On the interpretation of magnetic and electric fields imaged by low-magnification off-axis electron holography

The interpretation of magnetic and electric fields imaged by off-axis electron holography is not always straightforward. We will demonstrate this by some examples of possible misinterpretations which can result from, for example, comparing a hologram with a second one acquired such that the reference wave travelled on the opposite side of the sample, the diffraction of the electron beam at the biprism fibre, not centring an area to the true centre of the sideband when reconstructing the image wave by Fourier optics, quantification of ‘magnetic’ and ‘electric’ phases, procedures to separate electric from magnetic phases and dislocations in the interference fringes of the hologram.