The Mothering Experiences of Sex-Trafficked Women: Between Here and There
Corresponding Author
Einat Peled
Tel Aviv University
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Einat Peled, Tel Aviv University-Social Work, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. Electronic mail may be sent to [email protected].Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Einat Peled
Tel Aviv University
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Einat Peled, Tel Aviv University-Social Work, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. Electronic mail may be sent to [email protected].Search for more papers by this author*Correction added on 15 November 2013 after first online publication on 28 October 2013: Ayelet Parker's affiliation has been corrected.
Abstract
This qualitative study focuses on the mothering experiences of women from the former Soviet Union (FSU) who were sex-trafficked to Israel. In-depth interviews were conducted with 8 women who gave birth either in the FSU or in Israel. The women's stories reflect 3 experiential spheres, those of “the good mother,” “the sacrificing mother,” and “the mother who wants for herself.” These mothering spheres were found to exist against the backdrop of a life between 2 countries, where the women's mothering is split between “here” and “there.” Furthermore, it was found that the women's sex-trafficking experience continually threatened to invade the 3 mothering spheres and destabilize the balance among them. The splits and conflicts among the mothering spheres are examined from a gendered perspective with emphasis on mother–daughter relationships and on the social constructions of mothering and prostitution.
References
- Agustin, L. (2006). The disappearing of migration category: Migrants who sell sex. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 32, 29–47.
- Amir, D., & Amir, M. (2004). The politics of prostitution and trafficking of women in Israel. In J. Outshoorn (Ed.), The politics of prostitution: Women's movements, democratic states and the globalization of commerce (pp. 144–164). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Avgerinos, K. P. (2006). From vixen to victim: The nationalization and normalization of prostitution in post-Soviet Russia. The Journal of Russian and Asian Studies, 5, 17–39.
- Bergen, R. K. (1993). Interviewing survivors of marital rape: Doing feminist research on sensitive topics. In C. M. Renzetti & R. M. Lee (Eds.), Researching sensitive topics (pp. 197–211). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Bernstein, P. P. (2004). Mothers and daughters from today's psychoanalytic perspective. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 24, 601–628.
- Brooks, A. (2007). Feminist standpoint epistemology: Building knowledge and empowerment through women's lived experience. In S. N. Hesse-Biber & P. L. Leavy (Eds.), Feminist research practice: A primer (pp. 53–82). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Burkett, L. P. (1991). Parenting behaviors of women who were sexually abused as children in their families of origin. Family Process, 30, 421–434.
- Castaneda, X., Ortiz, V., Allen, B., Garcia, C., & Hernandez-Avila, M. (1996). Sex masks: Double life of female commercial sex workers in Mexico City. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 20, 229–247.
- Chodorow, N. (1989). Feminism and psychoanalytic theory. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Cubbins, L. A., & Vannoy, D. (2005). Socioeconomic resources, gender traditionalism, and wife abuse in urban Russian couples. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 37–52.
- Cwikel, J., Chudakov, B., Paikin, M., Agmon, K., & Belmaker, R. H. (2004). Trafficked female sex workers awaiting deportation: Comparison with brothel workers. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 7(4), 243–249.
- Dalla, R. L. (2000). Exposing the “pretty woman” myth: A qualitative investigation of the lives of female streetwalkers. Journal of Sex Research, 37, 344–353.
10.1080/00224490009552057 Google Scholar
- Dalla, R. D. (2002). Night moves: A qualitative investigation of street- level sex worker. Psychology of Women, 26, 63–73.
- Dalla, R. L. (2006). “You can't hustle all your life”: An exploratory investigation of the exit process among street level prostituted women. Psychology of Women, 30, 276–290.
- Davidovitch, R. (2009). Ma'agan: A shelter for sex-trafficking victims—People/women for sale: Annual report, 2008. Tel-Aviv: Keshet Society. (in Hebrew)
- Eichenbaum, L., & Orbach, S. (1983). Understanding women: A feminist psychoanalytic approach. Middlesex, UK: Basic Books.
- Farley, M. (2003). Prostitution, trafficking and traumatic stress. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Maltreatment & Trauma Press.
- Farley, M., & Barkan, H. (1998). Prostitution, violence, and post traumatic stress disorder. Women and Health, 27, 33–48.
- Farley, M., Cotton, A., Lynne, J., Zumbeck, S., Spiwak, F., Reyes, M. E., … Sezgin, U. (2003). Prostitution and trafficking in nine countries: An update on violence and posttraumatic stress disorder. In M. Farley (Ed.), Prostitution, trafficking and traumatic stresses (pp. 33–74). Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Maltreatment & Trauma Press.
- Farley, M., & Kelly, M. (2000). Prostitution: A critical review of the medical in five countries: Violence and post traumatic stress disorder. Feminism & Psychology, 8, 415–426.
- Gibson, R. L., & Hartshorne, T. S. (1996). Childhood sexual abuse and adult loneliness and network orientation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20, 1087–1093.
- Hays, S. (1996). The cultural contradictions of motherhood. London: Yale University Press.
- Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery. New York, NY: Basic Books.
