Original Article
Nonproliferation and Norm Discourse: An Agentic Constructivist Model of U.S. Nuclear Export Policy Changes
Acknowledgements: The author thanks Kevin Marsh, Juliet Kaarbo, Seva Gunitsky, and Daniel Horner for their helpful comments on draft versions of this work. James Keeley provided invaluable assistance with data collection and analysis. The author also gratefully acknowledges comments from anonymous reviewers and the editors of this journal.
Abstract
enU.S. government claims of support for the global nonproliferation norm sometimes appear contradicted by dramatic changes in its policies regarding support for peaceful nuclear energy programs around the world. This study offers a new accounting of foreign policy decision making relative to global nonproliferation normative architectures as a product of norm-based differences between presidents and congressional leaders over technology sharing. It advances an agentic constructivist model of the export policy process and conducts a plausibility probe of the model through three case studies of export control reform debates. It also examines alternative theory models focused on strategic imperatives, foreign policy change, and neoliberal economics. Case evidence suggests that different alignments in norm stewardship, and the interactions of key agents regarding perceived norm commitments, help account for export policy struggles. These often translate into unique and complex policy outcomes, suggesting the value of contingent models of policy change and international cooperation.
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Abstract
esLos reclamos de apoyo del gobierno estadounidense para la norma de no proliferación global a veces parece ser contradicha por los cambios dramáticos en sus políticas en lo que concierne al apoyo para programas de energía nuclear pacíficos alrededor del mundo. Este estudio ofrece un nuevo recuento de la toma de decisiones de política exterior relativa a las arquitecturas normativas de no proliferación global como un producto de diferencias basadas en normas sobre tecnología compartida entre presidentes y lideres del congreso. Avanzo un modelo de agencia constructivista del proceso de políticas de exportación y conduzco a una prueba de plausibilidad del modelo en tres casos de estudio de debates de reforma del control de exportación. También examino modelos de teoría alternative enfocados en imperativos estratégicos, en cambios de política exterior y economía neoliberal. La evidencia de los casos sugiere que diferentes alineaciones en la guianza de la norma, y en las interacciones de agentes clave en lo que se relaciona a compromisos percibidos de la norma, ayudan a dar cuenta de luchas de polítcas de exportación. Estas a menudo se traducen en resultados únicos y complejos de políticas, sugiriendo el valor de los modelos contingentes de cambios politicos y de la cooperación internacional.
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