REVIEW ARTICLE
The peri-implant phenotype and implant esthetic complications. Contemporary overview
I-Ching (Izzie) Wang DDS, MS,
Shayan Barootchi DMD,
Lorenzo Tavelli DDS, MS,
Hom-Lay Wang DDS, MSD, PhD,
I-Ching (Izzie) Wang DDS, MS
Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Search for more papers by this authorShayan Barootchi DMD
Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Search for more papers by this authorLorenzo Tavelli DDS, MS
Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Hom-Lay Wang DDS, MSD, PhD
Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Correspondence
Hom-Lay Wang, DDS, MSD, PhD, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorI-Ching (Izzie) Wang DDS, MS,
Shayan Barootchi DMD,
Lorenzo Tavelli DDS, MS,
Hom-Lay Wang DDS, MSD, PhD,
I-Ching (Izzie) Wang DDS, MS
Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Search for more papers by this authorShayan Barootchi DMD
Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Search for more papers by this authorLorenzo Tavelli DDS, MS
Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Hom-Lay Wang DDS, MSD, PhD
Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Correspondence
Hom-Lay Wang, DDS, MSD, PhD, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorThorough knowledge and assessment of the peri-implant phenotype is critical for management and avoidance of implant esthetic complications.
Abstract
Objective
To provide a contemporary and comprehensive overview of the hard and soft tissue biological structures surrounding an osseointegrated dental implant (peri-implant referred to as the peri-implant phenotype), in the context of peri-implant esthetic complications.
Overview
The individual components of the peri-implant phenotype (keratinized mucosa width, mucosal thickness, supracrestal tissue height, and the peri-implant buccal bone) have been linked to different aspects of implant esthetics, as well as health-related aspects. At the time of implant therapy, respecting the biology of the peri-implant hard and soft tissues, and anticipating their remodeling patterns can alleviate future esthetic complications.
Conclusions
While the current literature may not allow for a point-by-point evidence based-recommendation for the required amount of each peri-implant structure, bearing in mind the proposed values for the components of the peri-implant phenotype, at the time of and prior to implant therapy can lead to more predictable treatment outcomes, and the avoidance of esthetic complications.
Clinical Significance
Knowledge of hard and soft tissue components surrounding and osseointegrated dental implant, and their underlying biological remodeling process is crucial for carrying out a successful therapy and alleviating possible future esthetic challenges.
REFERENCES
- 1Buser D, Sennerby L, De Bruyn H. Modern implant dentistry based on osseointegration: 50 years of progress, current trends and open questions. Periodontol 2000. 2017; 73: 7-21.
- 2Barootchi S, Askar H, Ravida A, Gargallo-Albiol J, Travan S, Wang HL. Long-term clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of full-arch implant-supported zirconia-based and metal-acrylic fixed dental prostheses: a retrospective analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2020; 35: 395-405.
- 3Ravida A, Wang IC, Barootchi S, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials comparing clinical and patient-reported outcomes between extra-short (</=6 mm) and longer (>/=10 mm) implants. J Clin Periodontol. 2019; 46: 118-142.
- 4Ravida A, Barootchi S, Askar H, Suarez-Lopez Del Amo F, Tavelli L, Wang HL. Long-term effectiveness of extra-short (</=6 mm) dental implants: a systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2019; 34: 68-84.
- 5Gargallo-Albiol J, Tavelli L, Barootchi S, Monje A, Wang HL. Clinical sequelae and patients' perception of dental implant removal: a cross-sectional study. J Periodontol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.200259.
- 6Barootchi S, Ravida A, Tavelli L, Wang HL. Nonsurgical treatment for peri-implant mucositis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Oral Implantol. 2020; 13: 123-139.
- 7Heitz-Mayfield LJ, Needleman I, Salvi GE, Pjetursson BE. Consensus statements and clinical recommendations for prevention and management of biologic and technical implant complications. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2014; 29: 346-350.
- 8Heitz-Mayfield LJA, Salvi GE. Peri-implant mucositis. J Periodontol. 2018; 89(1): 257-266.
