In this article, the leader-following attitude tracking problem is considered for a group of rigid bodies, and a distributed control algorithm is proposed with global exponential stability on the rotational orthogonal group SO(3). In particular, we consider that only a subset of followers has access to the leader's trajectory, and a semi-global exponential distributed observer is first proposed for each follower to estimate the leader's trajectory. Then, we introduce the shifted reference attitude of the leader to circumvent the topological obstruction on SO(3), and a combined distributed observer algorithm is developed by synthesizing different reference attitude trajectories. By constructing two Lyapunov functions, it is demonstrated that the leader's trajectory can be accurately estimated by the proposed distributed observer with exponential convergence. Next, an observer-based attitude tracking control algorithm is synthesized, which is continuous in time but is discontinuous with respect to initial conditions. It is shown that the trajectory of the leader can be tracked by all followers with global exponential stability on SO(3). Finally, numerical simulation examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithms.