RESEARCH ARTICLE
Efficient Synthesis and Characterization of Antibacterial Xanthan Gum–Based Self-Healing Hydrogels: Conventional Versus Microwave Treated
Homa Etemadi Moghaddam,
Mahsa Baghban Salehi,
Homa Etemadi Moghaddam
Chemical Engineering Department, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Mahsa Baghban Salehi
Chemical Engineering Department, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence:
Mahsa Baghban Salehi ([email protected]; [email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorHoma Etemadi Moghaddam,
Mahsa Baghban Salehi,
Homa Etemadi Moghaddam
Chemical Engineering Department, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Mahsa Baghban Salehi
Chemical Engineering Department, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence:
Mahsa Baghban Salehi ([email protected]; [email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorABSTRACT
The development of self-healing hydrogels with mechanical integrity is vital for biomedical applications. This study synthesizes multi-network (MN) self-healing hydrogels using xanthan gum (XG) through conventional and microwave-assisted methods via free-radical polymerization. The synthesis materials included XG, acrylamide, acrylonitrile, sodium dodecyl sulfate, ferric chloride hexahydrate, and ammonium persulfate. Conventional synthesis took 60 min at 70°C, while microwave synthesis was completed in 4.5 min at 540 W, enhancing energy and material efficiency. Structural tests like FTIR and SEM confirmed the results. Microwave synthesis produced a layered structure with smaller pores, leading to slower swelling kinetics, and EDX mapping showed higher Fe3+ ion concentrations, indicating better crosslinking. Thermal gravimetric analysis demonstrated that degradation onset temperatures were 184°C for microwave-assisted synthesis XG hydrogel (MHXG) and 163°C for the water bath XG hydrogel method (HXG), indicating a 20°C enhancement due to the coherent structure induced by microwave treatment. Evaluation of self-healing capabilities through visual and rheological tests showed significant enhancements in MHXG, which exhibited a self-healing time of 2 h compared to 1 day required by HXG, attributed to increased crosslink density and hydrogen bonding facilitated by microwave treatment. Rheological assessments confirmed that both hydrogel types maintained their structural integrity and viscoelastic properties after healing. MHXG exhibited a mechanical strength of 21.12 kPa and elasticity of 10 kPa, whereas HXG showed 11.59 kPa and 1 kPa, respectively. Microwave-treated hydrogel showed enhanced antibacterial effectiveness against Staphylococcus aureus due to better distribution of agents in the matrix. This method for synthesizing XG-based self-healing hydrogels is promising for advanced biomedical applications.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Open Research
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| pat70029-sup-0001-supinfo.docxWord 2007 document , 543.6 KB |
Data S1 Supporting Information Figure S1. Polar functional groups in the structure of the hydrogels that synthesis with microwave intensifies their interaction Table. S1. Comparison between conventional heating and microwave-assisted heating |
| pat70029-sup-0002-FileS1.movQuickTime video, 1.8 MB |
Supplemental File S1 |
| pat70029-sup-003-FileS2.txtplain text document, 158 B |
Supplemental File S2 |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
References
- 1M. Baghban-Salehi and A. Mousavi Moghadam, “ Sustainable Production of Hydrogels,” in Sustainable Hydrogels, ed. M. Mondal (Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 2023), 23–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91753-7.00006-5.
10.1016/B978-0-323-91753-7.00006-5 Google Scholar
- 2E. Jafarigol, R. Afshar Ghotli, A. Hajipour, H. Pahlevani, and M. Baghban Salehi, “Tough Dual-Network GAMAAX Hydrogel for the Efficient Removal of Cadmium and Nickel Ions in Wastewater Treatment Applications,” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 94 (2021): 352–360, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2020.11.006.
- 3G. Sharifzadeh and H. Hosseinkhani, “Biomolecule-Responsive Hydrogels in Medicine,” Advanced Healthcare Materials 6 (2017): e1700801, https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201700801.