- 9Schwarz F, Derks J, Monje A, Wang HL. Peri-implantitis. J Periodontol. 2018; 89(1): 267-290.
- 10Berglundh T, Armitage G, Araujo MG, et al. Peri-implant diseases and conditions: consensus report of workgroup 4 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. J Periodontol. 2018; 89: 313-318.
- 11Tavelli L, Barootchi S, Avila-Ortiz G, Urban IA, Giannobile WV, Wang HL. Peri-implant soft tissue phenotype modification and its impact on peri-implant health: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Periodontol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.200259.
- 12Sanz M, Chapple IL. Clinical research on peri-implant diseases: consensus report of working group 4. J Clin Periodontol. 2012; 39: 202-206.
- 13Katafuchi M, Weinstein BF, Leroux BG, Chen YW, Daubert DM. Restoration contour is a risk indicator for peri-implantitis: a cross-sectional radiographic analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2018; 45: 225-232.
- 14Stefanini M, Felice P, Mazzotti C, Mounssif I, Marzadori M, Zucchelli G. Esthetic evaluation and patient-centered outcomes in single-tooth implant rehabilitation in the esthetic area. Periodontol 2000. 2018; 77: 150-164.
- 15Hämmerle CH, Tarnow D. The etiology of hard-and soft-tissue deficiencies at dental implants: a narrative review. J Clin Periodontol. 2018; 45: 267-277.
- 16Avila-Ortiz G, Gonzalez-Martin O, Couso-Queiruga E, Wang HL. The peri-implant phenotype. J Periodontol. 2020; 91: 283-288.
- 17Jepsen S, Caton JG, Albandar JM, et al. Periodontal manifestations of systemic diseases and developmental and acquired conditions: consensus report of workgroup 3 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. J Clin Periodontol. 2018; 45: 219-229.
- 18Jepsen S, Caton JG, Albandar JM, et al. Periodontal manifestations of systemic diseases and developmental and acquired conditions: consensus report of workgroup 3 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. J Periodontol. 2018; 89(1): 237-248.
- 19Barootchi S, Tavelli L, Zucchelli G, Giannobile WV, Wang HL. Gingival phenotype modification therapies on natural teeth: a network meta-analysis. J Periodontol. 2020; 91: 1386-1399.
- 20Haas R, Mailath G, Watzek G. Evaluation of soft tissue around single-tooth implant crowns: the pink esthetic score. 2005.
- 21Meijer HJ, Stellingsma K, Meijndert L, Raghoebar GM. A new index for rating aesthetics of implant-supported single crowns and adjacent soft tissues–the implant crown aesthetic index: a pilot study on validation of a new index. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2005; 16: 645-649.
- 22Jemt T. Regeneration of gingival papillae after single-implant treatment. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 1997; 17: 326-333.
- 23Vilhjálmsson VH, Klock KS, Størksen K, Bårdsen A. Aesthetics of implant-supported single anterior maxillary crowns evaluated by objective indices and participants' perceptions. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2011; 22: 1399-1403.
- 24Arunyanak SP, Pollini A, Ntounis A, Morton D. Clinician assessments and patient perspectives of single-tooth implant restorations in the esthetic zone of the maxilla: a systematic review. J Prosthet Dent. 2017; 118: 10-17.
- 25Meijndert L, Meijer HJ, Stellingsma K, Stegenga B, Raghoebar GM. Evaluation of aesthetics of implant-supported single-tooth replacements using different bone augmentation procedures: a prospective randomized clinical study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007; 18: 715-719.
- 26Zucchelli G, Tavelli L, Stefanini M, et al. Classification of facial peri-implant soft tissue dehiscence/deficiencies at single implant sites in the esthetic zone. J Periodontol. 2019; 90: 1116-1124.
- 27Pieri F, Nicoli Aldini N, Marchetti C, Corinaldesi G. Esthetic outcome and tissue stability of maxillary anterior single-tooth implants following reconstruction with mandibular block grafts: a 5-year prospective study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2013; 28: 270-280.
