Mechanical responses of bell-and-spigot joints in buried prestressed concrete cylinder pipe under coupled service and surcharge loads
Kejie Zhai
School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorChongbo Zhang
School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Hongyuan Fang
School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Major Infrastructure Testing and Rehabilitation Technology, Zhengzhou, China
Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Conservancy and Transportation Infrastructure Safety, Henan, Zhengzhou, China
Correspondence
Hongyuan Fang, School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
Email: [email protected]
Huihuan Ma, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Huihuan Ma
School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
Guangdong Key Laboratory of Oceanic Civil Engineering, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Research Center for Underground Space Exploitation Technology, Guangzhou, China
Correspondence
Hongyuan Fang, School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
Email: [email protected]
Huihuan Ma, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorPengpeng Ni
School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
Guangdong Key Laboratory of Oceanic Civil Engineering, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Research Center for Underground Space Exploitation Technology, Guangzhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorFuming Wang
School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Major Infrastructure Testing and Rehabilitation Technology, Zhengzhou, China
Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Conservancy and Transportation Infrastructure Safety, Henan, Zhengzhou, China
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
Guangdong Key Laboratory of Oceanic Civil Engineering, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Research Center for Underground Space Exploitation Technology, Guangzhou, China
Southern Institute of Infrastructure Testing and Rehabilitation Technology, Huizhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorBin Li
School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorHang He
School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorKejie Zhai
School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorChongbo Zhang
School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Hongyuan Fang
School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Major Infrastructure Testing and Rehabilitation Technology, Zhengzhou, China
Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Conservancy and Transportation Infrastructure Safety, Henan, Zhengzhou, China
Correspondence
Hongyuan Fang, School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
Email: [email protected]
Huihuan Ma, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Huihuan Ma
School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
Guangdong Key Laboratory of Oceanic Civil Engineering, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Research Center for Underground Space Exploitation Technology, Guangzhou, China
Correspondence
Hongyuan Fang, School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
Email: [email protected]
Huihuan Ma, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorPengpeng Ni
School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
Guangdong Key Laboratory of Oceanic Civil Engineering, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Research Center for Underground Space Exploitation Technology, Guangzhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorFuming Wang
School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Major Infrastructure Testing and Rehabilitation Technology, Zhengzhou, China
Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Conservancy and Transportation Infrastructure Safety, Henan, Zhengzhou, China
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
Guangdong Key Laboratory of Oceanic Civil Engineering, Guangzhou, China
Guangdong Research Center for Underground Space Exploitation Technology, Guangzhou, China
Southern Institute of Infrastructure Testing and Rehabilitation Technology, Huizhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorBin Li
School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorHang He
School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorFunding information: Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of Gansu Province, Grant/Award Number: JK2019-05; Guangdong MEPP Fund, Grant/Award Number: GDOE2020028; National Key Research and Development Program of China, Grant/Award Number: 2016YFC0802400; National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant/Award Numbers: 51678536, 51978630, 52078506; Program for Guangdong Introducing Innovative and Enterpreneurial Teams, Grant/Award Number: 2016ZT06N340; Program for Science and Technology Innovation Talents in Universities of Henan Province, Grant/Award Number: 19HASTIT043
Abstract
Prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP) is widely used in hydraulic engineering. The bell-and-spigot joint is a weak point along a PCCP pipeline, since damage of joint can affect the operation of the whole pipeline. In this paper, a three-dimensional numerical model of buried PCCP, considering the simulation of rubber gasket in bell-and-spigot joint is established. The fluid–structure coupling of PCCP is accomplished using the Mesh-based parallel Code Coupling Interface (MpCCI), where the pipe and the surrounding soil are characterized in the software ABAQUS, and the pressurized water is modeled in the software FLUENT. The force and rotation angle at joints of PCCP under different conditions, including surcharge load, loading location, cover depth, and internal pressure, are analyzed. It is shown that the rotation angle of joint exceeds the allowable value, when the surcharge load is greater than 180 kPa. Compared with the effect of surcharge load, the offset distance (i.e., distance between the loading position and the pipe axis) has a greater influence on the development of horizontal displacement and rotation angle. As the offset distance increases, both the horizontal displacement and rotation angle at joints increase first, and they decrease after the peak.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Data available on request from the authors
REFERENCES
- 1Lesage JC, Sinclair AN. Characterization of Prestressed concrete cylinder pipe by resonance acoustic spectroscopy. J Pipeline Syst Eng. 2015; 6(1):04014011. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000180.
- 2Hu S, Sun Y, Xue X, Huang Y. Calculation model for bar-wrapping during prestressing of an embedded bar-wrapped cylinder concrete pressure pipe. Thin Wall Struct. 2019; 139: 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2019.02.036.
- 3Zhai K, Fang H, Bing F, et al. CFRP wrapping to retrofit a deteriorated prestressed cylinder concrete pipe: Full-scale experiments. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. 2019; 41(S1): 157–160. https://doi.org/10.11779/CJGE2019S1040.
