The Roles of Meal, Snack, and Daily Total Food and Beverage Exposures on Caries Experience in Young Children
Corresponding Author
Teresa A. Marshall PhD
Dr. Marshall, Ms. Broffitt, Dr. Eichenberger-Gilmore, Dr. Warren, Ms. Cunningham and Dr. Levy are affiliated with the Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Dr. Levy is also affiliated with the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. This study was supported by the ATPM/CDC (TS-0652), the NIDCR (RO1-DE09551 and RO1-DE12101) and GCRCP (M01-RR00059). Portions of the results of this study were presented at the 82 nd General Session of the IADR in Honolulu, Hawaii on March 11, 2004, the 2004 Food and Nutrition Conference and Exposition of the American Dietetic Association on October 3, 2004 and the 8Y d General Session of the IADR in Baltimore, Maryland on March 10, 2005.
Send correspondence and reprint requests to Teresa A. Marshall, PhD, N-335 Dental Science Building, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242–1010. E-mail address: [email protected].Search for more papers by this authorBarbara Broffitt MS
Dr. Marshall, Ms. Broffitt, Dr. Eichenberger-Gilmore, Dr. Warren, Ms. Cunningham and Dr. Levy are affiliated with the Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Dr. Levy is also affiliated with the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. This study was supported by the ATPM/CDC (TS-0652), the NIDCR (RO1-DE09551 and RO1-DE12101) and GCRCP (M01-RR00059). Portions of the results of this study were presented at the 82 nd General Session of the IADR in Honolulu, Hawaii on March 11, 2004, the 2004 Food and Nutrition Conference and Exposition of the American Dietetic Association on October 3, 2004 and the 8Y d General Session of the IADR in Baltimore, Maryland on March 10, 2005.
Search for more papers by this authorJulie Eichenberger-Gilmore PhD
Dr. Marshall, Ms. Broffitt, Dr. Eichenberger-Gilmore, Dr. Warren, Ms. Cunningham and Dr. Levy are affiliated with the Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Dr. Levy is also affiliated with the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. This study was supported by the ATPM/CDC (TS-0652), the NIDCR (RO1-DE09551 and RO1-DE12101) and GCRCP (M01-RR00059). Portions of the results of this study were presented at the 82 nd General Session of the IADR in Honolulu, Hawaii on March 11, 2004, the 2004 Food and Nutrition Conference and Exposition of the American Dietetic Association on October 3, 2004 and the 8Y d General Session of the IADR in Baltimore, Maryland on March 10, 2005.
Search for more papers by this authorJohn J. Warren DDS, MS
Dr. Marshall, Ms. Broffitt, Dr. Eichenberger-Gilmore, Dr. Warren, Ms. Cunningham and Dr. Levy are affiliated with the Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Dr. Levy is also affiliated with the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. This study was supported by the ATPM/CDC (TS-0652), the NIDCR (RO1-DE09551 and RO1-DE12101) and GCRCP (M01-RR00059). Portions of the results of this study were presented at the 82 nd General Session of the IADR in Honolulu, Hawaii on March 11, 2004, the 2004 Food and Nutrition Conference and Exposition of the American Dietetic Association on October 3, 2004 and the 8Y d General Session of the IADR in Baltimore, Maryland on March 10, 2005.
Search for more papers by this authorMarsha A. Cunningham RDH, MS
Dr. Marshall, Ms. Broffitt, Dr. Eichenberger-Gilmore, Dr. Warren, Ms. Cunningham and Dr. Levy are affiliated with the Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Dr. Levy is also affiliated with the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. This study was supported by the ATPM/CDC (TS-0652), the NIDCR (RO1-DE09551 and RO1-DE12101) and GCRCP (M01-RR00059). Portions of the results of this study were presented at the 82 nd General Session of the IADR in Honolulu, Hawaii on March 11, 2004, the 2004 Food and Nutrition Conference and Exposition of the American Dietetic Association on October 3, 2004 and the 8Y d General Session of the IADR in Baltimore, Maryland on March 10, 2005.
Search for more papers by this authorSteven M. Levy DDS, MPH
Dr. Marshall, Ms. Broffitt, Dr. Eichenberger-Gilmore, Dr. Warren, Ms. Cunningham and Dr. Levy are affiliated with the Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Dr. Levy is also affiliated with the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. This study was supported by the ATPM/CDC (TS-0652), the NIDCR (RO1-DE09551 and RO1-DE12101) and GCRCP (M01-RR00059). Portions of the results of this study were presented at the 82 nd General Session of the IADR in Honolulu, Hawaii on March 11, 2004, the 2004 Food and Nutrition Conference and Exposition of the American Dietetic Association on October 3, 2004 and the 8Y d General Session of the IADR in Baltimore, Maryland on March 10, 2005.
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Teresa A. Marshall PhD
Dr. Marshall, Ms. Broffitt, Dr. Eichenberger-Gilmore, Dr. Warren, Ms. Cunningham and Dr. Levy are affiliated with the Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Dr. Levy is also affiliated with the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. This study was supported by the ATPM/CDC (TS-0652), the NIDCR (RO1-DE09551 and RO1-DE12101) and GCRCP (M01-RR00059). Portions of the results of this study were presented at the 82 nd General Session of the IADR in Honolulu, Hawaii on March 11, 2004, the 2004 Food and Nutrition Conference and Exposition of the American Dietetic Association on October 3, 2004 and the 8Y d General Session of the IADR in Baltimore, Maryland on March 10, 2005.
