RESEARCH ARTICLE
Phylogenomics, morphological evolution, and taxonomic revision of Spirotropis, a newly delimited legume genus of ecologically dominant Amazonian tree species
Bernarda de Souza Gregório,
Catarina S. Carvalho,
Charles H. Stirton,
Gwilym P. Lewis,
Benjamin M. Torke,
Lei Duan,
Gustavo Ramos,
Lamarck Rocha,
Charles E. Zartman,
Domingos B.O.S. Cardoso,
Corresponding Author
Bernarda de Souza Gregório
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s.n., Novo Horizonte,, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
Addresses for correspondence: Bernarda de Souza Gregório, [email protected]; Domingos B. O. S. Cardoso, [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCatarina S. Carvalho
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Av. André Araújo Aleixo, 2936,, 69060-001 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorCharles H. Stirton
Bolus Herbarium (BOL), Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7700 South Africa
Search for more papers by this authorGwilym P. Lewis
Accelerated Taxonomy Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorBenjamin M. Torke
Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, New York, 10458-5126 U.S.A.
Search for more papers by this authorLei Duan
Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
Search for more papers by this authorGustavo Ramos
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH5 3LR United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorLamarck Rocha
Herbário HUEFS, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s.n., Novo Horizonte,, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorCharles E. Zartman
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Av. André Araújo Aleixo, 2936,, 69060-001 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Domingos B.O.S. Cardoso
Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915,, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s.n., Ondina,, 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Addresses for correspondence: Bernarda de Souza Gregório, [email protected]; Domingos B. O. S. Cardoso, [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorBernarda de Souza Gregório,
Catarina S. Carvalho,
Charles H. Stirton,
Gwilym P. Lewis,
Benjamin M. Torke,
Lei Duan,
Gustavo Ramos,
Lamarck Rocha,
Charles E. Zartman,
Domingos B.O.S. Cardoso,
Corresponding Author
Bernarda de Souza Gregório
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s.n., Novo Horizonte,, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
Addresses for correspondence: Bernarda de Souza Gregório, [email protected]; Domingos B. O. S. Cardoso, [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCatarina S. Carvalho
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Av. André Araújo Aleixo, 2936,, 69060-001 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorCharles H. Stirton
Bolus Herbarium (BOL), Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7700 South Africa
Search for more papers by this authorGwilym P. Lewis
Accelerated Taxonomy Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorBenjamin M. Torke
Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, New York, 10458-5126 U.S.A.
Search for more papers by this authorLei Duan
Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
Search for more papers by this authorGustavo Ramos
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH5 3LR United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorLamarck Rocha
Herbário HUEFS, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina, s.n., Novo Horizonte,, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorCharles E. Zartman
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Av. André Araújo Aleixo, 2936,, 69060-001 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Domingos B.O.S. Cardoso
Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915,, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s.n., Ondina,, 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Addresses for correspondence: Bernarda de Souza Gregório, [email protected]; Domingos B. O. S. Cardoso, [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 28 February 2025
Associate Editor: Jessica Mary Prebble
Abstract
Spirotropis (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) is a Neotropical genus of trees that has long remained circumscribed to just one species, S. longifolia. Evidence from previous molecular phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and plastid loci and morphological features supports expanding its circumscription to encompass species from the polyphyletic Clathrotropis s.l. that are widely distributed in the Amazonian forests. Here, we reassess the evolutionary relationships of Spirotropis and Clathrotropis s.l. based on a new plastome-wide phylogenomic analysis of the genistoid legumes. The evolutionary histories of selected morphological characters were estimated through Bayesian stochastic mapping over a robust phylogeny of the Ormosieae clade in order to investigate synapomorphies that define an expanded concept of Spirotropis. The newly circumscribed genus Spirotropis was recovered as a well-supported monophyletic group comprising five species: the type S. longifolia, three species added from Clathrotropis s.str. (S. nitida, S. paradoxa, S. rosea) and the newly described S. fusca endemic to Venezuela. These species are represented by trees with fragrant flowers and spirally twisted keel petals that grow from tropical lowland rain forests, including seasonally flooded forests, to montane forests. In this study, we present identification keys for the Ormosieae genera and the Spirotropis species, in addition to full taxonomic descriptions, illustrations, maps of geographic distribution, and comments on the morphological distinctiveness, nomenclature, and ecology of each species.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| tax13325-sup-0001-AppendixS1.nexunknown, 3.9 MB | Appendix S1: Aligned dataset. |
| tax13325-sup-0002-FigureS1.pdfPDF document, 16.8 MB | Fig. S1: Bayesian majority-rule consensus phylogram of the genistoid legumes as originally analyzed by Gregório & al. (2024) based on combined nuclear (ITS/5.8S) and plastid (matK and trnL intron) DNA sequence data. |
| tax13325-sup-0003-TableS1.xlsxExcel 2007 spreadsheet , 46.2 KB | Table S1: Full list of examined herbarium specimens of Spirotropis species for the taxonomic revision and mapping species distribution. |
| tax13325-sup-0004-TableS2.xlsxExcel 2007 spreadsheet , 10.5 KB | Table S2: Morphological dataset used on the ancestral estimation analyses. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
LITERATURE CITED
- Allen, O.N. & Allen, E.K. 1981. The Leguminosae: A source book of characteristics, uses, and nodulation. Washington: The University of Wisconsin Press.
