INVITED REVIEW
Role of sex hormones in neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease
Kasumi Maekawa,
Koji Yamanaka,
Kasumi Maekawa
Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Koji Yamanaka
Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu University Institute for Advanced Study, Gifu, Japan
Correspondence
Koji Yamanaka, Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorKasumi Maekawa,
Koji Yamanaka,
Kasumi Maekawa
Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Koji Yamanaka
Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu University Institute for Advanced Study, Gifu, Japan
Correspondence
Koji Yamanaka, Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Neuroinflammation, which is mediated by microglia, astrocytes, and infiltrated immune cells and leads to the subsequent production of proinflammatory molecules, is associated with the pathomechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD). As the incidence of AD is higher in females than males, multiple studies have focused on the relationship between sex hormones and AD pathology. Androgen and estrogen receptors are expressed throughout the brain, including the hippocampus; thus, both sex hormones may regulate brain function, including cognitive function. Endogenous sex hormone levels are depleted by aging and cancer therapies, including prostate cancer and breast cancer therapies. Previous cohort studies have revealed that these conditions may also increase the risk of developing AD. Here we review previous findings from epidemiologic and preclinical studies on AD and provide an overview of the roles of sex hormones as risk factors of AD and regulators of AD pathology, including neuroinflammation. Furthermore, we discuss the therapeutic potential of sex hormone supplementation as a preventive or therapeutic treatment for AD based on the results of randomized control trials.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this article.
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