- 28Cosyn J, De Rouck T. Aesthetic outcome of single-tooth implant restorations following early implant placement and guided bone regeneration: crown and soft tissue dimensions compared with contralateral teeth. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2009; 20: 1063-1069.
- 29De Rouck T, Collys K, Cosyn J. Immediate single-tooth implants in the anterior maxilla: a 1-year case cohort study on hard and soft tissue response. J Clin Periodontol. 2008; 35: 649-657.
- 30Roccuzzo M, Gaudioso L, Bunino M, Dalmasso P. Surgical treatment of buccal soft tissue recessions around single implants: 1-year results from a prospective pilot study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2014; 25: 641-646.
- 31Chang M, Wennström JL. Soft tissue topography and dimensions lateral to single implant-supported restorations. A cross-sectional study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2013; 24: 556-562.
- 32Giannobile WV, Jung RE, Schwarz F. Evidence-based knowledge on the aesthetics and maintenance of peri-implant soft tissues: osteology foundation consensus report part 1-effects of soft tissue augmentation procedures on the maintenance of peri-implant soft tissue health. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2018; 29(15): 7-10.
- 33Lin GH, Chan HL, Wang HL. The significance of keratinized mucosa on implant health: a systematic review. J Periodontol. 2013; 84: 1755-1767.
- 34Gobbato L, Avila-Ortiz G, Sohrabi K, Wang C-W, Karimbux N. The effect of keratinized mucosa width on peri-implant health: a systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2013; 28: 1536-1545.
- 35Wennström JL, Derks J. Is there a need for keratinized mucosa around implants to maintain health and tissue stability? Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012; 23: 136-146.
- 36Adibrad M, Shahabuei M, Sahabi M. Significance of the width of keratinized mucosa on the health status of the supporting tissue around implants supporting overdentures. J Oral Implantol. 2009; 35: 232-237.
- 37Perussolo J, Souza AB, Matarazzo F, Oliveira RP, Araújo MG. Influence of the keratinized mucosa on the stability of peri-implant tissues and brushing discomfort: a 4-year follow-up study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2018; 29: 1177-1185.
- 38Zigdon H, Machtei EE. The dimensions of keratinized mucosa around implants affect clinical and immunological parameters. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2008; 19: 387-392.
- 39Grischke J, Karch A, Wenzlaff A, Foitzik MM, Stiesch M, Eberhard J. Keratinized mucosa width is associated with severity of peri-implant mucositis. A cross-sectional study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2019; 30: 457-465.
- 40Schwarz F, Becker J, Civale S, Sahin D, Iglhaut T, Iglhaut G. Influence of the width of keratinized tissue on the development and resolution of experimental peri-implant mucositis lesions in humans. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2018; 29: 576-582.
- 41Canullo L, Penarrocha-Oltra D, Covani U, Botticelli D, Serino G, Penarrocha M. Clinical and microbiological findings in patients with peri-implantitis: a cross-sectional study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2016; 27: 376-382.
- 42Juodzbalys G, Wang HL. Esthetic index for anterior maxillary implant-supported restorations. J Periodontol. 2010; 81: 34-42.
- 43Fürhauser R, Florescu D, Benesch T, Haas R, Mailath G, Watzek G. Evaluation of soft tissue around single-tooth implant crowns: the pink esthetic score. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2005; 16: 639-644.
- 44Monje A, Blasi G. Significance of keratinized mucosa/gingiva on peri-implant and adjacent periodontal conditions in erratic maintenance compliers. J Periodontol. 2019; 90: 445-453.
- 45Bonino F, Steffensen B, Natto Z, Hur Y, Holtzman LP, Weber HP. Prospective study of the impact of peri-implant soft tissue properties on patient-reported and clinically assessed outcomes. J Periodontol. 2018; 89: 1025-1032.
- 46Park SE, Da Silva JD, Weber HP, Ishikawa-Nagai S. Optical phenomenon of peri-implant soft tissue. Part I. Spectrophotometric assessment of natural tooth gingiva and peri-implant mucosa. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007; 18: 569-574.
- 47Bressan E, Paniz G, Lops D, Corazza B, Romeo E, Favero G. Influence of abutment material on the gingival color of implant-supported all-ceramic restorations: a prospective multicenter study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2011; 22: 631-637.
- 48Jung RE, Holderegger C, Sailer I, Khraisat A, Suter A, Hämmerle CH. The effect of all-ceramic and porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations on marginal peri-implant soft tissue color:a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2008; 28: 357-365.
- 49Kim A, Campbell SD, Viana MA, Knoernschild KL. Abutment material effect on peri-implant soft tissue color and perceived esthetics. J Prosthodont. 2016; 25: 634-640.
- 50Lops D, Stellini E, Sbricoli L, Cea N, Romeo E, Bressan E. Influence of abutment material on peri-implant soft tissues in anterior areas with thin gingival biotype: a multicentric prospective study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2017; 28: 1263-1268.
- 51Hutton CG, Johnson GK, Barwacz CA, Allareddy V, Avila-Ortiz G. Comparison of two different surgical approaches to increase peri-implant mucosal thickness: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Periodontol. 2018; 89: 807-814.
- 52Jung RE, Sailer I, Hämmerle CH, Attin T, Schmidlin P. In vitro color changes of soft tissues caused by restorative materials. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2007; 27: 251-257.
- 53Kan JY, Morimoto T, Rungcharassaeng K, Roe P, Smith DH. Gingival biotype assessment in the esthetic zone: visual versus direct measurement. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2010; 30: 237-243.
- 54Kan JY, Rungcharassaeng K, Lozada JL, Zimmerman G. Facial gingival tissue stability following immediate placement and provisionalization of maxillary anterior single implants: a 2- to 8-year follow-up. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2011; 26: 179-187.
- 55Migliorati M, Amorfini L, Signori A, Biavati AS, Benedicenti S. Clinical and aesthetic outcome with post-extractive implants with or without soft tissue augmentation: a 2-year randomized clinical trial. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2015; 17: 983-995.
- 56Kan JY, Rungcharassaeng K, Morimoto T, Lozada J. Facial gingival tissue stability after connective tissue graft with single immediate tooth replacement in the esthetic zone: consecutive case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009; 67: 40-48.
- 57Yoshino S, Kan JY, Rungcharassaeng K, Roe P, Lozada JL. Effects of connective tissue grafting on the facial gingival level following single immediate implant placement and provisionalization in the esthetic zone: a 1-year randomized controlled prospective study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2014; 29: 432-440.
- 58Bienz SP, Jung RE, Sapata VM, Hämmerle CH, Hüsler J, Thoma DS. Volumetric changes and peri-implant health at implant sites with or without soft tissue grafting in the esthetic zone, a retrospective case–control study with a 5-year follow-up. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2017; 28: 1459-1465.
- 59Hosseini M, Worsaae N, Gotfredsen K. Tissue changes at implant sites in the anterior maxilla with and without connective tissue grafting: a five-year prospective study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2020; 31: 18-28.
- 60Zuiderveld EG, Meijer HJ, den Hartog L, Vissink A, Raghoebar GM. Effect of connective tissue grafting on peri-implant tissue in single immediate implant sites: a RCT. J Clin Periodontol. 2018; 45: 253-264.
- 61Thoma DS, Mühlemann S, Jung RE. Critical soft-tissue dimensions with dental implants and treatment concepts. Periodontol 2000. 2014; 66: 106-118.
- 62Linkevicius T, Apse P, Grybauskas S, Puisys A. Reaction of crestal bone around implants depending on mucosal tissue thickness. A 1-year prospective clinical study. Stomatologija. 2009; 11: 83-91.
- 63Linkevicius T, Apse P, Grybauskas S, Puisys A. The influence of soft tissue thickness on crestal bone changes around implants: a 1-year prospective controlled clinical trial. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2009; 24: 712-719.
