odontol Scand. 2007; 65(2): 103-108.
10.1080/00016350601083521
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
9Jamjoom MM, al-Malik MI, Holt RD, el-Nassry A. Dental treatment under general anaesthesia at a hospital in Jeddah. Saudi Arabia Int J Paediatr Dent. 2001; 11(2): 110-116.
10.1046/j.1365-263x.2001.00252.x
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
10Gallagher JE, Fiske J. Special Care Dentistry: a professional challenge. Br Dent J. 2007; 202(10): 619-629.
10.1038/bdj.2007.426
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
11Maestre C. The use of general anaesthesia for tooth extraction in young handicapped adults in France. Br Dent J. 1996; 180(8): 297-302.
10.1038/sj.bdj.4809068
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
12Faulks D, Fabián Molina G. How to provide the evidence base for techniques and interventions that ensure equal treatment outcomes for people with disability? Spec Care Dentist. 2018; 38(3): 119-120.
10.1111/scd.12285
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
13Cousson P-Y, Alsaleh I, Decerle N, Hennequin M. Soins dentaires sous anesthésie générale pour les adultes polycariés. Actual Odonto-Stomatol. 2012(256): 315-333.
10.1051/aos/2011405
Google Scholar
14Norderyd J, Klingberg G, Faulks D, Granlund M. Specialised dental care for children with complex disabilities focusing on child's functioning and need for general anaesthesia. Disabil Rehabil. 2017; 39(24): 2484-2491.
10.1080/09638288.2016.1236406
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
15Oh TJ, Nam OH, Kim MS, Choi SC, Lee H-S. Oral health of patients with special health care needs after general anesthesia: a 25-year retrospective study. Pediatr Dent. 2018; 40(3): 215-219.
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
16Bücher K, Rothmaier K, Hickel R, Heinrich-Weltzien R, Kühnisch J. The need for repeated dental care under general anaesthesia in children. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2016; 17(2): 129-135.
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
17Voytus ML. Evaluation, scheduling, and management of dental care under general anesthesia for special needs patients. Dent Clin North Am. 2009; 53(2): 243-254. viii-ix.
10.1016/j.cden.2008.12.018
PubMed Google Scholar
18Hennequin M, Faulks D, Roux D. Accuracy of estimation of dental treatment need in special care patients. J Dent. 2000; 28(2): 131-136.
10.1016/S0300-5712(99)00052-4
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
19Limeres Posse J, Vázquez García E, Medina Henríquez J, Tomás Carmona I, Fernández Feijoo J, Diz Dios P. Pre-assessment of severely handicapped patients suitable of dental treatment under general anesthesia. Med Oral. 2003; 8(5): 353-360.
PubMed Google Scholar
20Peretz B, Spierer A, Spierer S, Rakocz M. Dental treatment of patients with systemic diseases compared to patients with developmental disabilities under general anesthesia. Spec Care Dentist. 2012; 32(1): 21-25.
10.1111/j.1754-4505.2011.00226.x
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
21Savanheimo N, Sundberg SA, Virtanen JI, Vehkalahti MM. Dental care and treatments provided under general anaesthesia in the Helsinki Public Dental Service. BMC Oral Health. 2012; 12: 45.
10.1186/1472-6831-12-45
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
22Mallineni SK, Yiu CKY. A retrospective review of outcomes of dental treatment performed for special needs patients under general anaesthesia: 2-year follow-up. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014; 2014:748353.
10.1155/2014/748353
PubMed Google Scholar
23Forss H, Halme E. Retention of a glass ionomer cement and a resin-based fissure sealant and effect on carious outcome after 7 years. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1998; 26(1): 21-25.
10.1111/j.1600-0528.1998.tb01919.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
24Ulusu T, Odabaş ME, Tüzüner T, Baygin O, Sillelioğlu H, Deveci C, et al. The success rates of a glass ionomer cement and a resin-based fissure sealant placed by fifth-year undergraduate dental students. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2012; 13(2): 94-97.
10.1007/BF03262852
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
25Sasa I, Donly KJ. Sealants: a review of the materials and utilization. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2010; 38(10): 730-734.
PubMed Google Scholar
26Yengopal V, Mickenautsch S, Bezerra AC, Leal SC. Caries-preventive effect of glass ionomer and resin-based fissure sealants on permanent teeth: a meta analysis. J Oral Sci. 2009; 51(3): 373-382.
10.2334/josnusd.51.373
PubMed Google Scholar
27Mickenautsch S, Yengopal V. Retention loss of resin based fissure sealants—a valid predictor for clinical outcome? Open Dent J. 2013; 7: 102-108.
10.2174/18742106201305130001