- 4R. Panahi and M. Baghban-Salehi, “ Protein-based hydrogels,” in Cellulose-Based Superabsorbent Hydrogels, Polym, ed. M. Mondal (Cham: Polymeric Compos, Springer, 2019), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77830-3_52.
10.1007/978-3-319-77830-3_52 Google Scholar
- 5H. Yin, F. Liu, T. Abdiryim, and X. Liu, “Self-Healing Hydrogels: From Synthesis to Multiple Applications,” ACS Materials Letters 5 (2023): 1787–1830, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmaterialslett.3c00320.
- 6P. A. Nizam, P. R. Aiswarya, and S. Thomas, “ Chapter 5 - Nanohydrogels for Achieving Green Economy,” in Sustainable Hydrogels, eds. S. Thomas, B. Sharma, P. Jain, and S. Shekhar (Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 2023), 113–136, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91753-7.00008-9.
10.1016/B978-0-323-91753-7.00008-9 Google Scholar
- 7R. Mohafezatkar Gohari, M. Safarnia, A. Dadvand Koohi, and M. Baghban Salehi, “Adsorptive Removal of Cationic Dye by Synthesized Sustainable Xanthan Gum-g-p(AMPS-Co-AAm) Hydrogel From Aqueous Media: Optimization by RSM-CCD Model,” Chemical Engineering Research and Design 188 (2022): 714–728, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2022.10.028.
- 8S. Khalaji, N. Golshan Ebrahimi, and H. Hosseinkhani, “Enhancement of Biocompatibility of PVA/HTCC Blend Polymer With Collagen for Skin Care Application,” International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials 70 (2021): 459–468, https://doi.org/10.1080/00914037.2020.1725761.
- 9A. Ghodsizadeh, H. Hosseinkhani, A. Piryaei, et al., “Galactosylated Collagen Matrix Enhanced In Vitro Maturation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocyte-Like Cells,” Biotechnology Letters 36 (2014): 1095–1106, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-014-1454-0.
- 10F. Abedini, M. Ebrahimi, A. H. Roozbehani, A. J. Domb, and H. Hosseinkhani, “Overview on Natural Hydrophilic Polysaccharide Polymers in Drug Delivery,” Polymers for Advanced Technologies 29 (2018): 2564–2573, https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.4375.
- 11H. Zhu, J. Zheng, X. Y. Oh, et al., “Nanoarchitecture-Integrated Hydrogel Systems Toward Therapeutic Applications,” ACS Nano 17 (2023): 7953–7978, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c12448.
- 12V. Hosseini, N. F. Maroufi, S. Saghati, et al., “Current Progress in Hepatic Tissue Regeneration by Tissue Engineering,” Journal of Translational Medicine 17 (2019): 383, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967.
- 13Y. Yang, L. Xu, J. Wang, et al., “Recent Advances in Polysaccharide-Based Self-Healing Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications,” Carbohydrate Polymers 283 (2022): 119161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119161.
- 14K. Yang, J. Yang, R. Chen, et al., “Antibacterial Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels With Enhanced Self-Healing Properties via Multiple Dynamic Bond Crosslinking,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 256 (2024): 128320, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128320.
- 15X. Wu, H. Sun, Z. Qin, et al., “Fully Physically Crosslinked Pectin-Based Hydrogel With High Stretchability and Toughness for Biomedical Application,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 149 (2020): 707–716, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.297.
- 16Y. Tu, N. Chen, C. Li, et al., “Advances in Injectable Self-Healing Biomedical Hydrogels,” Acta Biomaterialia 90 (2019): 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.057.
- 17J. Mao, Y. Liu, L. Chen, and S. Wang, “Preparation and Properties of a Double-Crosslinked, High-Strength Polyvinyl Alcohol/Acylhydrazone Self-Healing Hydrogel,” International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials 73 (2024): 371–382, https://doi.org/10.1080/00914037.2022.2163641.