10.1007/978-1-349-06142-6 Google Scholar
- Alves, A.C., Vasconcelos, M.A., Santiago, M.Q., Pinto-Junior, V.R., Osterne, V.J.S., Lossio, C.F., Bringel, P.H.S.F., Castro, R.R., Nagano, C.S., Delatorre, P., Souza, L.A.G., Nascimento, K.S., Assreuy, A.M.S. & Cavada, B.S. 2015. A novel vasorelaxant lectin purified from seeds of Clathrotropis nitida: Partial characterization and immobilization in chitosan beads. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 588: 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2015.10.020
- Andrade, A.L., Pinheiro, A.A., Vasconcelos, M.A. & Teixeira, E.H. 2019. Atividade antimicrobiana e antibiofilme de uma lectina isolada de sementes de Clathrotropis nitida sobre bactérias relacionadas a infecções nosocomiais. P. 2292 in: XII Encontro de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, vol. 4(3). Fortaleza: UFC.
- Antonelli, A. & Sanmartín, I. 2011. Why are there so many plant species in the Neotropics? Taxon 60: 403–414. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.602010
- Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill, A.W., de la Torre, J. & Scott, B. 2011. Supporting Red List Threat assessments with GeoCAT: Geospatial conservation assessment tool. ZooKeys 150: 117–126. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2109
- Baillon, H. 1870. [Légumineuses] Sous-famille Papilionacées. Pp. 197–384 in: Histoire des plantes, vol. 2. Paris: Librairie Hachette. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.40796
- Basset, C., Rodrigues, A.M.S., Eparvier, V., Silva, M.R.R., Lopes, N.P., Sabatier, D., Fonty, E., Espindola, L.S. & Stien, D. 2012. Secondary metabolites from Spirotropis longifolia (DC.) Baill. and their antifungal activity against human pathogenic fungi. Phytochemistry 74: 166–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.10.011
- Bentham, G. 1840. Enumeration of plants collected by Mr Schomburgk in British Guiana. J. Bot. (Hooker) 2: 38–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933909512423
10.1080/00222933909512423 Google Scholar
- Bentham, G. 1862. Leguminosae I. Papilionaceae [tr. IX Dalbergieae & tr. X Sophoreae]. Pp. 217–332 in: C.F.P. Martius (ed.), Flora Brasiliensis, vol. 15(1). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: apud Fridr. Fleischer. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.454
- Bolger, A.M., Lohse, M. & Usadel, B. 2014. Trimmomatic: A flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 30: 2114–2120. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group 2019. Clathrotropis nitida. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T145657042A145657044. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T145657042A145657044.en (accessed Mar 2022).