- 4 SL702-2015, Technical Specifications Of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe. Beijing: China Water & Power Press, 2015.
- 5Yao X, Shi W, Wang D. Analysis on leakage risk of large diameter PCCP pipeline for south-to-north water transfer project. Water Resour Hydr Eng. 2009; 40(07): 66–69. https://doi.org/10.13928/j.cnki.wrahe.2009.07.013.
- 6Wang C, Yin S. Three-dimensional finite-element analysis of PCCP under overloading. Build Sci. 2012; 28(S1): 29–32. https://doi.org/10.13614/j.cnki.11-1962/tu.2012.s1.010.
- 7Sun L, Zhang J, Li H, et al. Research on key factors influencing relative angle of prestressed concrete cylinder pipe in soft soil foundation. Rock Soil Mech. 2015; 36(S1): 293–298. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2015.S1.050.
- 8Hajali M, Alavinasab A, Shdid CA, et al. Effect of the location of broken wire wraps on the failure pressure of prestressed concrete cylinder pipes. Struct Concrete. 2015; 16(2): 297–303. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201400070.
- 9Hajali M, Alavinasab A, Shdid CA, et al. Structural performance of buried prestressed concrete cylinder pipes with harnessed joints interaction using numerical modeling. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech. 2016; 51: 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2015.10.016.
- 10Hajali M, Alavinasab A, Shdid CA, et al. Effect of the number of broken wire wraps on the structural performance of PCCP with full interaction at the gasket joint. J Pipeline Syst Eng. 2016; 7(2): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000219.
- 11Hu S, Xue X, Sun Y, et al. Experimental study on mechanical properties of BCCP joint under foundation settlement. Yangtze River. 2018; 49(11): 91–96. https://doi.org/10.16232/j.cnki.1001-4179.2018.11.018.
- 12Balkaya M, Moore ID, Saglamer A, et al. Study of non-uniform bedding due to voids under jointed PVC water distribution pipes. Geotext Geomembranes. 2012; 34: 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2012.01.003.
- 13Wang Y, Moore ID. Simplified design model for rigid pipe joints based on the two-pipe approximation. Can Geotech J. 2015; 52(5): 626–637. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0074.
- 14Qin X, Ni P, Du Y. Buried rigid pipe-soil interaction in dense and medium sand backfills under downward relative movement: 2D finite element analysis. Transp Geotech. 2019; 21:100286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2019.100286.
- 15Qin X, Ni P. Kinematics of bell-spigot joints in vitrified clay pipelines under differential ground movement. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech. 2019; 91:103005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.103005.
- 16Ni P, Qin X, Yi Y. Use of tire-derived aggregate for seismic mitigation of buried pipelines under strike-slip faults. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng. 2018; 115: 495–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.09.018.
- 17Yao Y, Wang K, Wang N, et al. Prediction method for long-term settlements of high-speed railway subgrade under influences of nearby loads. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. 2019; 41(4): 625–630. https://doi.org/10.11779/CJGE201904004.
- 18Fang H, Li B, Wang F, Wang Y, Cui C. The mechanical behaviour of drainage pipeline under traffic load before and after polymer grouting trenchless repairing. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech. 2018; 74: 185–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.01.018.
- 19Zhang C, Zhu J, Huang M, Yu J. Winkler load-transfer analysis for pipelines subjected to surface load. Comput Geotech. 2019; 111: 147–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.03.016.
- 20Karamitros DK, Bouckovalas GD, Kouretzis GP, et al. Stress analysis of buried steel pipelines at strike-slip fault crossings. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng. 2007; 27(3): 200–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2006.08.001.
- 21Karamitros DK, Bouckovalas GD, Kouretzis GP, Gkesouli V. An analytical method for strength verification of buried steel pipelines at normal fault crossings. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng. 2011; 31(11): 1452–1464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.05.012.
- 22Wang Y, Shi J, Ng CWW. Numerical modeling of tunneling effect on buried pipelines. Can Geotech J. 2011; 48(7): 1125–1137. https://doi.org/10.1139/T11-024.
- 23Shi J, Wang Y, Ng CW, et al. Numerical parametric study of tunneling-induced joint rotation angle in jointed pipelines. Can Geotech J. 2016; 53(12): 2058–2071. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0496.
- 24Kouretzis GP, Krabbenhoft K, Sheng D, et al. Soil-buried pipeline interaction for vertical downwards relative offset. Can Geotech J. 2014; 51(10): 1087–1094. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0029.
- 25Kouretzis GP, Karamitros DK, Sloan SW. Analysis of buried pipelines subjected to ground surface settlement and heave. Can Geotech J. 2015; 52(8): 1058–1071. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0332.
- 26Wang H, Wu L, Jiang MJ, et al. Analytical stress and displacement due to twin tunneling in an elastic semi-infinite ground subjected to surcharge loads. Int J for Numer Anal Met. 2018; 42(6): 809–828. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.2764.
- 27Wang H, Chen X, Jiang MJ, et al. The analytical predictions on displacement and stress around shallow tunnels subjected to surcharge loadings. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech. 2018; 71: 403–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.09.015.