PubMed Google Scholar
28Molina GF, Cabral RJ, Frencken JE. The ART approach: clinical aspects reviewed. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009; 17(Suppl): 89-98.
10.1590/S1678-77572009000700016
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
29Bayrak S, Tunc ES, Aksoy A, Ertas E, Guvenc D, Ozer S. Fluoride release and recharge from different materials used as fissure sealants. Eur J Dent. 2010; 4(3): 245-250.
PubMed Google Scholar
30Del Machuca Portillo MC, Hanke Herrero R, del López Valle L, Machuca Portillo G, Bullón Fernández P. General anesthesia: as a challenge and treatment need option in pediatric dentistry. P R Health Sci J. 2005; 24(4): 291-296.
PubMed Google Scholar
31Kovacić I, Tadin A, Petricević N, Mikelić B, Vidović N, Palac A, et al. Changes of the dental service delivered to patients with intellectual disability under general anaesthesia in Dental Polyclinic Split, Croatia, during the years 1985–2009. Coll Antropol. 2012; 36(3): 785-789.
PubMed Google Scholar
32Loyola-Rodriguez JP, Zavala-Alonso V, Gonzalez-Alvarez CL, Juarez-Lopez LA, Patiño-Marin N, Gonzalez CD. Dental treatment under general anesthesia in healthy and medically compromised developmentally disabled children: a comparative study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2009; 34(2): 177-182.
10.17796/jcpd.34.2.u665328k4g467pg2
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
33Mitchell L, Murray JJ. Management of the handicapped and the anxious child: a retrospective study of dental treatment carried out under general anaesthesia. J Paediatr Dent. 1985; 1(1): 9-14.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
34Mallineni SK, Yiu CKY. A retrospective audit of dental treatment provided to special needs patients under general anesthesia during a ten-year period. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2018; 42(2): 155-160.
10.17796/1053-4628-42.2.13
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
35Amin M, Nouri M-R, Hulland S, ElSalhy M, Azarpazhooh A. Success rate of treatments provided for early childhood caries under general anesthesia: a retrospective cohort study. Pediatr Dent. 2016; 38(4): 317-324.
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
36Tate AR, Ng MW, Needleman HL, Acs G. Failure rates of restorative procedures following dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia. Pediatr Dent. 2002; 24(1): 69-71.
PubMed Google Scholar
37O'Sullivan EA, Curzon ME. The efficacy of comprehensive dental care for children under general anesthesia. Br Dent J. 1991; 171(2): 56-58.
10.1038/sj.bdj.4807603
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
38Molina GF, Faulks D, Mazzola I, Cabral RJ, Mulder J, Frencken JE. Three-year survival of ART high-viscosity glass-ionomer and resin composite restorations in people with disability. Clin Oral Investig. 2018; 22(1): 461-467.
10.1007/s00784-017-2134-y
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
39Ohtawa Y, Tsujino K, Kubo S, Ikeda M. Dental treatment for patients with physical or mental disability under general anesthesia at Tokyo Dental College Suidobashi Hospital. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 2012; 53(4): 181-187.
10.2209/tdcpublication.53.181
PubMed Google Scholar
40Mach Z, Regent J, Staninec M, Mrklas L, Setcos JC. The integrity of bonded amalgam restorations: a clinical evaluation after five years. J Am Dent Assoc. 2002; 133(4): 460-467. quiz 493.
10.14219/jada.archive.2002.0204
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
41Cianconi L, Conte G, Mancini M. Shear bond strength, failure modes, and confocal microscopy of bonded amalgam restorations. Dent Mater J. 2011; 30(2): 216-221.
10.4012/dmj.2010-118
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
42Marchan SM, Coldero L, White D, Smith WAJ, Rafeek RN. Cusp fracture resistance of maxillary premolars restored with the bonded amalgam technique using various luting agents. Int J Dent. 2009; 2009:946830.
10.1155/2009/946830
PubMed Google Scholar
43Zidan O, Abdel-Keriem U. The effect of amalgam bonding on the stiffness of teeth weakened by cavity preparation. Dent Mater. 2003; 19(7): 680-685.
10.1016/S0109-5641(03)00013-7
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
44Rasines Alcaraz MG, Veitz-Keenan A, Sahrmann P, Schmidlin PR, Davis D, Iheozor-Ejiofor Z. Direct composite resin fillings versus amalgam fillings for permanent or adult posterior teeth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 1(3):CD005620.
Google Scholar
45Innes NPT, Ricketts DNJ, Evans DJP. Preformed metal crowns for decayed primary molar teeth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; 1(1):CD005512.
Google Scholar
46Khodadadi E, Mohammadpour M, Motamedian SR, Kouhestani F. Failure rate of pediatric dental treatment under general anesthesia. Dent J. 2018; 6(3): 1-10.