- 64Linkevicius T, Apse P, Grybauskas S, Puisys A. Influence of thin mucosal tissues on crestal bone stability around implants with platform switching: a 1-year pilot study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010; 68: 2272-2277.
- 65Jeong SM, Choi BH, Kim J, et al. A 1-year prospective clinical study of soft tissue conditions and marginal bone changes around dental implants after flapless implant surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011; 111: 41-46.
- 66Fuchigami K, Munakata M, Kitazume T, Tachikawa N, Kasugai S, Kuroda S. A diversity of peri-implant mucosal thickness by site. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2017; 28: 171-176.
- 67Linkevicius T, Puisys A, Steigmann M, Vindasiute E, Linkeviciene L. Influence of vertical soft tissue thickness on crestal bone changes around implants with platform switching: a comparative clinical study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2015; 17: 1228-1236.
- 68Linkevicius T, Linkevicius R, Alkimavicius J, Linkeviciene L, Andrijauskas P, Puisys A. Influence of titanium base, lithium disilicate restoration and vertical soft tissue thickness on bone stability around triangular-shaped implants: a prospective clinical trial. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2018; 29: 716-724.
- 69Kan JY, Rungcharassaeng K, Umezu K, Kois JC. Dimensions of peri-implant mucosa: an evaluation of maxillary anterior single implants in humans. J Periodontol. 2003; 74: 557-562.
- 70Araujo MG, Lindhe J. Peri-implant health. J Periodontol. 2018; 89(1): 249-256.
- 71Askar H, Wang I, Tavelli L, Chan H-L, Wang H-L. Effect of implant vertical position, design, and surgical characteristics on mucosal vertical dimension: a meta-analysis of animal studies. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2020; 35: 461-478.
- 72Barootchi S, Chan HL, Namazi SS, Wang HL, Kripfgans OD. Ultrasonographic characterization of lingual structures pertinent to oral, periodontal, and implant surgery. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2020; 31: 352-359.
- 73Chan HL, Kripfgans OD. Ultrasonography for diagnosis of peri-implant diseases and conditions: a detailed scanning protocol and case demonstration. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2020; 2019:0445.
- 74Tattan M, Sinjab K, Lee E, et al. Ultrasonography for chairside evaluation of periodontal structures: a pilot study. J Periodontol. 2019; 91: 890-899.
- 75Gargiulo AW, Wentz FM, Orban B. Dimensions and relations of the dentogingival junction in humans. J Periodontol. 1961; 32: 261-267.
- 76Berglundh T, Lindhe J. Dimension of the periimplant mucosa: biological width revisited. J Clin Periodontol. 1996; 23: 971-973.
- 77Abrahamsson I, Berglundh T, Wennström J, Lindhe J. The peri-implant hard and soft tissues at different implant systems. A comparative study in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1996; 7: 212-219.
- 78Berglundh T, Lindhe J, Ericsson I, Marinello CP, Liljenberg B, Thomsen P. The soft tissue barrier at implants and teeth. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1991; 2: 81-90.
- 79Puisys A, Linkevicius T. The influence of mucosal tissue thickening on crestal bone stability around bone-level implants. A prospective controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2015; 26: 123-129.
- 80van Eekeren P, van Elsas P, Tahmaseb A, Wismeijer D. The influence of initial mucosal thickness on crestal bone change in similar macrogeometrical implants: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2017; 28: 214-218.
- 81Díaz-Sánchez M, Soto-Peñaloza D, Peñarrocha-Oltra D, Peñarrocha-Diago M. Influence of supracrestal tissue attachment thickness on radiographic bone level around dental implants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Periodontal Res. 2019; 54: 573-588.
- 82Spinato S, Stacchi C, Lombardi T, Bernardello F, Messina M, Zaffe D. Biological width establishment around dental implants is influenced by abutment height irrespective of vertical mucosal thickness: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2019; 30: 649-659.