- 18A. Pourjavadi, M. Tavakolizadeh, S. H. Hosseini, N. Rabiee, and M. Bagherzadeh, “Highly Stretchable, Self-Adhesive, and Self-Healable Double Network Hydrogel Based on Alginate/Polyacrylamide With Tunable Mechanical Properties,” Journal of Polymer Science 58 (2020): 2062–2073, https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.20200295.
- 19M. Gharakhloo and M. Karbarz, “Autonomous Self-Healing Hydrogels: Recent Development in Fabrication Strategies,” European Polymer Journal 165 (2022): 111004, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111004.
- 20X. Li, Z. Yang, G. Hu, F. Dong, Y. Xiong, and C. Yuan, “Tri-Network, Physical Cross-Linked Sodium Alginate Hydrogel With Strongly Self-Healing Capacity and Highly Tough, for Wearable Flexible Devices,” European Polymer Journal 209 (2024): 112823, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2024.112823.
- 21X. Yan, Q. Chen, L. Zhu, et al., “High Strength and Self-Healable Gelatin/Polyacrylamide Double Network Hydrogels,” Journal of Materials Chemistry B 5, no. 37 (2017): 7683–7691, https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TB01780D.
- 22H. Hosseinkhani, Nanomaterials in Advanced Medicine (Weinheim, Germany: Wiley, 2019), https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527818921.
10.1002/9783527818921 Google Scholar
- 23H. Hosseinkhani, Biomedical Engineering: Materials, Technology, and Applications (Weinheim, Germany: John Wiley & Sons, 2022), https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527826674.
10.1002/9783527826674 Google Scholar
- 24X. Song, J. Guo, Y. Liu, et al., “Preparation and Characterization of Multi-Network Hydrogels Based on Sodium Alginate/Krill Protein/Polyacrylamide—Strength, Shape Memory, Conductivity and Biocompatibility,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 207 (2022): 140–151, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.015.
- 25Y. Yin, Q. Gu, X. Liu, F. Liu, and D. J. McClements, “Double Network Hydrogels: Design, Fabrication, and Application in Biomedicines and Foods,” Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 320 (2023): 102999, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2023.102999.
- 26T. Eufrásio-da-Silva, I. Erezuma, A. Dolatshahi-Pirouz, and G. Orive, “Enhancing Regenerative Medicine With Self-Healing Hydrogels: A Solution for Tissue Repair and Advanced Cyborganic Healthcare Devices,” Biomaterials Advances 161 (2024): 213869, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213869.
- 27H. Hosseinkhani, P.-D. Hong, and D.-S. Yu, “Self-Assembled Proteins and Peptides for Regenerative Medicine,” Chemical Reviews 113 (2013): 4837–4861, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr300131h.
- 28X. Huang, J. Li, J. Luo, Q. Gao, A. Mao, and J. Li, “Research Progress on Double-Network Hydrogels,” Materials Today Communications 29 (2021): 102757, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102757.
- 29D. Hua, S. Gao, M. Zhang, W. Ma, and C. Huang, “A Novel Xanthan Gum-Based Conductive Hydrogel With Excellent Mechanical, Biocompatible, and Self-Healing Performances,” Carbohydrate Polymers 247 (2020): 116743, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116743.
- 30S. Tang, J. Yang, L. Lin, et al., “Construction of Physically Crosslinked Chitosan/Sodium Alginate/Calcium Ion Double-Network Hydrogel and Its Application to Heavy Metal Ions Removal,” Chemical Engineering Journal 393 (2020): 124728, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124728.
- 31S. Saberianpour, M. Heidarzadeh, M. H. Geranmayeh, H. Hosseinkhani, R. Rahbarghazi, and M. Nouri, “Tissue Engineering Strategies for the Induction of Angiogenesis Using Biomaterials,” Journal of Biological Engineering 12 (2018): 36, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13036-018-0133-4.
- 32R. Priyadarshi, B. Kumar, and J.-W. Rhim, “Green and Facile Synthesis of Carboxymethylcellulose/ZnO Nanocomposite Hydrogels Crosslinked With Zn2+ Ions,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 162 (2020): 229–235, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.155.