10.3390/dj6030025
Google Scholar
47Al-Eheideb AA, Herman NG. Outcomes of dental procedures performed on children under general anesthesia. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2003; 27(2): 181-183.
10.17796/jcpd.27.2.k3307186n7086r11
PubMed Google Scholar
48Eshghi A, Samani MJ, Najafi NF, Hajiahmadi M. Evaluation of efficacy of restorative dental treatment provided under general anesthesia at hospitalized pediatric dental patients of Isfahan. Dent Res J. 2012; 9(4): 478-482.
Google Scholar
49Drummond BK, Davidson LE, Williams SM, Moffat SM, Ayers KMS. Outcomes two, three and four years after comprehensive care under general anaesthesia. N Z Dent J. 2004; 100(2): 32-37.
PubMed Google Scholar
50Blumer S, Costa L, Peretz B. Success of dental treatments under behavior management, sedation and general anesthesia. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2017; 41(4): 308-311.
10.17796/1053-4628-41.4.308
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
51Barberia E, Arenas M, Gómez B, Saavedra-Ontiveros D. An audit of paediatric dental treatments carried out under general anaesthesia in a sample of Spanish patients. Commun Dent Health. 2007; 24(1): 55-58.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
52Croll TP. Preformed posterior stainless steel crowns: an update. Compend Contin Educ Dent Jamesburg NJ. 1995; 20(2): 89-92.
Google Scholar
53Wong A. Treatment planning considerations for adult oral rehabilitation cases in the operating room. Dent Clin North Am. 2009; 53(2): 255-267. ix.
10.1016/j.cden.2008.12.007
PubMed Google Scholar
54Pani SC, Dimashkieh M, Mojaleed F, Al Shammery F. The role of an occlusal template during the placement of preformed metal crowns in children under general anaesthesia: a randomised control trial. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2015; 16(6): 461-466.
10.1007/s40368-015-0199-3
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
55Hickel R, Peschke A, Tyas M, et al. FDI World Dental Federation: clinical criteria for the evaluation of direct and indirect restorations-update and clinical examples. Clin Oral Investig. 2010; 14(4): 349-366.
10.1007/s00784-010-0432-8
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
56Loyola-Rodriguez JP, Zavala-Alonso V, Patiño-Marin N, Friedman C. A new classification system for dental treatment under general anesthesia. Spec Care Dent Off Publ Am Assoc Hosp Dent Acad Dent Handicap Am Soc Geriatr Dent. 2006; 26(1): 25-29.
10.1111/j.1754-4505.2006.tb01506.x
Google Scholar
57Alqaderi H, Lee C-T, Borzangy S, Pagonis TC. Coronal pulpotomy for cariously exposed permanent posterior teeth with closed apices: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent. 2016; 44: 1-7.
10.1016/j.jdent.2015.12.005
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
58Fuks AB. Vital pulp therapy with new materials for primary teeth: new directions and treatment perspectives. J Endod. 2008; 34(7 Suppl): S18-24.
10.1016/j.joen.2008.02.031
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
59Witherspoon DE. Vital pulp therapy with new materials: new directions and treatment perspectives—permanent teeth. J Endod. 2008; 34(7 Suppl): S25-28.
10.1016/j.joen.2008.02.030
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
60Chandrashekhar S, Shashidhar J. Formocresol, still a controversial material for pulpotomy: a critical literature review. J Restor Dent. 2014; 2(3): 114-124.
10.4103/2321-4619.143594
Google Scholar
61Simon S, Perard M, Zanini M, et al. Should pulp chamber pulpotomy be seen as a permanent treatment? Some preliminary thoughts. Int Endod J. 2013; 46(1): 79-87.
10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02113.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
62Zanini M, Hennequin M, Cousson P-Y. A review of criteria for the evaluation of pulpotomy outcomes in mature permanent teeth. J Endod. 2016; 42(8): 1167-1174.
10.1016/j.joen.2016.05.008
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
63Ghoddusi J, Forghani M, Parisay I. New approaches in vital pulp therapy in permanent teeth. Iran Endod J. 2014; 9(1): 15-22.
PubMed Google Scholar
64 Glossary of Endodontic Terms 2016 [Internet]. [cité 17 déc 2018]. Disponible sur: http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/aae/endodonticglossary2016/index.php
Google Scholar
65Yazdani S, Jadidfard M-P, Tahani B, Kazemian A, Dianat O, Alim Marvasti L. Health technology assessment of CEM pulpotomy in permanent molars with irreversible pulpitis. Iran Endod J. 2014; 9(1): 23-29.
PubMed Google Scholar
66Parirokh M, Torabinejad M. Mineral trioxide aggregate: a comprehensive literature review—part III: clinical applications, drawbacks, and mechanism of action. J Endod. 2010; 36(3): 400-413.
10.1016/j.joen.2009.09.009