Send correspondence and reprint requests to Teresa A. Marshall, PhD, N-335 Dental Science Building, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242–1010. E-mail address: [email protected].Search for more papers by this authorBarbara Broffitt MS
Dr. Marshall, Ms. Broffitt, Dr. Eichenberger-Gilmore, Dr. Warren, Ms. Cunningham and Dr. Levy are affiliated with the Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Dr. Levy is also affiliated with the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. This study was supported by the ATPM/CDC (TS-0652), the NIDCR (RO1-DE09551 and RO1-DE12101) and GCRCP (M01-RR00059). Portions of the results of this study were presented at the 82 nd General Session of the IADR in Honolulu, Hawaii on March 11, 2004, the 2004 Food and Nutrition Conference and Exposition of the American Dietetic Association on October 3, 2004 and the 8Y d General Session of the IADR in Baltimore, Maryland on March 10, 2005.
Search for more papers by this authorJulie Eichenberger-Gilmore PhD
Dr. Marshall, Ms. Broffitt, Dr. Eichenberger-Gilmore, Dr. Warren, Ms. Cunningham and Dr. Levy are affiliated with the Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Dr. Levy is also affiliated with the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. This study was supported by the ATPM/CDC (TS-0652), the NIDCR (RO1-DE09551 and RO1-DE12101) and GCRCP (M01-RR00059). Portions of the results of this study were presented at the 82 nd General Session of the IADR in Honolulu, Hawaii on March 11, 2004, the 2004 Food and Nutrition Conference and Exposition of the American Dietetic Association on October 3, 2004 and the 8Y d General Session of the IADR in Baltimore, Maryland on March 10, 2005.
Search for more papers by this authorJohn J. Warren DDS, MS
Dr. Marshall, Ms. Broffitt, Dr. Eichenberger-Gilmore, Dr. Warren, Ms. Cunningham and Dr. Levy are affiliated with the Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Dr. Levy is also affiliated with the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. This study was supported by the ATPM/CDC (TS-0652), the NIDCR (RO1-DE09551 and RO1-DE12101) and GCRCP (M01-RR00059). Portions of the results of this study were presented at the 82 nd General Session of the IADR in Honolulu, Hawaii on March 11, 2004, the 2004 Food and Nutrition Conference and Exposition of the American Dietetic Association on October 3, 2004 and the 8Y d General Session of the IADR in Baltimore, Maryland on March 10, 2005.
Search for more papers by this authorMarsha A. Cunningham RDH, MS
Dr. Marshall, Ms. Broffitt, Dr. Eichenberger-Gilmore, Dr. Warren, Ms. Cunningham and Dr. Levy are affiliated with the Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Dr. Levy is also affiliated with the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. This study was supported by the ATPM/CDC (TS-0652), the NIDCR (RO1-DE09551 and RO1-DE12101) and GCRCP (M01-RR00059). Portions of the results of this study were presented at the 82 nd General Session of the IADR in Honolulu, Hawaii on March 11, 2004, the 2004 Food and Nutrition Conference and Exposition of the American Dietetic Association on October 3, 2004 and the 8Y d General Session of the IADR in Baltimore, Maryland on March 10, 2005.
Search for more papers by this authorSteven M. Levy DDS, MPH
Dr. Marshall, Ms. Broffitt, Dr. Eichenberger-Gilmore, Dr. Warren, Ms. Cunningham and Dr. Levy are affiliated with the Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Dr. Levy is also affiliated with the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. This study was supported by the ATPM/CDC (TS-0652), the NIDCR (RO1-DE09551 and RO1-DE12101) and GCRCP (M01-RR00059). Portions of the results of this study were presented at the 82 nd General Session of the IADR in Honolulu, Hawaii on March 11, 2004, the 2004 Food and Nutrition Conference and Exposition of the American Dietetic Association on October 3, 2004 and the 8Y d General Session of the IADR in Baltimore, Maryland on March 10, 2005.
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Objectives: This study describes associations among caries experience and meal, snack and daily total exposures to beverages and foods in children. Methods: Subjects (n = 634) were members of the Iowa Fluoride Study. Beverage and food exposures were abstracted from 3-day diaries at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years and calculated for 1–5 years. Eating events were defined as 30-minute intervals and categorized as meals or snacks based on time of consumption and nature of the foods. Beverage and food exposures were categorized by carbohydrate content. Dental examinations were conducted at 4.5–6.8 years; caries experience was dichotomized (any vs. none). Logistic regression models were developed to determine if caries experience differed for the fourth vs. first quartile of exposure after adjustment for age at dental exam and fluoride intake. Results: Higher snack (1, 2, 3, 4, 1–5 years) and daily total (2, 3, 4, 1–5 years) eating events increased caries risk (P < 0.05). Higher exposures to 100% juice at snacks (2 years) and soda pop at meals (2, 1–5 years), snacks (2, 3, 4, 1–5 years) and daily total (2, 3, 4, 1–5 years) increased caries risk (P < 0.05). Higher exposures to food sugars (3, 1–5 years) and starches (4, 5, 1–5 years) at meals decreased caries risk, while higher exposures to sugars (4, 1–5 years) at snacks increased caries risk (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Dietary methods used to investigate diet-caries relationships can influence the outcome. The cariogenicity of food, but not beverages, is associated with the timing of exposure.
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