- 83Galindo-Moreno P, León-Cano A, Ortega-Oller I, et al. Prosthetic abutment height is a key factor in peri-implant marginal bone loss. J Dent Res. 2014; 93: 80-85.
- 84Galindo-Moreno P, León-Cano A, Monje A, Ortega-Oller I, O'Valle F, Catena A. Abutment height influences the effect of platform switching on peri-implant marginal bone loss. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2016; 27: 167-173.
- 85Romeo E, Lops D, Rossi A, Storelli S, Rozza R, Chiapasco M. Surgical and prosthetic management of interproximal region with single-implant restorations: 1-year prospective study. J Periodontol. 2008; 79: 1048-1055.
- 86Zweers J, Thomas RZ, Slot DE, Weisgold AS, Van der Weijden FG. Characteristics of periodontal biotype, its dimensions, associations and prevalence: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2014; 41: 958-971.
- 87Tarnow DP, Magner AW, Fletcher P. The effect of the distance from the contact point to the crest of bone on the presence or absence of the interproximal dental papilla. J Periodontol. 1992; 63: 995-996.
- 88Choquet V, Hermans M, Adriaenssens P, Daelemans P, Tarnow DP, Malevez C. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of the papilla level adjacent to single-tooth dental implants. A retrospective study in the maxillary anterior region. J Periodontol. 2001; 72: 1364-1371.
- 89Gastaldo JF, Cury PR, Sendyk WR. Effect of the vertical and horizontal distances between adjacent implants and between a tooth and an implant on the incidence of interproximal papilla. J Periodontol. 2004; 75: 1242-1246.
- 90Palmer R, Farkondeh N, Palmer P, Wilson R. Astra tech single-tooth implants: an audit of patient satisfaction and soft tissue form. J Clin Periodontol. 2007; 34: 633-638.
- 91Degidi M, Novaes AB Jr, Nardi D, Piattelli A. Outcome analysis of immediately placed, immediately restored implants in the esthetic area: the clinical relevance of different interimplant distances. J Periodontol. 2008; 79: 1056-1061.
- 92Tarnow D, Elian N, Fletcher P, et al. Vertical distance from the crest of bone to the height of the interproximal papilla between adjacent implants. J Periodontol. 2003; 74: 1785-1788.
- 93Roccuzzo M, Roccuzzo A, Ramanuskaite A. Papilla height in relation to the distance between bone crest and interproximal contact point at single-tooth implants: a systematic review. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2018; 29(15): 50-61.
- 94Souza CA, Pinho RCM, de Siqueira RAC, et al. Factors influencing the presence of papilla between adjacent implants and between a tooth and an implant. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2019; 53: 337-346.
- 95Zucchelli G, Tavelli L, McGuire MK, et al. Autogenous soft tissue grafting for periodontal and peri-implant plastic surgical reconstruction. J Periodontol. 2020; 91: 9-16.
- 96Zucchelli G, Felice P, Mazzotti C, et al. 5-year outcomes after coverage of soft tissue dehiscence around single implants: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Oral Implantol. 2018; 11: 215-224.
- 97Roccuzzo M, Dalmasso P, Pittoni D, Roccuzzo A. Treatment of buccal soft tissue dehiscence around single implant: 5-year results from a prospective study. Clin Oral Investig. 2019; 23: 1977-1983.
- 98Chan D, Pelekos G, Ho D, Cortellini P, Tonetti MS. The depth of the implant mucosal tunnel modifies the development and resolution of experimental peri-implant mucositis: a case-control study. J Clin Periodontol. 2019; 46: 248-255.
- 99Zhang Z, Shi D, Meng H, Han J, Zhang L, Li W. Influence of vertical soft tissue thickness on occurrence of peri-implantitis in patients with periodontitis: a prospective cohort study. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2020; 22: 292-300.
- 100Mazzotti C, Stefanini M, Felice P, Bentivogli V, Mounssif I, Zucchelli G. Soft-tissue dehiscence coverage at peri-implant sites. Periodontol 2000. 2018; 77: 256-272.