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
67Kumar V, Juneja R, Duhan J, Sangwan P, Tewari S. Comparative evaluation of platelet-rich fibrin, mineral trioxide aggregate, and calcium hydroxide as pulpotomy agents in permanent molars with irreversible pulpitis: a randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Dent. 2016; 7(4): 512-518.
10.4103/0976-237X.194107
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
68Demarco FF, Rosa MS, Tarquínio SBC, Piva E. Influence of the restoration quality on the success of pulpotomy treatment: a preliminary retrospective study. J Appl Oral Sci. 2005; 13(1): 72-77.
10.1590/S1678-77572005000100015
PubMed Google Scholar
69 American Association of Endodontist - Endodontic Case Difficulty Assessment and Referral [Internet]. [cité 17 déc 2018]. Disponible sur: https://www.aae.org/specialty/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/ss05ecfe.pdf
Google Scholar
70Hui-Derksen EK, Chen C-F, Majewski R, Tootla RGH, Boynton JR. Retrospective record review: reinforced zinc oxide-eugenol pulpotomy: a retrospective study. Pediatr Dent. 2013; 35(1): 43-46.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
71McDougal RA, Delano EO, Caplan D, Sigurdsson A, Trope M. Success of an alternative for interim management of irreversible pulpitis. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004; 135(12): 1707-1712.
10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0123
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
72Chien MM, Setzer S, Cleaton-Jones P. How does zinc oxide-eugenol compare to ferric sulphate as a pulpotomy material? South Afr Dent J. 2001; 56(3): 130-135.
CAS Google Scholar
73Cousson P-Y, Nicolas E, Hennequin M. A follow-up study of pulpotomies and root canal treatments performed under general anaesthesia. Clin Oral Investig. 2014; 18(4): 1155-1163.
10.1007/s00784-013-1090-4
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
74Alsaleh I, Cousson P-Y, Nicolas E, Hennequin M. Is endodontic treatment performed under general anaesthesia technically acceptable? Clin Oral Investig. 2012; 16(6): 1599-1606.
10.1007/s00784-011-0663-3
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
75Chang J, Kim H-Y. Prognostic factors of single-visit endodontic and restorative treatment under general anaesthesia for special needs patients. J Oral Rehabil. 2017; 44(2): 96-104.
10.1111/joor.12458
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
76Chung SH, Chun KA, Kim H-Y, Kim Y-S, Chang J. Periapical healing in single-visit endodontics under general anesthesia in special needs patients. J Endod. 2019; 45(2): 116-122.
10.1016/j.joen.2018.10.020
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
77 Guide to Clinical Endodontics - 6th Edition [Internet]. [cité 17 déc 2018]. Disponible sur: http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/aae/guidetoclinicalendodontics6/index.php
Google Scholar
78 European Society of Endodontology. Quality guidelines for endodontic treatment: consensus report of the European Society of Endodontology. Int Endod J. 2006; 39(12): 921-930.
10.1111/j.1365-2591.2006.01180.x
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
79Heling I, Gorfil C, Slutzky H, Kopolovic K, Zalkind M, Slutzky-Goldberg I. Endodontic failure caused by inadequate restorative procedures: review and treatment recommendations. J Prosthet Dent. 2002; 87(6): 674-678.
10.1067/mpr.2002.124453
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
80Tarim Ertas E, Ertas H, Sisman Y, Sagsen B, Er O. Radiographic assessment of the technical quality and periapical health of root-filled teeth performed by general practitioners in a Turkish subpopulation. ScientificWorldJournal. 2013; 2013:514841.
10.1155/2013/514841
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
81Siqueira JF, Rôças IN, Alves FRF, Campos LC. Periradicular status related to the quality of coronal restorations and root canal fillings in a Brazilian population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005; 100(3): 369-374.
10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.03.029
PubMed Google Scholar
82Adebayo ET, Ahaji LE, Nnachetta RN, et al. Technical quality of root canal fillings done in a Nigerian general dental clinic. BMC Oral Health. 2012; 12: 42.
10.1186/1472-6831-12-42
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
83Boucher Y, Matossian L, Rilliard F, Machtou P. Radiographic evaluation of the prevalence and technical quality of root canal treatment in a French subpopulation. Int Endod J. 2002; 35(3): 229-238.
10.1046/j.1365-2591.2002.00469.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
84Chueh L-H, Chen S-C, Lee C-M, et al. Technical quality of root canal treatment in Taiwan. Int Endod J. 2003; 36(6): 416-422.
10.1046/j.1365-2591.2003.00672.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