- Herman, J. H. (2003). Hidden in plain sight: Clinical observations on prostitution. Women and Health, 27, 33–48.
- Hondagneu-Sotelo, P., & Avila, H. (1997). “I'm here, but I'm there”: The meanings of Latina transnational motherhood. Gender and Society, 11, 548–571.
- Jackson, L. A., Augusta-Scott, T., Burwash-Brennan, M., Karabanow, J., Robertson, K., & Sowinski, B. (2009). Intimate relationships and women involved in the sex trade: Perceptions and experiences of inclusion and exclusion. Health, 13, 25–46.
- Kanji, S. (2004). The route matters: Poverty and inequality among lone mother household in Russia. Feminist Economics, 10, 207–225.
- Kartusch, A. (2001). Reference guide for anti-trafficking legislative review. Vienna, Austria: Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights.
- Kligman, G., & Limoncelli, S. (2005). Trafficking women after socialism: To, through, and from Eastern Europe. Social Politics, 12, 118–140.
- Levenkron, N., & Dahan, Y. (2003). Women as commodities: Trafficking in women in Israel, 2003. Tel Aviv: Hotline for Migrant Workers, Isha L.Isha - Haifa Feminist Center & Adva Center.
- Liam, I. I. L. (1999). The challenge of migrant motherhood: The childrearing practices of Chinese first time mother in Australia. In P. Liamputtong (Ed.), Asian mothers, western birth: Pregnancy, childbirth and childrearing: The Asian experience in an English-speaking country (pp. 135–160). Melbourne, Victoria: Ausmed.
- Liampnttong, P., & Naksook, C. (2003). Life as a mother in a new land: The experience of motherhood among Thai women in Australia. Health Care for Women International, 24, 650–668.
- Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8 Google Scholar
- McClelland, G. T. (2004). A qualitative study of the experience of mothers involved in street based prostitution and problematic substance use. Journal of Research in Nursing, 13, 437–447.
10.1177/1744987108095409 Google Scholar
- McKinney, J. R. (2004). Lone mothers in Russia: Soviet and post Soviet policy. Feminist Economics, 10(2), 37–60.
- McLanahan, S. S., & Kelly, E. L. (1998). The feminization of poverty: Past and future. Princeton, NJ: Office of Population Research.
- Miller, J. B. (1991). The development of women's sense of self. In J. V. Jordan, A. G. Miller, J. B. Kaplan, I. P. Stiver, & J. L. Surrey (Eds.), Women's growth in connection: Writing from the Stone Center (pp. 11–26). New York, NY: Guilford.
- Parrenas, R. S. (2001). Mothering from a distance: Emotions, gender, and inter-generational relation in Filipino transnational families. Feminist Studies, 27, 361–390.
- Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods ( 2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Peled, E., & Levin Rotberg, T. (2013). The perceptions of child protection officers toward mothering in prostitution. Social Service Review, 89, 40–69.
- Pitkin, K., & Bedoya, R. (1997). Women's multiple roles in economic crisis. Latin American Perspectives, 24, 34–49.
- Remennick, L. (2007). “Being a woman is different here”: Changing perceptions of femininity and gender relations among former Soviet women living in Greater Boston. Women's Studies International Forum, 30, 326–341.
- Rich, A. (1976). Of woman born: Motherhood as experience and institution. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
- Ross, C. A., Farley, M., & Schwartz, H. L. (2003). Dissociation among women in prostitution. In M. Farley (Ed.), Prostitution, trafficking, and traumatic stress (pp. xi–xxii). Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Maltreatment & Trauma Press.
- Rowlingson, K., & Mackay, S. (2005). Lone motherhood and socio- economic disadvantage: Insight from quantitative and qualitative evidence. The Sociological Review, 53, 30–49.
- Sallmann, J. (2010). Living with stigma: Women's experiences of prostitution and substance use. Affilia, 25, 146–159.
- Schuetze, P., & Das Eiden, R. (2005). The relationship between sexual abuse during childhood and parenting outcomes: Modeling and direct pathways. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 645–659.
- Sloss, C. M., & Harper, G. W. (2004). When street workers are mothers. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 33, 329–341.
- Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- UN General Assembly. (2003). The protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons, especially women and children. New York: United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.
- Van-Dan Akker, O., & Pattison, H. (2006). Cultural beliefs and practices related to infant health and development among Nigerian immigrant mothers in Italy. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 24, 257–280.
- van Liempt, I. (2011). Different geographies and experiences of ‘assisted’ types of migration: A gendered critique on the distinction between trafficking and smuggling. Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 18, 179–193.
10.1080/0966369X.2011.552316 Google Scholar
- Vlachova, B. (2005). Women in an insecure world. Geneva, Switzerland: Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces.
10.1016/S1572-8323(05)02016-3 Google Scholar
- Watt, D. (2007). On becoming a qualitative researcher: The value of reflexivity. The Qualitative Report, 12, 82–101.
- Yea, S. (2005). When push comes to shove: Sites of vulnerability, personal transformation, and trafficking women's migration decisions. SOJOURN, 20, 67–95.