- 28Xu M, Shen D, Rakitin B. The longitudinal response of buried large-diameter reinforced concrete pipeline with gasketed bell-and-spigot joints subjected to traffic loading. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech. 2017; 64: 117–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.12.020.
- 29Taresh H, Md Yatim M, Azmi M. Finite element analysis of interior slab-column connections strengthened by steel angle plates. Struct Concrete. 2020; 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201900561.
- 30Berger J, Pfeiffer M, Feix J. Extended experimental and numerical investigations on constraint forces from imposed deformations. Struct Concrete. 2020; 21: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201900450.
- 31Iasiello C, Pérez Caldentey A, Ĉervenka J, Pryl D. An application of confined concrete modeling to three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis: The example of tunnel boring machine lining joints. Struct Concrete. 2020; 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201900584.
- 32Wang F, Fang H, Li B, et al. Dynamic response analysis of drainage pipe with gasketed bell-and-spigot joints subjected to traffic load. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. 2018; 40(12): 2274–2280. https://doi.org/10.11779/CJGE201812015.
- 33Zamani Nouri A. Vibration analysis of silica nanoparticle-reinforced concrete pipes filled with compressible fluid surrounded by soil foundation. Struct Concrete. 2018; 19(4): 1195–1201. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201700185.
- 34Chao L, Kuo C. Optimizing the ultimate strength of precast reinforced concrete pipes in three-edge bearing tests. Struct Concrete. 2018; 19(4): 1174–1184. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201700143.
- 35Zhai K, Fang H, Bing F, et al. Using externally bonded CFRP to repair a PCCP with broken wires under combined loads. Int J Polym Sci. 2019; 2019: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8053808.
- 36Gao X, Zhou L, Ren X, Li J. Rate effect on the stress–strain behavior of concrete under uniaxial tensile stress. Struct Concrete. 2020; 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201900567.
- 37 ANSI/AWWA C301-2007, Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder Type. Denver, Colorado: American Water Works Association; 2007.
- 38 ANSI/AWWA C304-2014, Design of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe. Denver, Colorado: American Water Works Association; 2014.
- 39Gong Q, Zhu H, Yan Z, Huang B, Zhang Y, Dong Z. Fracture and delamination assessment of prestressed composite concrete for use with pipe jacking method. Math Probl in Eng. 2015; 2015: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/579869.
- 40Zhai K, Fang H, Fu B, Wang F, Hu B. Mechanical response of externally bonded CFRP on repair of PCCPs with broken wires under internal water pressure. Construct Build Mater. 2020; 239:117878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117878.
- 41Zhai K, Fang H, Guo C, et al. Strengthening of PCCP with broken wires using prestressed CFRP. Construct Build Mater. 2020;120903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120903.
- 42 JC/T 749–2010, Standard Methods Of Testing Rubber Gasket Ring Of Prestressed And Self-Stressing Concrete Pipe. China: Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China; 2010.
- 43 JC/T 748–2010, Rubber Gasket Ring Of Prestressed And Self-Stressing Concrete Pipe. China: Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China; 2010.
- 44Chen K, Shen J, Yu G, et al. Parameter determination of Mooney-Rivlin model and finite element simulation of the compression deformation of rubber rail fastener. Mater Mech Eng. 2016; 40(04): 89–92. https://doi.org/10.11973/jxgccl201604020.
- 45Gao H, Zhao T, Ma S, et al. Sealing test and numerical simulation for steel jacking pipe joint under high water pressure. Mod Tunnel Technol. 2015; 52(2): 148–154. https://doi.org/10.13807/j.cnki.mtt.2015.02.022.
- 46He H, Fang H, Du X, et al. Mechanical response of Gasketed bell-and-spigot joint of concrete pipeline under multifield coupling. Adv Civ Eng. 2020; 2020: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2578451.
- 47Li M. Study on Flow Pattern of Concrete Based on PIV and FLUENT. Master's Thesis, Chongqing University 2013.
- 48Joppich W, Kürschner M. MpCCI—A tool for the simulation of coupled applications. Concurr Comp-Pract E. 2006; 18(2): 183–192. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.913.
- 49Li B, Fang H, He H, Yang K, Chen C, Wang F. Numerical simulation and full-scale test on dynamic response of corroded concrete pipelines under multi-field coupling. Construct Build Mater. 2019; 200: 368–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.111.
- 50Du X, Fang H, Wang S, et al. Experimental and practical investigation of the sealing efficiency of cement grouting in tortuous fractures with flowing water. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech. 2021. https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1c3u639eM4Bl0j.
- 51Balkaya M, Moore ID, Sağlamer A. Study of nonuniform bedding support because of erosion under cast iron water distribution pipes. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng. 2012; 138(10): 1247–1256. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000689.
- 52 GBT 19685–2017, Presterssed concrete cylinder pipe. General Administration of Quality Supervision, inspection and quarantine of the People's Republic of China. China: Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China; 2017.