85Dugas NN, Lawrence HP, Teplitsky P, Friedman S. Quality of life and satisfaction outcomes of endodontic treatment. J Endod. 2002; 28(12): 819-827.
10.1097/00004770-200212000-00007
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
86Lupi-Pegurier L, Bertrand M-F, Muller-Bolla M, Rocca JP, Bolla M. Periapical status, prevalence and quality of endodontic treatment in an adult French population. Int Endod J. 2002; 35(8): 690-697.
10.1046/j.1365-2591.2002.00547.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
87Moussa-Badran S, Roy B, Bessart du Parc AS, Bruyant M, Lefevre B, Maurin JC. Technical quality of root fillings performed by dental students at the dental teaching centre in Reims. France Int Endod J. 2008; 41(8): 679-684.
10.1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01417.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
88Ramey K, Yaccino J, Wealleans J. A retrospective, radiographic outcomes assessment of 1960 initial posterior root canal treatments performed by endodontists and dentists. J Endod. 2017; 43(8): 1250-1254.
10.1016/j.joen.2017.03.020
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
89Bierenkrant DE, Parashos P, Messer HH. The technical quality of nonsurgical root canal treatment performed by a selected cohort of Australian endodontists. Int Endod J. 2008; 41(7): 561-570.
10.1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01398.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
90Wu M-K, Wesselink P, Shemesh H. New terms for categorizing the outcome of root canal treatment. Int Endod J. 2011; 44(11): 1079-1080.
10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01954.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
91Orstavik D, Kerekes K, Eriksen HM. The periapical index: a scoring system for radiographic assessment of apical periodontitis. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1986; 2(1): 20-34.
10.1111/j.1600-9657.1986.tb00119.x
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
92Ng Y-L, Mann V, Rahbaran S, Lewsey J, Gulabivala K. Outcome of primary root canal treatment: systematic review of the literature - part 1. Effects of study characteristics on probability of success. Int Endod J. 2007; 40(12): 921-939.
10.1111/j.1365-2591.2007.01322.x
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
93Chang J, Patton LL, Kim H-Y. Impact of dental treatment under general anesthesia on the oral health-related quality of life of adolescents and adults with special needs. Eur J Oral Sci. 2014; 122(6): 363-371.
10.1111/eos.12150
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
94El-Meligy O, Maashi M, Al-Mushayt A, Al-Nowaiser A, Al-Mubark S. The effect of full-mouth rehabilitation on oral health-related quality of life for children with special health care needs. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2016; 40(1): 53-61.
10.17796/1053-4628-40.1.53
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
95Escribano-Hernández A, García-Garraus JM, Hernández-García I. Evaluation of satisfaction among relatives of mentally disabled patients who were users of a dental care protocol under general anaesthesia. Med Oral Patol Oral Cirugia Bucal. 2012; 17(1): e83-88.
10.4317/medoral.17069
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
96McKelvey VA, Morgaine KC, Thomson WM. Adults with intellectual disability: a mixed-methods investigation of their experiences of dental treatment under general anaesthetic. N Z Dent J. 2014; 110(2): 58-64.
PubMed Google Scholar
97Collado V, Pichot H, Delfosse C, Eschevins C, Nicolas E, Hennequin M. Impact of early childhood caries and its treatment under general anesthesia on orofacial function and quality of life : a prospective comparative study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cirugia Bucal. 2017; 22(3): e333-41.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
98Decerle N, Nicolas E, Hennequin M. Chewing deficiencies in adults with multiple untreated carious lesions. Caries Res. 2013; 47(4): 330-337.
10.1159/000348397
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar

Citing Literature

Volume39, Issue5

September/October 2019

Pages 453-463

Conservative and endodontic treatment performed under general anesthesia: A discussion of protocols and outcomes

Abstract

Aims

Methods and results

Conclusion

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

REFERENCES

Citing Literature

References

Information

About Wiley Online Library

Help & Support

Opportunities

Connect with Wiley

Conservative and endodontic treatment performed under general anesthesia: A discussion of protocols and outcomes

Abstract

Aims

Methods and results

Conclusion

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

REFERENCES

Citing Literature

References

Related

Information