- 33F. Mottaghitalab, H. Hosseinkhani, M. A. Shokrgozar, C. Mao, M. Yang, and M. Farokhi, “Silk as a Potential Candidate for Bone Tissue Engineering,” Journal of Controlled Release 215 (2015): 112–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.07.031.
- 34H. S. Kim, J. S. Kim, J. Hwang, I. Y. Lee, and K. Y. Lee, “Decoupling Stiffness and Toughness of Self-Healing Hydrogels for Complex Tissue Regeneration via 3D Bioprinting,” Chemical Engineering Journal 487 (2024): 150551, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.150551.
- 35S. Das, P. Martin, G. Vasilyev, R. Nandi, N. Amdursky, and E. Zussman, “Processable, Ion-Conducting Hydrogel for Flexible Electronic Devices With Self-Healing Capability,” Macromolecules 53 (2020): 11130–11141, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02060.
- 36T. Erceg, S. Cakić, M. Cvetinov, T. Dapčević-Hadnađev, J. Budinski-Simendić, and I. Ristić, “The Properties of Conventionally and Microwave Synthesized Poly(Acrylamide-Co-Acrylic Acid) Hydrogels,” Polymer Bulletin 77 (2020): 2089–2110, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-019-02840-w.
- 37Y. Wu, C. Brickler, S. Li, and G. Chen, “Synthesis of Microwave-Mediated Biochar-Hydrogel Composites for Enhanced Water Absorbency and Nitrogen Release,” Polymer Testing 93 (2021): 106996, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106996.
- 38T. Kajornprai, A. Seejuntuek, N. Suppakarn, S. Prayoonpokarach, and T. Trongsatitkul, “Synthesis of Thermoresponsive PNIPAm Nanogel Adsorbent by Microwave-Assisted Polymerization for Wastewater Treatment Application,” Materials Today Proceedings (2023), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.05.445.
10.1016/j.matpr.2023.05.445 Google Scholar
- 39C. Bai, Q. Huang, and X. Xiong, “Reinforcement of Self-Healing Polyacrylic Acid Hydrogel With Acrylamide Modified Microcrystalline Cellulose,” Chinese Journal of Chemistry 38 (2020): 494–500, https://doi.org/10.1002/cjoc.201900458.
- 40F. Aqcheli, M. Baghban Salehi, V. Taghikhani, and H. Pahlevani, “Synthesis of a Custom-Made Suspension of Preformed Particle Gel With Improved Strength Properties and Its Application in the Enhancement of Oil Recovery in a Micromodel Scale,” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 207 (2021): 109108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2021.109108.
- 41R. T. Polez, E. Kimiaei, Z. Madani, M. Österberg, and H. Baniasadi, “Tragacanth Gum Hydrogels With Cellulose Nanocrystals: A Study on Optimizing Properties and Printability,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 280 (2024): 136182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136182.
- 42F. Saghandali, M. Baghban Salehi, and V. Taghikhani, “Design and Fabrication of a Preformed Thixotropic-Viscoelastic Nanocomposite Hydrogel System (PNCH) for Controlling Sand Production in Reservoirs,” Results in Engineering 18 (2023): 101089, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101089.
- 43F. Saghandali, M. Baghban Salehi, and V. Taghikhani, “Hydrogel Nanocomposite Network Elasticity Parameters as a Function of Swelling Ratio: From Micro to Macro Flooding,” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 125 (2023): 163–177, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2023.05.025.
- 44F. Saghandali, M. B. Salehi, and V. Taghikhani, “Improved Oil Recovery by 3D Hydrogel Composite Reinforced With Natural Bentonite Nanoparticles,” Iranian Polymer Journal 32, no. 11 (2023): 1393–1404, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-023-01212-6.
- 45 M. I. H. Mondal and M. O. Haque, eds., Cellulose-Based Superabsorbent Hydrogels (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77830-3.