- 101Fu JH, Su CY, Wang HL. Esthetic soft tissue management for teeth and implants. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2012; 12: 129-142.
- 102Sanz-Martin I, Regidor E, Navarro J, Sanz-Sanchez I, Sanz M, Ortiz-Vigon A. Factors associated with the presence of peri-implant buccal soft tissue dehiscences: a case-control study. J Periodontol. 2020; 91: 1003-1010.
- 103Tavelli L, Barootchi S, Majzoub J, Siqueira R, Mendonca G, Wang HL. Volumetric changes at implant sites: a systematic appraisal of traditional methods and optical scanning-based digital technologies. J Clin Periodontol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.13401.
- 104Zucchelli G, Mazzotti C, Mounssif I, Mele M, Stefanini M, Montebugnoli L. A novel surgical-prosthetic approach for soft tissue dehiscence coverage around single implant. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2013; 24: 957-962.
- 105Stefanini M, Marzadori M, Tavelli L, Bellone P, Zucchelli G. Peri-implant papillae reconstruction at an esthetically failing implant. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2020; 40: 213-222.
- 106Vera C, De Kok IJ, Chen W, Reside G, Tyndall D, Cooper LF. Evaluation of post-implant buccal bone resorption using cone beam computed tomography: a clinical pilot study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2012; 27: 1249-1257.
- 107Grunder U, Gracis S, Capelli M. Influence of the 3-D bone-to-implant relationship on esthetics. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2005; 25: 113-119.
- 108Jung RE, Herzog M, Wolleb K, Ramel CF, Thoma DS, Hämmerle CH. A randomized controlled clinical trial comparing small buccal dehiscence defects around dental implants treated with guided bone regeneration or left for spontaneous healing. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2017; 28: 348-354.
- 109Thoma DS, Bienz SP, Figuero E, Jung RE, Sanz-Martín I. Efficacy of lateral bone augmentation performed simultaneously with dental implant placement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2019; 46: 257-276.
- 110Kuchler U, Chappuis V, Gruber R, Lang NP, Salvi GE. Immediate implant placement with simultaneous guided bone regeneration in the esthetic zone: 10-year clinical and radiographic outcomes. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2016; 27: 253-257.
- 111Benic GI, Mokti M, Chen CJ, Weber HP, Hämmerle CH, Gallucci GO. Dimensions of buccal bone and mucosa at immediately placed implants after 7 years: a clinical and cone beam computed tomography study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012; 23: 560-566.
- 112Schwarz F, Sahm N, Becker J. Impact of the outcome of guided bone regeneration in dehiscence-type defects on the long-term stability of peri-implant health: clinical observations at 4 years. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012; 23: 191-196.
- 113Spray JR, Black CG, Morris HF, Ochi S. The influence of bone thickness on facial marginal bone response: stage 1 placement through stage 2 uncovering. Ann Periodontol. 2000; 5: 119-128.
- 114Monje A, Chappuis V, Monje F, et al. The critical peri-implant buccal bone wall thickness revisited: an experimental study in the beagle dog. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2019; 34: 1328-1336.
- 115Roux S, Orcel P. Bone loss: factors that regulate osteoclast differentiation-an update. Arthritis Res Ther. 2000; 2: 451-456.
- 116Kan JY, Roe P, Rungcharassaeng K, et al. Classification of sagittal root position in relation to the anterior maxillary osseous housing for immediate implant placement: a cone beam computed tomography study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2011; 26: 873-876.
- 117Greenwell H, Wang HL, Kornman KS, Tonetti MS. Biologically guided implant therapy: a diagnostic and therapeutic strategy of conservation and preservation based on periodontal staging and grading. J Periodontol. 2019; 90: 441-444.
- 118Chu SJ, Tarnow DP. Managing esthetic challenges with anterior implants. Part 1: midfacial recession defects from etiology to resolution. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2013; 34: 26-31.
Citing Literature
