Can asthma and allergy be prevented in real life?
K.-H. Carlsen,
K.-H. Carlsen
Voksentoppen BKL National Hospital Ullveien 14, N-0791 Oslo, Norway
Search for more papers by this authorK.-H. Carlsen,
K.-H. Carlsen
Voksentoppen BKL National Hospital Ullveien 14, N-0791 Oslo, Norway
Search for more papers by this author
References
- 1 Aberg N, Hesselmar B, Aberg B, Eriksson B. Increase of asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema in Swedish schoolchildren between 1979 and 1991. Clin Exp Allergy 1995; 25: 815–819.
- 2 Sunyer J, Anto JM, Tobias A, Burney P. Generational increase of self-reported first attack of asthma in fifteen industrialized countries. European Community Respiratory Health Study (ECRHS). Eur Respir J 1999; 14: 885–891.
- 3 Worldwide variations in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Eur Respir J 1998; 12: 315–335.
- 4 Nystad W, Magnus P, Gulsvik A, Skarpaas IJ, Carlsen KH. Changing prevalence of asthma in school children: evidence for diagnostic changes in asthma in two surveys 13 yrs apart. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 1046–1051.
- 5 Los H, Koppelman GH, Postma DS. The importance of genetic influences in asthma. Eur Respir J 1999; 14: 1210–1227.
- 6 Bener A, Abdulrazzaq YM, Al Mutawwa J, Debuse P. Genetic and environmental factors associated with asthma. Hum Biol 1996; 68: 405–414.
- 7 Lodrup Carlsen KC, Jaakkola JJ, Nafstad P, Carlsen KH. In utero exposure to cigarette smoking influences lung function at birth. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 1774–1779.
- 8 Jones AC, Miles EA, Warner JO, Colwell BM, Bryant TN, Warner JA. Fetal peripheral blood mononuclear cell prolieferative responses to mitogenic and allergenic stimuli during gestation. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1996; 7: 109–116.
- 9 McKeever TM, Lewis SA, Smith C, Hubbard R. The importance of prenatal exposures on the development of allergic disease: a birth cohort study using the West Midlands General Practice Database. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 827–832.
- 10 Falth-Magnusson K, Kjellman NI. Allergy prevention by maternal elimination diet during late pregnancy – a 5-year follow-up of a randomized study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 89: 709–713.
- 11 Holt PG, Yabuhara A, Prescott S, Venaille T, Macaubas C, Holt BJ et al. Allergen recognition in the origin of asthma. Ciba Found Symp 1997; 206: 35–49.
- 12 Host A, Halken S. Can we apply clinical studies to real life? Evidence-based recommendations from studies on development of allergic diseases and allergy prevention. Allergy 2002; 57: 389–397.
- 13 Hide DW, Matthews S, Tariq S, Arshad SH. Allergen avoidance in infancy and allergy at 4 years of age. Allergy 1996; 51: 89–93.
- 14 Arshad SH, Bojarskas J, Tsitoura S, Matthews S, Mealy B, Dean T et al. Prevention of sensitization to house dust mite by allergen avoidance in school age children: a randomized controlled study. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32: 843–849.
- 15
Björksten F,
Suoniemi I,
Koski V.
Neonatal birch pollen contact and subsequent allergy to birch pollen.
Clin Allergy
1980; 10: 585–591.
10.1111/j.1365-2222.1980.tb02140.x Google Scholar
- 16 Rugtveit J. Environmental factors in the first months of life and possible relationship to later development of hypersensitivity. Allergy 1990; 45: 154–156.
- 17 Svanes C, Jarvis D, Chinn S, Burney P. Childhood environment and adult atopy: results from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103(3 Pt 1): 415–420.
- 18 Perzanowski MS, Ronmark E, Platts-Mills TA, Lundback B. Effect of cat and dog ownership on sensitization and development of asthma among preteenage children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 696–702.
- 19 Celedon JC, Litonjua AA, Ryan L, Platts-Mills T, Weiss ST, Gold DR. Exposure to cat allergen, maternal history of asthma, and wheezing in first 5 years of life. Lancet 2002; 360: 781–782.
- 20 Braun-Fahrlander C, Gassner M, Grize L, Neu U, Sennhauser FH, Varonier HS et al. Prevalence of hay fever and allergic sensitization in farmer's children and their peers living in the same rural community. SCARPOL team. Swiss Study on Childhood Allergy and Respiratory Symptoms with Respect to Air Pollution. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29: 28–34.
- 21 Riedler J, Braun-Fahrlander C, Eder W, Schreuer M, Waser M, Maisch S et al. Exposure to farming in early life and development of asthma and allergy: a cross-sectional survey. Lancet 2001; 358: 1129–1133.
- 22 Von Mutius E, Braun-Fahrlander C, Schierl R, Riedler J, Ehlermann S, Maisch S et al. Exposure to endotoxin or other bacterial components might protect against the development of atopy. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30: 1230–1234.
- 23 Braun-Fahrlander C, Riedler J, Herz U, Eder W, Waser M, Grize L et al. Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its relation to asthma in school-age children. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 869–877.
- 24 Gehring U, Bischof W, Fahlbusch B, Wichmann HE, Heinrich J. House dust endotoxin and allergic sensitization in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 939–944.
- 25 Park JH, Gold DR, Spiegelman DL, Burge HA, Milton DK. House dust endotoxin and wheeze in the first year of life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 322–328.
- 26 Kajosaari M. Atopy prophylaxis in high-risk infants. Prospective 5-year follow-up study of children with six months exclusive breastfeeding and solid food elimination. Adv Exp Med Biol 1991; 310: 453–458.
- 27 Saarinen UM, Kajosaari M. Breastfeeding as prophylaxis against atopic disease: prospective follow-up study until 17 years old. Lancet 1995; 346: 1065–1069.
- 28 Sears MR, Greene JM, Willan AR, Taylor DR, Flannery EM, Cowan JO et al. Long-term relation between breastfeeding and development of atopy and asthma in children and young adults: a longitudinal study. Lancet 2002; 360: 901–907.
- 29 Wickman M, Melén E, Berglind N, Nordvall SL, Almqvist C, Kull I et al. Strategies for preventing wheezing and asthma in small children. Allergy 2003; 58: 742–747.