Variability and Similarity of Gait as Evaluated by Joint Angles: Implications for Forensic Gait Analysis
Corresponding Author
Sylvia X.M. Yang M.Tech.
Unit of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Forensic Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, PO Box 2713, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
Additional information and reprint requests:
Sylvia Xuewei Ma Yang, M.Tech.
University of Copenhagen
Department of Forensic Medicine
Frederik V's Vej 11
PO Box 2713
DK-2100 Copenhagen
Denmark
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorPeter K. Larsen Ph.D.
Unit of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Forensic Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, PO Box 2713, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorTine Alkjær Ph.D.
Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorErik B. Simonsen Ph.D.
Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorNiels Lynnerup Ph.D.
Unit of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Forensic Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, PO Box 2713, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Sylvia X.M. Yang M.Tech.
Unit of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Forensic Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, PO Box 2713, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
Additional information and reprint requests:
Sylvia Xuewei Ma Yang, M.Tech.
University of Copenhagen
Department of Forensic Medicine
Frederik V's Vej 11
PO Box 2713
DK-2100 Copenhagen
Denmark
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorPeter K. Larsen Ph.D.
Unit of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Forensic Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, PO Box 2713, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorTine Alkjær Ph.D.
Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorErik B. Simonsen Ph.D.
Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorNiels Lynnerup Ph.D.
Unit of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Forensic Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, PO Box 2713, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Closed-circuit television (CCTV) footage is used in criminal investigations to compare perpetrators with suspects. Usually, incomplete gait cycles are collected, making evidential gait analysis challenging. This study aimed to analyze the discriminatory power of joint angles throughout a gait cycle. Six sets from 12 men were collected. For each man, a variability range VR (mean ± 1SD) of a specific joint angle at a specific time point (a gait cycle was 100 time points) was calculated. In turn, each individual was compared with the 11 others, and whenever 1 of these 11 had a value within this individual's VR, it counted as positive. By adding the positives throughout the gait cycle, we created simple bar graphs; tall bars indicated a small discriminatory power, short bars indicated a larger one. The highest discriminatory power was at time points 60–80 in the gait cycle. We show how our data can assess gait data from an actual case.
References
- 1Larsen PK, Simonsen EB, Lynnerup N. Gait analysis in forensic medicine. J Forensic Sci 2008; 53(5): 1149–53.
- 2Larsen PK, Hansen L, Simonsen EB, Lynnerup N. Variability of bodily measures of normally dressed people using PhotoModeler® Pro 5*. J Forensic Sci 2008; 53(6): 1393–9.
- 3Larsen PK, Lynnerup N, Henriksen M, Alkjær T, Simonsen EB. Gait recognition using joint moments, joint angles, and segment angles. J Forensic Biomech 2010; 1: 1–7.
10.4303/jfb/F100302 Google Scholar
- 4Marios S. Unconstrained biometric identification: emerging technologies. IEEE Comput 2010; 43(2): 56–62.
10.1109/MC.2010.55 Google Scholar
- 5Winter DA. The biomechanics and motor control of human gait: normal, elderly and pathological, 2nd edn. Kitchener, Ontario, Canada: Waterloo Biomechanics Publishing, 1991.
- 6Akae N, Mansur A, Makihara Y, Yagi Y. Video from nearly still: an application to low frame-rate gait recognition. Proceedings of the 25th IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR); 2012 June 16–21; Providence, RI. Providence, RI: IEEE, 2012; 1537–43.
- 7Janssen D, Schöllhorn WI, Newell KM, Jäger JM, Rost F, Vehof K. Diagnosing fatigue in gait patterns by support vector machines and self-organizing maps. Hum Mov Sci 2011; 30(5): 966–75.
- 8Janssen D, Schöllhorn W, Lubienetzki J, Fölling K, Kokenge H, Davids K. Recognition of emotions in gait patterns by means of artificial neural nets. J Nonverbal Behav 2008; 32(2): 79–92.
- 9Schöllhorn WI, Nigg BM, Stefanyshyn DJ, Liu W. Identification of individual walking patterns using time discrete and time continuous data sets. Gait Posture 2002; 15(2): 180–6.
- 10Vaughan CL, Davis BL, O'Connor JC. Dynamics of human gait, 2nd edn. Cape Town, South Africa: Kiboho Publishers, 1999.
- 11Cheng M-H, Ho M-F, Huang C-L. Gait analysis for human identification through manifold learning and HMM. Pattern Recogn 2008; 41(8): 2541–53.
- 12Hayfron-Acquah JB, Nixon MS, Carter JN. Automatic gait recognition by symmetry analysis. Pattern Recogn Lett 2003; 24(13): 2175–83.
- 13Liu J, Zheng N, Xiong L. Silhouette quality quantification for gait sequence analysis and recognition. Signal Process 2009; 89(7): 1417–27.
- 14Arantes M, Gonzaga A. Human gait recognition using extraction and fusion of global motion features. Multimed Tools Appl 2011; 55(3): 655–75.
- 15Yang X, Zhou Y, Zhang T, Shu G, Yang J. Gait recognition based on dynamic region analysis. Signal Process 2008; 88(9): 2350–6.