10.1007/978-3-319-77830-3 Google Scholar
- 46S. Heidari, M. Mohammadi, F. Esmaeilzadeh, and D. Mowla, “Determination of Swelling Behavior and Mechanical and Thermal Resistance of Acrylamide–Acrylic Acid Copolymers Under High Pressures and Temperatures,” ACS Omega 6, no. 37 (2021): 23862–23872, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c02638.
- 47F. Aqcheli, M. Baghban Salehi, H. Pahlevani, and V. Taghikhani, “Rheological Properties and the Micromodel Investigation of Nanosilica Gel-Reinforced Preformed Particle Gels Developed for Improved Oil Recovery,” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 192 (2020): 107258, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2020.107258.
- 48S. Hezari, A. Olad, and A. Dilmaghani, “Modified Gelatin/Iron-Based Metal-Organic Framework Nanocomposite Hydrogel as Wound Dressing: Synthesis, Antibacterial Activity, and Camellia sinensis Release,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 218 (2022): 488–505, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.150.
- 49T. Khodaei, J. Nourmohammadi, A. Ghaee, and Z. Khodaii, “An Antibacterial and Self-Healing Hydrogel From Aldehyde-Carrageenan for Wound Healing Applications,” Carbohydrate Polymers 302 (2023): 120371, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120371.
- 50J. Pan, Y. Jin, S. Lai, L. Shi, W. Fan, and Y. Shen, “An Antibacterial Hydrogel With Desirable Mechanical, Self-Healing and Recyclable Properties Based on Triple-Physical Crosslinking,” Chemical Engineering Journal 370 (2019): 1228–1238, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.04.001.
- 51M. Balouiri, M. Sadiki, and S. K. Ibnsouda, “Methods for In Vitro Evaluating Antimicrobial Activity: A Review,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis 6 (2016): 71–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005.
- 52M. Baniasadi, H. Baniasadi, R. Azimi, and N. Khosravi Dehaghi, “Fabrication and Characterization of a Wound Dressing Composed of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Nanochitosan/Artemisia Ciniformis Extract: An RSM Study,” Polymer Engineering and Science 60 (2020): 1459–1473, https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.25393.
- 53W. Zhao, L. Duan, B. Zhang, X. Ren, and G. H. Gao, “Tough and Ultrastretchable Hydrogels Reinforced by Poly(Butyl Acrylate-Co-Acrylonitrile) Latex Microspheres as Crosslinking Centers for Hydrophobic Association,” Polymer (Guildf) 112 (2017): 333–341, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2017.02.032.
- 54F. Khademi, M. Baghban Salehi, H. R. Mortaheb, A. A. Nozaeim, and S. H. Ahmadi, “Design and Fabrication of co([CHITOSAN-AMPS-AA]/PEI-MBA) Nanocomposite Hydrogel as an Effective Solution for Removing Tin and Platinum Ions in Wastewater Treatment Applications: Selective Recovery of Platinum,” Journal of Polymers and the Environment 32 (2024): 6011–6028, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03356-9.
- 55X. Hong, H. Ding, J. Li, Y. Xue, L. Sun, and F. Ding, “Poly(Acrylamide-Co-Acrylic Acid)/chitosan Semi-Interpenetrating Hydrogel for Pressure Sensor andy Controlled Drug Release,” Polymers for Advanced Technologies 32 (2021): 3050–3058, https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.5317.
- 56S. Shen, H. Wei, Y. Pan, P. Hu, and H. Yang, “The Enhanced Dewaterability of Sludge by a Starch-Based Flocculant Combined With Attapulgite,” Scientific Reports 13 (2023): 402, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-27749-3.
- 57H. Albarqi, A. Abdulsalam, I. Alqahtani, et al., “Microwave-Assisted Physically Cross-Linked Chitosan-Sodium Alginate Hydrogel Membrane Doped With Curcumin as a Novel Wound Healing Platform,” AAPS PharmSciTech 23 (2022): 72, https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-022-02222-y.