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T145657042A145657044.en Google Scholar
- Candolle, A.P. de 1825. Leguminosae. Pp. 93–524 in: Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, vol. 2. Parisiis [Paris]: sumptibus sociorum Treuttel et Würtz. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.286
- Candolle, A.P. de 1826 (“1825”). Revue du sous-ordre des Swartziées. Pp. 397–413 [XI Mem.] in: Mémoires sur la famille des Légumineuses. Paris: chez A. Belin. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.124031
- Cardoso, D., Queiroz, L.P., Pennington, R.T., Lima, H.C., Fonty, E., Wojciechowski, M.F. & Lavin, M. 2012a. Revisiting the phylogeny of papilionoid legumes: New insights from comprehensively sampled early-branching lineages. Amer. J. Bot. 99: 1991–2013. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1200380
- Cardoso, D., Lima, H.C., Rodrigues, R.S., Queiroz, L.P., Pennington, R.T. & Lavin, M. 2012b. The Bowdichia clade of Genistoid legumes: Phylogenetic analysis of combined molecular and morphological data and a recircumscription of Diplotropis. Taxon 61: 1074–1087. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.615012
- Cardoso, D., Pennington, R.T., Queiroz, L.P., Boatwright, J.S., Van Wyk, B.-E., Wojciechowski, M.F. & Lavin, M. 2013a. Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes. S. African J. Bot. 89: 58–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001
- Cardoso, D., Queiroz, L.P., Lima, H.C., Suganuma, E., Van den Berg, C. & Lavin, M. 2013b. A molecular phylogeny of the vataireoid legumes underscores floral evolvability that is general to many early-branching papilionoid lineages. Amer. J. Bot. 100: 403–421. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1200276
- Cardoso, D.B.O.S., Queiroz, L.P. & Lima, H.C. 2014. A taxonomic revision of the South American papilionoid genus Luetzelburgia (Fabaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 175: 328–375. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12153
- Cardoso, D., Carvalho-Sobrinho, J.G., Zartman, C.E., Komura, D.L. & Queiroz, L.P. 2015a. Unexplored Amazonian diversity: Rare and phylogenetically enigmatic tree species are newly collected. Neodiversity 8: 55–73. https://doi.org/10.13102/neod.81.4
10.13102/neod.81.4 Google Scholar
- Cardoso, D., São-Mateus, W.M.B., Cruz, D.T., Zartman, C.E., Komura, D.L., Kite, G., Prenner, G., Wieringa, J.J., Clark, A., Lewis, G., Pennington, R.T. & Queiroz, L.P. 2015b. Filling in the gaps of the papilionoid legume phylogeny: The enigmatic Amazonian genus Petaladenium is a new branch of the early-diverging Amburaneae clade. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 84: 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.12.015
- Cardoso, D., Särkinen, T., Alexander, S., Amorim, A.M., Bittrich, V., Celis, M., Daly, D.C., Fiaschi, P., Funk, V.A., Giacomin, L.L., Goldenberg, R., Heiden, G., Iganci, J., Kelloff, C.L., Knapp, S., Lima, H.C., Machado, A.F.P., dos Santos, R.M., Mello-Silva, R., Michelangeli, F.A., Mitchell, J., Moonlight, P., de Moraes, P.L.R., Mori, S.A., Nunes, T.S., Pennington, T.D., Pirani, J.R., Prance, G.T., de Queiroz, L.P., Rapini, A., Riina, R., Rincon, C.A.V., Roque, N., Shimizu, G., Sobral, M., Stehmann, J.R., Stevens, W.D., Taylor, C.M., Trovó, M., Van den Berg, C., Van der Werff, H., Viana, P.L., Zartman, C.E. & Forzza, R.C. 2017. Amazon plant diversity revealed by a taxonomically verified species list. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 114: 10695–10700. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706756114
- Carvalho, C.S., Fraga, C.N., Cardoso, D.B.O.S. & Lima, H.C. 2020. Tonka, baru and cumaru: Nomenclatural overview, typification and updated checklist of Dipteryx (Leguminosae). Taxon 69: 582–592. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12238
- Carvalho, C.S., Lima, H.C., Lemes, M.R., Zartman, C.E., Van den Berg, C., García-Dávila, C.R., Honorio-Coronado, E.N., Mader, M., Paredes-Villanueva, K., Tysklind, N. & Cardoso, D. 2023. A dated phylogeny of the Neotropical Dipterygeae clade reveals 30 million years of winged papilionate floral conservatism in the otherwise florally labile early-branching papilionoid legumes. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 202: 449–475. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boad003
- Choi, I.-S., Cardoso, D., Queiroz, L.P., Lima, H.C., Lee, C., Ruhlman, T.A., Jansen, R.K. & Wojciechowski, M.F. 2022. Highly resolved papilionoid legume phylogeny based on plastid phylogenomics. Frontiers Pl. Sci. (Lausanne) 13: 823190. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.823190
- Cowan, R.S. 1967. Swartzia (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, Swartzieae). Flora Neotropica, Monograph No. 1. New York & London: Hafner.
- CPRM [Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais] & SINCHI [Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas] 2000. Zoneamento ecológico-econômico Brasil-Colômbia: Eixo Tabatinga-Apapóris, vol. 1. Manaus: Brazil.
- Cunha, A.C., Mustin, K., dos Santos, E.S., Gonçalves dos Santos, É.W., Guedes, M.C., Cunha, H.F.A., Rosman, P.C.C. & Sternberg, L.S.L. 2017. Hydrodynamics and seed dispersal in the lower Amazon. Freshwater Biol. 62: 1721–1729. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12982
- C.G. Dalla Torre & H. Harms (eds.) 1901. Genera siphonogamarum ad systema Englerianum conscripta. Lipsiae [Leipzig]: sumtibus Guilelmi Engelmann. 10.5962/bhl.title.26684
10.5962/bhl.title.26684 Google Scholar
- De Pinna, M.C.C. 1991. Concepts and tests of homology in the cladistic paradigm. Cladistics 7: 367–394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.1991.tb00045.x
- De Queiroz, K. 2007. Species concept and species delimitation. Syst. Biol. 56: 879–886. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150701701083
- Doyle, J.J. & Doyle, J.L. 1987. A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochem. Bull. Bot. Soc. Amer. 19: 11–15.
