Beta Blockers in Treatment of Heart Failure and Hypertension in Diabetes: Ugly Misconceptions Slain by Beautiful Clinical Data
First published: 06 June 2007
No abstract is available for this article.
References
- 1
Hoffman BB,
Lefkowitz RJ.
Catecholamines, sympathomimetic drugs, and adrenergic receptor antagonists. In: JG Hardman,
LE Limbird,
PB Molinoff, et al (eds). Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1996: 199.
- 2
Fisher ML,
Gottlieb SS,
Plotnick GD, et al.
Beneficial effects of metoprolol in heart failure associated with coronary artery disease: A randomized trial.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994; 23: 943–950.
- 3
Olsen SL,
Gilbert EM,
Renlund DG, et al.
Carvedilol improves left ventricular function and symptoms in chronic heart failure: A double-blind randomized study.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 25: 1225–1231.
- 4
Krum H,
Sackner-Bernstein JD,
Goldsmith RL, et al.
Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the long-term efficacy of carvedilol in patients with severe chronic heart failure.
Circulation. 1995; 92: 1499–1506.
- 5
Waagstein F,
Bristow MR,
Swedberg K, et al, for the Metoprolol in Dilated Cardiomyopathy (MDC) Trial Study Group. Beneficial effects of metoprolol in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
Lancet. 1993; 342: 1441–1446.
- 6
Colucci WS,
Packer M,
Bristow MR, et al, for the US Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. Carvedilol inhibits clinical progression in patients with mild symptoms of heart failure.
Circulation. 1996; 94: 2800–2806.
- 7
CIBIS II Investigators and Committees. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS-II): A randomised trial.
Lancet. 1999; 353: 9–13.
- 8
Packer M,
Bristow MR,
Cohn JN, et al, for the US Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure.
N Engl J Med. 1996; 334: 1349–1355.
- 9
UKPDS Group. UK Prospective Diabetes Study 38: Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes.
BMJ. 1998; 17: 703–713.
- 10
UKPDS Group. Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. UKPDS 39.
BMJ. 1998; 317: 713–720.
- 11
Gress TW,
Nieto FJ,
Shahar E, et al.
Hypertension and antihypertensive therapy as risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.
N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 905–912.