- 58M. Baghban-Salehi, A. A. M. Moghadam, and R. Panahi, “Chapeter 11: Sorbent Hydrogels to Control Heavy Metal Pollution in Water,” Sorbents Materials for Controlling Environmental Pollution (Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 2021), 247–283, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820042-1.00005-5.
10.1016/B978-0-12-820042-1.00005-5 Google Scholar
- 59Y. Qiao, S. Xu, T. Zhu, N. Tang, X. Bai, and C. Zheng, “Preparation of Printable Double-Network Hydrogels With Rapid Self-Healing and High Elasticity Based on Hyaluronic Acid for Controlled Drug Release,” Polymer 186 (2020): 121994, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121994.
- 60D. Lai, X. Chen, G. Wang, X. Xu, and Y. Wang, “Arbitrarily Reshaping and Instantaneously Self-Healing Graphene Composite Hydrogel With Molecule Polarization-Enhanced Ultrahigh Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Performance,” Carbon 188 (2022): 513–522, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.12.047.
- 61M. Vahedi, J. Barzin, F. Shokrolahi, and P. Shokrollahi, “Self-Healing, Injectable Gelatin Hydrogels Cross-Linked by Dynamic Schiff Base Linkages Support Cell Adhesion and Sustained Release of Antibacterial Drugs,” Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 303 (2018): 9, https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201800200.
10.1002/mame.201800200 Google Scholar
- 62F. Ding, S. Wu, S. Wang, et al., “A Dynamic and Self-Crosslinked Polysaccharide Hydrogel With Autonomous Self-Healing Ability,” Soft Matter 11, no. 20 (2015): 3971–3976, https://doi.org/10.1039/C5SM00587F.
- 63Y. Yang, Y. Ma, M. Wu, et al., “Fe3+−Induced Coordination Cross-Linking Gallic Acid-Carboxymethyl Cellulose Self-Healing Hydrogel,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 267 (2024): 131626, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131626.
- 64H. Chen, J. Cheng, L. Ran, et al., “An Injectable Self-Healing Hydrogel With Adhesive and Antibacterial Properties Effectively Promotes Wound Healing,” Carbohydrate Polymers 201 (2018): 522–531, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.090.
- 65K.-C. Cheng, C.-F. Huang, Y. Wei, and S. Hsu, “Novel Chitosan–Cellulose Nanofiber Self-Healing Hydrogels to Correlate Self-Healing Properties of Hydrogels With Neural Regeneration Effects,” NPG Asia Materials 11, no. 1 (2019): 25, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41427-019-0124-z.
- 66K. Zhang, W. Di, L. Chang, et al., “Cellulose Based Self-Healing Hydrogel Through Boronic Ester Connections for Wound Healing and Antitumor Applications,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 230 (2023): 123294, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123294.
- 67M. Zhang, P. Lin, X. Song, et al., “Injectable and Self-Healing Hydrogels With Tissue Adhesiveness and Antibacterial Activity as Wound Dressings for Infected Wound Healing,” Journal of Polymer Science 60, no. 9 (2022): 1511–1520, https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.20210896.
- 68B. Jia, G. Li, E. Cao, J. Luo, X. Zhao, and H. Huang, “Recent Progress of Antibacterial Hydrogels in Wound Dressings,” Materials Today Bio 19 (2023): 100582, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100582.
- 69H. Ferfera-Harrar, N. Aiouaz, N. Dairi, and A. S. Hadj-Hamou, “Preparation of Chitosan-g-Poly(Acrylamide)/montmorillonite Superabsorbent Polymer Composites: Studies on Swelling, Thermal, and Antibacterial Properties,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 131, no. 1 (Jan. 2014): 39747, https://doi.org/10.1002/app.39747.
10.1002/app.39747 Google Scholar
- 70A. Schippers, P.-G. Jozsa, Z. M. Kovacs, M. Jelea, and W. Sand, “Large-Scale Experiments for Microbiological Evaluation of Measures for Safeguarding Sulfidic Mine Waste,” Waste Management 21, no. 2 (2001): 139–146, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(00)00068-4.
Citing Literature