- Ducke, A. 1948. Árvores amazônicas e sua propagação. Bol. Mus. Paraense Emílio Goeldi 10: 81–92.
- Ferreira, L.V. & Stohlgren, T.J. 1999. Effects of river level fluctuation on plant species richness, diversity, and distribution in a floodplain forest in central Amazonia. Oecologia 120: 582–587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050893
- Font Quer, P. 1953. Diccionario de Botánica. Barcelona: Editorial Labor.
- Fonty, E. 2011. Étude de l'écologie du Spirotropis longifolia (DC.) Baill. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae): Espèce monodominante dans les forêts de Guyane française. Doctoral thesis. Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France.
- Fonty, E., Molino, J.-F., Prévost, M.F. & Sabatier, D. 2011. A new case of Neotropical monodominant forest: Spirotropis longifolia (Leguminosae – Papilionoideae) in French Guiana. J. Trop. Ecol. 27: 641–644. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467411000356
- Gentry, A.H. 1973. Generic delimitations of Central America Bignoniaceae. Brittonia 25: 226–242. https://doi.org/10.2307/2805585
- Goodwin, Z.A., Harris, D.J., Filer, D., Wood, J.R.I. & Scotland, R.W. 2015. Widespread mistaken identity in tropical plant collections. Curr. Biol. 25: R1066–R1067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.10.002
- Görts-van Rijn, A.R.A., Kramer, K.V. & Lindeman, J.C. 1976. Papilionaceae. Pp. 582–583 in: J. Lanjouw & A.L. Stoffers (eds.), Flora of Suriname, vol. 2(2). Leiden: Brill.
- Gregório, B.S., Carvalho, C.S., Ramos, G., Rocha, L., Stirton, C.H., Lima, H.C., Zartman, C.E., Lewis, G.P., Torke, B.M., Snak, C., Higuita, H.A.D., Queiroz, L.P. & Cardoso, D. 2024. A molecular phylogeny of the early-branching Genistoid lineages of papilionoid legumes reveals a new Amazonian genus segregated from Clathrotropis. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 205: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boad059
- Grime, J.P. 1998. Benefits of plant diversity to ecosystems: Immediate, filter and founder effects. J. Ecol. 86: 902–910. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00306.x
- Hoorn, C., Wesselingh, F.P., Ter Steege, H., Bermudez, M.A., Mora, A., Sevink, J., Sanmartín, I., Sanchez-Meseguer, A., Anderson, C.L., Figueiredo, J.P., Jaramillo, C., Riff, D., Negri, F.R., Hooghiemstra, H., Lundberg, J., Stadler, T., Särkinen, T. & Antonelli, A. 2010. Amazonia through time: Andean uplift, climate change, landscape evolution, and biodiversity. Science 330: 927–931. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1194585
- Hopkins, H.C.F. 1986. Parkia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). Flora Neotropica, Monograph No. 43. New York: The New York Botanical Garden. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393790
- Hopkins, M.J.G. 2007. Modelling the known and unknown plant biodiversity of the Amazon Basin. J. Biogeogr. 34: 1400–1411. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01737.x
- Huelsenbeck, J.P., Nielsen, R. & Bollback, J.P. 2003. Stochastic mapping of morphological characters. Syst. Biol. 52: 131–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150309342
- Hughes, C.E., Pennington, R.T. & Antonelli, A. 2013. Neotropical plant evolution: Assembling the big picture. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 171: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12006
- Hutchinson, J. 1964. The genera of flowering plants: Angiospermae, vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Hyslop, J. & Trowsdale, S. 2012. A review of hydrochory (seed dispersal by water) with implications for riparian rehabilitation. J. Hydrol. (Dunedin) 51: 137–152.
- IUCN 2024. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, version 2023-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org (accessed Jan 2024).
- Jansson, R., Zinko, U., Merritt, D.M. & Nilsson, C. 2005. Hydrochory increases riparian plant species richness: A comparison between a free-flowing and a regulated river. J. Ecol. 93: 1094–1103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01057.x
- Jin, J.J., Yu, W.B., Yang, J.B., Song, Y., DePamphilis, C.W., Yi, T.S. & Li, D.Z. 2020. GetOrganelle: A fast and versatile toolkit for accurate de novo assembly of organelle genomes. Genome Biol. 21: 241. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-020-02154-5
- Kahle, D. & Wickham, H. 2013. ggmap: Spatial visualization with ggplot2. R Journal 5: 144–161. https://doi.org/10.32614/RJ-2013-014
- Kearse, M., Moir, R., Wilson, A., Stones-Havas, S., Cheung, M., Sturrock, S., Buxton, S., Cooper, A., Markowitz, S., Duran, C., Thierer, T., Ashton, B., Meintjes, P. & Drummond, A. 2012. Geneious Basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics 28: 1647–1649. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts199
- Klitgaard, B.B. 2005. Platymiscium (Leguminosae: Dalbergieae): Biogeography systematics, morphology, taxonomy and uses. Kew Bull. 60: 321–400.
