Beyond Punishment: The Penal State's Interventionist, Covert, and Negligent Modalities of Control

Nicole Kaufman: is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at Ohio University and can be reached at [email protected]. Funding from the National Science Foundation made research contributing to this article possible (Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant in Law and Social Science #1227846), and IRB approval was obtained through the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

Joshua Kaiser: is a Law and Social Science Fellow at the American Bar Foundation and Law and Science Fellow at Northwestern University. He can be reached at [email protected]. Funding from the Law and Society Association and the American Bar Foundation made research contributing to this article possible, and IRB approval was obtained through Northwestern University.

Cesraéa Rumpf: is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at Benedictine University and can be reached at [email protected]. Funding from the Arthur J. Schmitt Foundation made research contributing to this article possible, and IRB approval was obtained through Loyola University Chicago.

We would like to extend our appreciation for the research assistance of Carla Carballo, Cassie Miller, Chelsea Rolfzen, Kristina Nailen, Marie Keller, Natalie Feldman, and Santhia Brandt at UW–Madison, and to Flannery Bohne, Andrea Gurga, Hannah Ramlo, and Paul Tran at Loyola University Chicago. We are grateful for comments on drafts of the manuscript from Brett Burkhardt and attendees at our presentations at the Law and Society Association and American Sociological Association meetings, and Miami University of Ohio's Department of Sociology and Gerontology. We also are thankful for the comments of three anonymous reviewers.