- 16Goffredo M, Bouchrika I, Carter J, Nixon M. Performance analysis for automated gait extraction and recognition in multi-camera surveillance. Multimed Tools Appl 2010; 50(1): 75–94.
- 17Yoo J-H, Nixon M. Feature extraction and selection for recognizing humans by their gait. In: G Bebis, R Boyle, B Parvin, D Koracin, P Remagnino, A Nefian, G Meenakshisundaram, V Pascucci, J Zara, Jose Molineros, H Theisel, T Malzbender., editors. Advances in visual computing lecture notes in computer science. Vol. 4292. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, 2006; 156–65.
- 18Nixon MS, Carter JN, Grant MG, Gordon L, Hayfron-Acquah JB. Automatic recognition by gait: progress and prospects. Sensor Rev 2003; 23(4): 323–31.
10.1108/02602280310496845 Google Scholar
- 19Alkjaer T, Simonsen EB, Jørgensen U, Dyhre-Poulsen P. Evaluation of the walking pattern in two types of patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency: copers and non-copers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003; 89(3): 301–8.
- 20Simonsen EB, Moesby LM, Hansen LD, Comins J, Alkjaer T. Redistribution of joint moments during walking in patients with drop-foot. Clin Biomech 2010; 25(9): 949–52.
- 21Simonsen E, Thomsen L, Klausen K. Activity of mono- and biarticular leg muscles during sprint running. Eur J Appl Physiol 1985; 54(5): 524–32.
- 22S∅rensen H, Zacho M, Simonsen EB, Dyhre-Poulsen P, Klausen K. Dynamics of the martial arts high front kick. J Sports Sci 1996; 14(6): 483–95.
- 23McGinley JL, Baker R, Wolfe R, Morris ME. The reliability of three-dimensional kinematic gait measurements: a systematic review. Gait Posture 2009; 29(3): 360–9.
- 24Trung NT, Makihara Y, Nagahara H, Sagawa R, Mukaigawa Y, Yagi Y. Performance evaluation of gait recognition using the largest inertial sensor-based gait database. Proceedings of the 5th IAPR International Conference on Biometrics (ICB 2012); 2012 Mar 29–Apr 1; New Delhi, India. New Delhi, India: IEEE, 2012; 360–6.
- 25Veres G, Nixon M, Carter J. Is enough enough? What is sufficiency in biometric data? In: A Campilho, M Kamel, editors. Image analysis and recognition lecture notes in computer science. Vol. 4142. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, 2006; 262–73.
10.1007/11867661_24 Google Scholar
- 26O'Dwyer N, Smith R, Halaki M, Rattanaprasert U. Independent assessment of pattern and offset variability of time series waveforms. Gait Posture 2009; 29(2): 285–9.
- 27Schwartz MH, Trost JP, Wervey RA. Measurement and management of errors in quantitative gait data. Gait Posture 2004; 20(2): 196–203.
- 28Bouchrika I, Goffredo M, Carter J, Nixon M. On using gait in forensic biometrics. J Forensic Sci 2011; 56(4): 882–9.
- 29Jung SU, Nixon M. Detection human motion with heel strikes for surveillance analysis. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns (CAIP); 2011 Aug 29–31; Seville, Spain. Seville, Spain: Springer, 2011; 9–16.
- 30Yoo J-H, Nixon M. Automated markerless analysis of human gait motion for recognition and classification. ETRI J 2011; 33(3): 259–66.
- 31Al-Huseiny M, Mahmoodi S, Nixon M. Gait learning-based regenerative model: a level set approach. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition; 2010 Aug 23–26; Istanbul, Turkey. Istanbul, Turkey: IEEE, 2010; 2644–7.
- 32Ariyanto G, Nixon M. Model-based 3D gait biometrics. Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Biometrics; 2011 Oct 11–13; Washington, DC. Washington, DC: IEEE, 2011; 1–7.
- 33Reid D, Nixon M. Using comparative human descriptions for soft biometrics. Proceedings of the 1st International Joint Conference on Biometrics; 2011 Oct 11–13; Washington, DC. Washington, DC: IEEE; 2011; 1–6.
- 34Reid D, Nixon M, Stevenage S. Identifying humans using comparative descriptions. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Imaging for Crime Detection and Prevention (ICDP); 2011 Nov 3–4; London, UK. Kingston, UK: IEEE; 2011; 1–6.
- 35Oeffinger D, Brauch B, Cranfill S, Hisle C, Wynn C, Hicks R, et al. Comparison of gait with and without shoes in children. Gait Posture 1999; 9(2): 95–100.
- 36Eisenhardt JR, Cook D, Pregler I, Foehl HC. Changes in temporal gait characteristics and pressure distribution for bare feet versus various heel heights. Gait Posture 1996; 4(4): 280–6.
10.1016/0966-6362(95)01053-X Google Scholar
- 37Kadaba MP, Ramakrishnan HK, Wootten ME, Gainey J, Gorton G, Cochran GVB. Repeatability of kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data in normal adult gait. J Orthop Res 1989; 7(6): 849–60.
- 38Tingley M, Wilson C, Biden E, Knight WR. An index to quantify normality of gait in young children. Gait Posture 2002; 16(2): 149–58.
Citing Literature