- Kubitzki, K. 1985. The dispersal of forest plants. Pp. 192–205 in: G.T. Prance & T.E. Lovejoy (eds.), Key environments – Amazonia. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
- Kubitzki, K. & Ziburski, A. 1994. Seed dispersal in flood plain forests of Amazonia. Biotropica 26: 30–43. https://doi.org/10.2307/2389108
- Kumar, M., Patel Kumar, M., Kumar, N., Bajpai, A.B. & Siddique, K.H.M. 2021. Metabolomics and molecular approaches reveal drought stress tolerance in plants. Int. J. Molec. Sci. 22: 9108. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179108
- Larsson, A. 2014. AliView: A fast and lightweight alignment viewer and editor for large datasets. Bioinformatics 30: 3276–3278. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu531
- Le Roux, C., Koponen, P., Sabatier, D., Munive, A. & De Lajudie, P. 2007. New genetic diversity among tree rhizobia in French Guiana's Amazonian forest [Abstract]. P. 64 in: Actes du Colloque International sur les biotechnologies: Quelle biotechnologie pour les pays du sud? Oran: Université d'Oran, Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique.
- Lima, H. C. 1982. Revisão taxonômica do gênero Vatairea Aubl. (Leguminosae-Faboideae). Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 26: 173–214.
- Lima, H.C. 1990. Tribo Dalbergieae (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) – Morfologia dos frutos, sementes e plântulas e sua aplicação na sistemática. Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 30: 1–42.
- McGuire, K.L. 2007. Common ectomycorrhizal networks may maintain monodominance in a tropical rain forest. Ecology 88: 567–574. https://doi.org/10.1890/05-1173
- Meena, K.K., Bitla, U. & Sorty, A.M. 2021. Root-endophytes and their contribution to plant abiotic stress tolerance. Pp. 119–129 in: A. Kumar & S. Droby (eds.), Microbial management of plant stresses. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85193-0.00002-4
10.1016/B978-0-323-85193-0.00002-4 Google Scholar
- Milliken, W., Zappi, D.C., Sasaki, D., Hopkins, M. & Pennington, R.T. 2010. Amazon vegetation: How much don't we know and how much does it matter? Kew Bull. 65: 691–709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-010-9236-x
10.1007/s12225-010-9236-x Google Scholar
- Minh, B.Q., Nguyen, M.A.T. & Haeseler, A. von 2013. Ultrafast approximation for phylogenetic bootstrap. Molec. Biol. Evol. 30: 1188–1195. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst024
- Moreira, F.M.S., Silva, M.F. & Faria, S.M. 1992. Occurrence of nodulation in legume species in the Amazon region of Brazil. New Phytol. 121: 563–570. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1992.tb01126.x
- Nguyen, L.-T., Schmidt, H.A., Haeseler, A. von & Minh, B.Q. 2015. IQ-TREE: A fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum likelihood phylogenies. Molec. Biol. Evol. 32: 268–274. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu300
- Nilsson, C., Brown, R.L., Jansson, R. & Merritt, D.M. 2010. The role of hydrochory in structuring riparian and wetland vegetation. Biol. Rev. (Cambridge) 85: 837–858. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00129.x
- Paradis, E. & Schliep, K. 2019. ape 5.0: An environment for modern phylogenetics and evolutionary analyses in R. Bioinformatics 3: 526–528. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty633
10.1093/bioinformatics/bty633 Google Scholar
- Parolin, P., Wittmann, F. & Ferreira, L.V. 2013. Fruit and seed dispersal in Amazonian floodplain trees—A review. Ecotropica 19: 15–32.
