Research Article
Validation of the PTSD checklist–civilian version in survivors of bone marrow transplantation
Meredith Y. Smith,
William Redd,
Katherine DuHamel,
Suzanne Johnson Vickberg,
Patricia Ricketts,
Corresponding Author
Meredith Y. Smith
Derald H. Ruttenburg Cancer Center, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
Box 1130, One Gustave L. Levy Pl., New York, New York 10029Search for more papers by this authorWilliam Redd
Derald H. Ruttenburg Cancer Center, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
Search for more papers by this authorKatherine DuHamel
Derald H. Ruttenburg Cancer Center, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
Search for more papers by this authorSuzanne Johnson Vickberg
Derald H. Ruttenburg Cancer Center, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
Department of Social Personality Psychology, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10036
Search for more papers by this authorPatricia Ricketts
Department of Social Personality Psychology, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10036
Search for more papers by this authorMeredith Y. Smith,
William Redd,
Katherine DuHamel,
Suzanne Johnson Vickberg,
Patricia Ricketts,
Corresponding Author
Meredith Y. Smith
Derald H. Ruttenburg Cancer Center, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
Box 1130, One Gustave L. Levy Pl., New York, New York 10029Search for more papers by this authorWilliam Redd
Derald H. Ruttenburg Cancer Center, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
Search for more papers by this authorKatherine DuHamel
Derald H. Ruttenburg Cancer Center, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
Search for more papers by this authorSuzanne Johnson Vickberg
Derald H. Ruttenburg Cancer Center, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
Department of Social Personality Psychology, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10036
Search for more papers by this authorPatricia Ricketts
Department of Social Personality Psychology, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10036
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Life-threatening illness now qualifies as a precipitating stressor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We examined the validity of the PTSD Checklist–Civilian Version (PCL–C; Weathers, Litz, Herman, Juska, & Keane, 1993), a brief 17-item inventory of PTSD-like symptoms, in a sample of 111 adults who had undergone bone marrow transplantation an average of 4.04 years previously. Exploratory factor analysis of the PCL–C identified four distinct patterns of symptom responses: Numbing–Hyperarousal, Dreams–Memories of the Cancer Treatment, General Hyperarousal, Responses to Cancer-Related Reminders and Avoidance–Numbing. Respondents meeting PTSD symptom criteria on the PCL–C had significantly lower physical, role, and social functioning, greater distress and anxiety, and significantly more intrusive and avoidant responses than individuals who did not meet PTSD symptom criteria.
References
- Allen, S. (1994). Psychological assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Psychometrics, current trends, and future directions. Psychiatry Clinics of North America, 17, 327–349.
- Alter, C. L., Pelcovitz, D., Axelrod, A., Goldenberg, B., Harris, H., Meyers, B., Grobius, B., Mandel, F., Septimus, A., & Kaplan, S. (1996). Identification of PTSD in cancer survivors. Psychosomatics, 37, 137–143.
- American Psychiatric Association [APA] (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( 4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
- Andrykowski, M. A. (1994). Psychosocial factors in bone marrow transplantation: A review and recommendations for research. Bone Marrow Transplant, 13, 357–375.
- Andrykowski, M. A., Cordova, M. J., Studts, J. L., & Miller, T. W. (1998). Posttraumatic stress disorder after treatment for breast cancer: Prevalence of diagnosis and use of the PTSD Checklist–Civilian version (PCL–C) as a screening instrument. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 580–590.
- Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nage, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1995). The development of a clinician-administered PTSD scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 75–90.
-
Bollen, K. A.
(1989).
Structural equations with latent variables.
New York: Wiley.
10.1002/9781118619179 Google Scholar
- Bremner, J. D., Southwick, S. M., Johnson, D. R., Yehuda, R., & Charney, D. S. (1993). Childhood physical abuse and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in Vietnam veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 235–239.
- Brewin, C. R. (1989). Cognitive change processes in psychotherapy. Psychological Review, 96, 379–394.
- Brewin, C. R., Dalgleish, T., & Joseph, S. (1996). A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Review, 103, 670–686.
- Burnett, A. K. (1989). International experience of autologous bone marrow transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia. In R. Gale & R. Champlin (Eds.), Bone marrow transplantation: Current controversies (pp. 129–147). New York: Alan R. Liss.
- Cella, D. F., & Tross, S. (1986). Psychological adjustment to survival from Hodgkin's Disease. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 616–622.
- Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385–396.
- Comrey, A. L. (1973). A first course in factor analysis. New York: Academic.
- Cordova, M. J., Andrykowski, M. A., & Jacobsen, P. B. (1997, August). Symptom structure of PTSD following breast cancer. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, San Francisco, CA.
- Cordova, M. J., Andrykowski, M. A., Kenady, D., McGrath, P., Sloan, D., & Redd, W. (1995). Frequency and correlates of posttraumatic-stress-disorder-like symptoms after treatment for breast cancer. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 981–986.
- Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297–334.
- Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 281–302.
- Dansky, B. S., Saladin, M. E., Brady, K. T., Kilpatrick, D. G., & Resnick, H. S. (1995). Prevalence of victimization and posttraumatic stress disorder among women with substance use disorders: Comparison of telephone and in-person assessment samples. The International Journal of Addictions, 30, 1079–1995.
- Davidson, J., Smith, R., & Kudler, H. (1989). Validity and reliability of the DSM-III criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder: Experience with a structured interview. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 177, 336–341.
- Derogatis, L. (1975). Brief Symptom Inventory. Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research.
- Derogatis, L. (1977). The SCL-90 manual. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.
- Eysenck, H. J. (1986). A critique of contemporary classification and diagnosis. In M. T. Milton & G. L. Klerman (Eds.), Contemporary directions in psychopathology: Toward the DSM-IV (pp. 54–58). New York: Guilford Press.
- Feinstein, A., & Dolan, R. (1991). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder following physical trauma: An examination of the stressor criterion. Psychological Medicine, 21, 85–91.
- Foa, E., Riggs, D., Dancu, C., & Rothman, B. (1993). Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 459–473.
-
Hammarberg, M.
(1992).
Penn Inventory for posttraumatic stress disorder: Psychometric properties.
Psychological Assessment,
4,
67–76.
10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.67 Google Scholar
- Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209–218.
- Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., Kaltreider, N., & Alvarez, W. (1980). Signs and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 85–92.
- Jacobsen, P. B., Widows, M. R., Hann, D. M., Andrykowski, M. A., Kronish, L. E., & Fields, K. K. (1998). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms after bone marrow transplantation for breast cancer. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60, 366–371.
- Kazak, A., Barakat, L., Meeske, K., Christakis, D., Meadows, A., Casey, R., Penati, B., & Stuber, M. (1997). Posttraumatic stress, family functioning, and social support in survivors of childhood leukemia and their mothers and fathers. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 65, 120–129.
- Keane, T., Caddell, J., & Taylor, K. (1987). The Mississippi Scale of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 85–90.
- Keane, T., Malloy, P., & Fairbank, J. (1984). Empirical development of an MMPI subscale for the assessment of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 888–891.
- Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the national comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048–1060.
- Kraemer, H. C. (1992). Evaluating medical tests Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159–174.
- Litwin, M., Hays, R., Fink, A., Ganz, P., Leake, B., Leach, G., & Brook, R. (1995). Quality of life outcomes in men treated for localized prostate cancer. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273, 129–135.
- McDowell, I., & Newell, C. (1987). Measuring health: A guide to rating scales and questionnaires. New York: Oxford University Press.
- McFall, M., Smith, D., Roszell, D., Tarver, D., & Malas, K. (1990). Convergent validity of measures of PTSD in vietnam combat veterans. American Journal of Psychology, 147, 645–648.
- McFarlane, A. C. (1992). Avoidance and intrusion in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 180, 439–445.
- Messick, S. (1980). Test validity and the ethics of assessment. American Psychologist, 34, 1012–1027.
-
Pelcovitz, D.,
Goldenberg, B.,
Kaplan, S.,
Weinblatt, M.,
Mandel, F., &
Vinciguerra, V.
(1996).
Post-traumatic stress disorder in mothers of children with cancer.
Psychosomatics,
36,
116–126.
10.1016/S0033-3182(96)71577-3 Google Scholar
- Perry, S., Difede, J., Musngi, G., Frances, A. J., & Jacobsberg, L. (1992). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder after burn injury. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 931–935.
- Rohde, P., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1997). Comparability of telephone and face-to-face interviews in assessing Axis I and II disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1593–1598.
- Shalev, A. Y., Peri, T., Canetti, M. A., & Schreiber, S. (1996). Predictors of PTSD in injured trauma survivors: A prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 219–225.
- Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., Gibbon, M., & First, M. B. (1990). Structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R-Non-patient edition (SICD-NP, Version, 1.0). American Psychiatric Press.
- Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (1989). Using multivariate statistics. New York: Harper & Row.
- Vreven, D. L., Guadanowski, D. M., King, L. A., & King, D. W. (1995). The civilian version of the Mississippi PTSD scale: A psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 91–110.
- Ware, J., & Sherbourne, C. (1992). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30, 473–483.
-
Watson, C.
(1990).
Psychometric posttraumatic stress disorder measurement techniques: A review.
Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,
2,
460–469.
10.1037/1040-3590.2.4.460 Google Scholar
-
Watson, C.,
Juba, M.,
Manifold, V.,
Kucala, T., &
Anderson, P.
(1991).
The PTSD interview: Rationale, description, reliability and concurrent validity of DSM-III based technique.
Journal of Clinical Psychology,
47,
179–188.
10.1002/1097-4679(199103)47:2<179::AID-JCLP2270470202>3.0.CO;2-P CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Weathers, F., Litz, B., Herman, D., Juska, J., & Keane, T. (1993, October). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.
