Clinical Review: Current Concept
The Female Athlete Triad and Endothelial Dysfunction
Erica M. Lanser BS,
Karie N. Zach MD,
Anne Z. Hoch DO,
Erica M. Lanser BS
Department of Health Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
Disclosure: nothing to discloseSearch for more papers by this authorKarie N. Zach MD
Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
Disclosure: nothing to discloseSearch for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Anne Z. Hoch DO
Women's Sports Medicine Program, Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery/Cardiovascular Center, 9200 W Wisconsin Ave, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
Disclosure: nothing to discloseAddress correspondence to A.Z.H.Search for more papers by this authorErica M. Lanser BS,
Karie N. Zach MD,
Anne Z. Hoch DO,
Erica M. Lanser BS
Department of Health Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
Disclosure: nothing to discloseSearch for more papers by this authorKarie N. Zach MD
Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
Disclosure: nothing to discloseSearch for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Anne Z. Hoch DO
Women's Sports Medicine Program, Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery/Cardiovascular Center, 9200 W Wisconsin Ave, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
Disclosure: nothing to discloseAddress correspondence to A.Z.H.Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
A tremendous increase in the number of female athletes of all ages and abilities has occurred in the past 35 years. In general, sports and athletic competition produce healthier and happier women. However, explosion in participation has revealed clear gender-specific injuries and medical conditions unique to the female athlete. This article focuses on the latest advances in our knowledge of the female athlete triad and the relationship between athletic-associated amenorrhea and endothelial dysfunction. Treatment of vascular dysfunction with folic acid is also discussed.
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