- Pennington, R.T. 2003. Monograph of Andira (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae). Systematic Botany Monographs 64. Ann Arbor: The American Society of Plant Taxonomists. https://doi.org/10.2307/25027903
10.2307/25027903 Google Scholar
- Pennington, R.T. & Dick, C.W. 2010. Diversification of the Amazonian flora and its relation to key geological and environmental events: A molecular perspective. Pp. 373–385 in: C. Hoorn & F.P. Wesselingh (eds.), Amazonia: Landscape and species evolution. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444306408.ch23
- Pennington, R.T., Stirton, C.H. & Schrire, B.D. 2005. Tribe Sophoreae. Pp. 227–249 in: G. Lewis, B. Schrire, B. Mackinder & M. Lock (eds.), Legumes of the World. Richmond: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Pennington, T.D. 1997. The genus Inga: Botany. Richmond: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Pirie, M.D., Klitgaard, B.B. & Pennington, R.T. 2009. Revision and biogeography of Centrolobium (Leguminosae – Papilionoideae). Syst. Bot. 34: 345–359. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364409788606262
- Polhill, R.M. 1981. Sophoreae. Pp. 213–230 in: R.M. Polhill & P.H. Raven (eds.), Advances in legume systematics, part 1. Richmond: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Polhill, R.M. 1994. Classification of the Leguminosae. Pp. 25–47 in: F.A. Bisby, J. Buckingham & J.B. Harborne (eds.), Phytochemical dictionary of the Leguminosae – Plants and their constituents, vol. 1. London: Chapman & Hall.
- Povydysh, M. & Goncharov, M. 2009. A new species of Clathrotropis. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 94: 1378–1381.
- Povydysh, M. & Goncharov, M. 2016. Notulae nomenclaturales VII. Validating the name of a Colombian Clathrotropis (Fabaceae; Ormosieae). Weberbauerella 1: 1–5.
- Radford, A.E., Dickison, W.C., Massey, J.R. & Bell, C.R. 1974. Vascular plant systematics. New York: Harper & Row.
- RAISG [Red Amazónica de Información Socioambiental Georreferenciada] 2024. Minería ilegal. https://mineria.amazoniasocioambiental.org/ (accessed Aug 2024).
- Revell, L.M. 2012. phytools: An R package for phylogenetic comparative biology (and other things). Meth. Ecol. Evol. 3: 217–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2011.00169.x
- Rivière, P. 2006. The Guiana travels of Robert Schomburgk 1835–1844, vol. 1. London: The Hakluyt Society.
- Rudd, V.E. 1965. The American species of Ormosia (Leguminosae). Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 32: 279–384.
- Salomon, L. 2008. Structuration spatiale d'une population de Spirotropis longifolia (DC.) Baill. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) Cas de monodominance en forêt guyanaise. Master's report. Université des sciences et techniques de Montpellier II, Montpellier, France.
- Sandwith, N.Y. 1928. New species from British Guiana. Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 9: 365–379. https://doi.org/10.2307/4107150
10.2307/4107150 Google Scholar
- Silva, M.F. 1986. Dimorphandra (Caesalpiniaceae). Flora Neotropica, Monograph No. 44. New York: The New York Botanical Garden.
- Stirton, C.H. & Aymard, G. 1999. Clathrotropis. Pp. 278–280 in: J. Steyermark, P.E. Berry, K. Yatskievych & B.K. Holst (eds.), Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana, vol. 5. Saint Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Stirton, C.H. & Aymard, G. 1999. Spirotropis. Pp. 391–392 in: J. Steyermark, P.E. Berry, K. Yatskievych & B.K. Holst (eds.), Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana, vol. 5. Saint Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden.
