The geography of speciation in coral reef fishes: the relative importance of biogeographical barriers in separating sister-species
Corresponding Author
Jennifer R. Hodge
College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811 Australia
Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811 Australia
Correspondence: Jennifer R. Hodge, Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorDavid R. Bellwood
College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811 Australia
Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jennifer R. Hodge
College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811 Australia
Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811 Australia
Correspondence: Jennifer R. Hodge, Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorDavid R. Bellwood
College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811 Australia
Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Aim
To understand how geography has influenced the generation and maintenance of biodiversity. We examined the relative importance of biogeographical barriers in the divergence of extant coral reef fish species.
Location
Pan-tropical coral reefs.
Methods
Sister-species were identified from a recent phylogeny encompassing four fish families (Chaetodontidae, Epinephelidae, Labridae and Pomacanthidae) and classified as allopatric or overlapping based on data compiled from IUCN maps. Nearest linear distances were mapped as indicators of vicariance and compared with previously identified biogeographical barriers. Congruent vicariance versus regional richness determined the relative influence of barriers. Patterns of overlap among non-allopatric sister-species were mapped and assessed.
Results
Congruent vicariance was detected across six previously described biogeographical barriers: the Amazon and Orinoco rivers, Isthmus of Panama, Hawaiian Archipelago, Indo-Pacific, and a previously understudied barrier separating the Western Indian Ocean from the Central Indo-Pacific (CIP) termed the Mid-Indian Ocean Barrier (MIOB). The MIOB showed the strongest vicariant signal. None of the barriers had significantly more or less relative influence. The majority of sister-species were non-allopatric. Overlap was concentrated in an area concordant with the biodiversity hotspot in the CIP, where sister-pairs had significantly low overlap.
Main conclusions
Biogeographical barriers may have influenced vicariance of extant species during the past 5 Myr. Older barriers influenced divergence between clades. Turbidity currents produced by outflow from the Ganges and Indus river systems likely explain the strength of the MIOB. Despite the array of described barriers within the CIP, the Sunda Margin Barrier (SMB) was the only vicariant signal detected in the region. Low relative influence of the SMB and significantly low overlap among non-allopatric sister-pairs in the CIP highlights its importance as an area of evolutionary dynamism, where the separation of Indian and Pacific Ocean faunas and their subsequent range expansion has led to increased species overlap and higher regional biodiversity.
Supporting Information
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| jbi12729-sup-0001-AppendixS1-S2.pdfPDF document, 1 MB | Appendix S1 Supplementary tables. Appendix S2 Supplementary figures. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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