Nutritional Factors and Hypospadias Risks
Corresponding Author
Suzan L. Carmichael
Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Dr Suzan L. Carmichael, Division of Neonatal & Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 1265 Welch Road, Rm. X111, Stanford, CA 94305-5415, USA. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorChen Ma
Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Search for more papers by this authorMarcia L. Feldkamp
Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
Utah Birth Defect Network, Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City
Search for more papers by this authorRonald G. Munger
Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT
Search for more papers by this authorRichard S. Olney
National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorLorenzo D. Botto
Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
Utah Birth Defect Network, Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City
Search for more papers by this authorGary M. Shaw
Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Search for more papers by this authorAdolfo Correa
National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Suzan L. Carmichael
Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Dr Suzan L. Carmichael, Division of Neonatal & Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 1265 Welch Road, Rm. X111, Stanford, CA 94305-5415, USA. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorChen Ma
Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Search for more papers by this authorMarcia L. Feldkamp
Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
Utah Birth Defect Network, Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City
Search for more papers by this authorRonald G. Munger
Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT
Search for more papers by this authorRichard S. Olney
National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorLorenzo D. Botto
Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
Utah Birth Defect Network, Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City
Search for more papers by this authorGary M. Shaw
Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Search for more papers by this authorAdolfo Correa
National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Carmichael SL, Ma C, Feldkamp ML, Munger RG, Olney RS, Botto LD, Shaw GM, Correa A. Nutritional factors and hypospadias risks. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2012; ••: ••–••.
Background: We examined whether hypospadias was associated with several aspects of the diet, including intake of animal products, intake of several nutrients and food groups related to a vegetarian diet and oestrogen metabolism, and diet quality.
Methods: The study included deliveries from 1997 to 2005 that were part of the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Diet was assessed by food frequency questionnaire during maternal telephone interviews, and two diet quality indices were developed based on existing indices. Analyses included 1250 cases with second- or third-degree hypospadias (urethra opened at the penile shaft, scrotum or perineum) and 3118 male, liveborn, non-malformed controls. All odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals [CI] were estimated from logistic regression models that included several potential confounders, including energy intake.
Results: Intake of animal products was not associated with hypospadias; for example, the adjusted OR for any vs. no intake of meat was 1.0 [95% CI 0.6, 1.6]. Frequency of intake of meat or other animal products was also not associated with hypospadias, nor was intake of iron or several nutrients that are potentially related to oestrogen metabolism. Diet quality was also not associated with hypospadias; the OR for diet quality in the highest vs. lowest quartile for the two diet quality indices were 1.0 [95% CI 0.6, 1.6] and 0.9 [95% CI 0.7, 1.1].
Conclusion: This large study does not support an association of a vegetarian diet or worse diet quality with hypospadias.
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