- Ter Steege, H., Pitman, N.C.A., Sabatier, D., Baraloto, C., Salomão, R.P., Guevara, J.E., Phillips, O.L., Castilho, C.V., Magnusson, W.E., Molino, J.-F., Monteagudo, A., Núñez-Vargas, P., Montero, J.C., Feldpausch, T.R., Coronado, E.N.H., Killeen, T.J., Mostacedo, B., Vasquez, R., Assis, R.L., Terborgh, J., Wittmann, F., Andrade, A., Laurance, W.F., Laurance, S.G.W., Marimon, B.S., Marimon, B.-H., Jr., Vieira, I.C.G., Amaral, I.L., Brienen, R., Castellanos, H., Cárdenas-López, D., Duivenvoorden, J.F., Mogollón, H.F., Matos, F.D.A., Dávila, N., García-Villacorta, R., Diaz, P.R.S., Costa, F., Emilio, T., Levis, C., Schietti, J., Souza, P., Alonso, A., Dallmeier, F., Montoya, A.J.D., Piedade, M.T.F., Araujo-Murakami, A., Arroyo, L., Gribel, R., Fine, P.V.A., Peres, C.A., Toledo, M., Aymard, G.A., Baker, T.R., Cerón, C., Engel, J., Henkel, T.W., Maas, P., Petronelli, P., Stropp, J., Zartman, C.E., Daly, D., Neill, D., Silveira, M., Paredes, M.R., Chave, J., Lima-Filho, D.A., Jørgensen, P.M., Fuentes, A., Schöngart, J., Valverde, F.C., Di Fiore, A., Jimenez, E.M., Peñuela-Mora, M.C., Phillips, J.F., Rivas, G., Van Andel, T.R., Hildebrand, P. von, Hoffman, B., Zent, E.L., Malhi, Y., Prieto, A., Rudas, A., Ruschell, A.R., Silva, N., Vos, V., Zent, S., Oliveira, A.A., Schutz, A.C., Gonzales, T., Nascimento, M.T., Ramirez-Angulo, H., Sierra, R., Tirado, M., Medina, M.N.U., Van der Heijden, G., Vela, C.I.A., Torre, E.V., Vriesendorp, C., Wang, O., Young, K.R., Baider, C., Balslev, H., Ferreira, C., Mesones, I., Torres-Lezama, A., Giraldo, L.E.U., Zagt, R., Alexiades, M.N., Hernandez, L., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I., Milliken, W., Cuenca, W.P., Pauletto, D., Sandoval, E.V., Gamarra, L.V., Dexter, K.G., Feeley, K., Lopez-Gonzalez, G. & Silman, M.R. 2013. Hyperdominance in the Amazonian tree flora. Science 342: 1243092. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1243092
- Ter Steege, H., Henkel, T.W., Helal, N., Marimon, B.S., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Huth, A., Groeneveld, J., Sabatier, D., Coelho, L.S., Lima Filho, D.A., Salomão, R.P., Amaral, I.L., Matos, F.D.A., Castilho, C.V., Phillips, O.L., Guevara, J.E., Carim, M.J.V., López, D.C., Magnusson, W.E., Wittmann, F., Irume, M.V., Martins, M.P., Guimarães, J.R.S., Molino, J.-F., Bánki, O.S., Piedade, M.T.F., Pitman, N.C.A., Mendoza, A.M., Ramos, J.F., Luize, B.G., Novo, Vargas, E.M.M.L., P.N., Silva, T.S.F., Venticinque, E.M., Manzatto, A.G., Reis, N.F.C., Terborgh, J., Casula, K.R., Honorio Coronado, E.N., Montero, J.C., Feldpausch, T.R., Duque, A., Costa, F.R.C., Arboleda, N.C., Schöngart, J., Killeen, T.J., Vasquez, R., Mostacedo, B., Demarchi, L.O., Assis, R.L., Baraloto, C., Engel, J., Petronelli, P., Castellanos, H., Medeiros, M.B., Quaresma, A., Simon, M.F., Andrade, A., Camargo, J.L., Laurance, S.G.W., Laurance, W.F., Rincón, L.M., Schietti, J., Sousa, T.R., Farias, E.S., Lopes, M.A., Magalhães, J.L.L., Nascimento, H.E.M., Queiroz, H.L., Aymard C., G.A., Brienen, R., Revilla, J.D.C., Vieira, I.C.G., Cintra, B.B.L., Stevenson, P.R., Feitosa, Y.O., Duivenvoorden, J.F., Mogollón, H.F., Araujo-Murakami, A., Ferreira, L.V., Lozada, J.R., Comiskey, J.A., Toledo, J.J., Damasco, G., Dávila, N., Draper, F., García-Villacorta, R., Lopes, A., Vicentini, A., Alonso, A., Dallmeier, F., Gomes, V.H.F., Lloyd, J., Neill, D., Aguiar, D.P.P., Arroyo, L., Carvalho, F.A., Souza, F.C., Amaral, D.D., Feeley, K.J., Gribel, R., Pansonato, M.P., Barlow, J., Berenguer, E., Ferreira, J., Fine, P.V.A., Guedes, M.C., Jimenez, E.M., Licona, J.C., Mora, M.C.P., Villa, B., Cerón, C., Maas, P., Silveira, M., Stropp, J., Thomas, R., Baker, T.R., Daly, D., Dexter, K.G., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I., Milliken, W., Pennington, T., Paredes, M.R., Fuentes, A., Klitgaard, B., Pena, J.L.M., Peres, C.A., Silman, M.R., Tello, J.S., Chave, J., Valverde, F.C., Di Fiore, A., Hilário, R.R., Phillips, J.F., Rivas-Torres, G., Van Andel, T.R., Hildebrand, P. von, Noronha, J.C., Barbosa, E.M., Barbosa, F.R., Bonates, L.C.M., Carpanedo, R.S., Doza, H.P.D., Fonty, E., Zárate Gómez, R., Gonzales, T., Gonzales, G.P.G., Hoffman, B., Junqueira, A.B., Malhi, Y., Miranda, I.P.A., Pinto, L.F.M., Prieto, A., Rodrigues, D.J., Rudas, A., Ruschel, A.R., Silva, N., Vela, C.I.A., Vos, V.A., Zent, E.L., Zent, S., Albuquerque, B.W., Cano, A., Márquez, Y.A.C., Correa, D.F., Costa, J.B.P., Flores, B.M., Galbraith, D., Holmgren, M., Kalamandeen, M., Nascimento, M.T., Oliveira, A.A., Ramirez-Angulo, H., Rocha, M., Scudeller, V.V., Sierra, R., Tirado, M., Medina, M.N.U., Van der Heijden, G., Torre, E.V., Vriesendorp, C., Wang, O., Young, K.R., Reategui, M.A.A., Baider, C., Balslev, H., Cárdenas, S., Casas, L.F., Farfan-Rios, W., Ferreira, C., Linares-Palomino, R., Mendoza, C., Mesones, I., Torres-Lezama, A., Giraldo, L.E.U., Villarroel, D., Zagt, R., Alexiades, M.N., Oliveira, E.A., Garcia-Cabrera, K., Hernandez, L., Cuenca, W.P., Pansini, S., Pauletto, D., Arevalo, F.R., Sampaio, A.F., Sandoval, E.H.V., Gamarra, L.V., Levesley, A., Pickavance, G. & Melgaço, K. 2019. Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests. Sci. Rep. 9: 13822. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50323-9
- Tulasne, L.R. 1844. Légumineuses arborescentes de l'Amérique du Sud. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. 4: 65–196.
- N.J. Turland, J.H. Wiersema, F.R. Barrie, W. Greuter, D.L. Hawksworth, P.S. Herendeen, S. Knapp, W.-H. Kusber, D.-Z. Li, K. Marhold, T.W. May, J. McNeill, A.M. Monro, J. Prado, M.J. Price & G.F. Smith (eds.) 2018. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashütten: Koeltz Botanical Books. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018
10.12705/Code.2018 Google Scholar
- Walpers, G.G. 1846 (“1845–46”). Repertorium botanices systematicae, vol. 5. Lipsiae [Leipzig]: sumtibus Friderici Hofmeister. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.7553
- Wick, R.R., Schultz, M.B., Zobel, J. & Holt, K.E. 2015. Bandage: Interactive visualization of de novo genome assemblies. Bioinformatics 31: 3350–3352. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btv383
- Williamson, G.B., Costa, F. & Vera, C.V.M. 1999. Dispersal of Amazonian trees: Hydrochory in Swartzia polyphylla. Biotropica 31: 460–465. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.1999.tb00388.x
- Yahara, T., Javadi, F., Onoda, Y., Queiroz, L.P., Faith, D.P., Prado, D.E., Akasaka, M., Kadoya, T., Ishihama, F., Davies, S., Slik, J.W.F., Yi, T., Ma, K., Bin, C., Darnaedi, D., Pennington, R.T., Tuda, M., Shimada, M., Ito, M., Egan, A.N., Buerki, S., Raes, N., Kajita, T., Vatanparast, M., Mimura, M., Tachida, H., Iwasa, Y., Smith, G.F., Victor, J.E. & Nkonki, T. 2013. Global legume diversity assessment: Concepts, key indicators, and strategies. Taxon 62: 249–266. https://doi.org/10.12705/622.12
- Yu, G. 2020. Using ggtree to visualize data on tree-like structures. Curr. Protoc. Bioinf. 69: e96. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpbi.96
- Yu, G., Smith, D., Zhu, H., Guan, Y. & Lam, T.T. 2017. ggtree: An R package for visualization and annotation of phylogenetic trees with their covariates and other associated data. Meth. Ecol. Evol. 8: 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12628
- Yu, G., Lam, T.T., Zhu, H. & Guan, Y. 2018. Two methods for mapping and visualizing associated data on phylogeny using ggtree. Molec. Biol. Evol. 35: 3041–3043. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy194
- Zhai, D.-C., Fang, Z., Yao, Q., Bai, X.-H., Jiang, Y.-L., Liu, W.-B., Yang, L.-C., Zhang, T.-T., Zhang, Y. & Pan, J. 2019. Complete chloroplast genome of the wild-type Ormosia hosiei. Mitochondrial DNA, B, 4: 1859–1860. https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2019.1613195
- Zhang, R., Wang, Y.-H., Jin, J.-J., Stull, G. W., Bruneau, A., Cardoso, D., Queiroz, L.P., Moore, M.J., Zhang, S.-D., Chen, S.-Y., Wang, J., Li, D.-Z., Yi, T.-S. 2020. Exploration of plastid phylogenomic conflict yields new insights into the deep relationships of Leguminosae. Syst. Biol. 69: 613–622. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syaa013
