Electrodiagnostic studies in the management and prognosis of neuromuscular disorders
Corresponding Author
James M. Gilchrist MD
Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown Medical School, 593 Eddy Street, APC 689, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown Medical School, 593 Eddy Street, APC 689, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USASearch for more papers by this authorGeorge M. Sachs MD, PhD
Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown Medical School, 593 Eddy Street, APC 689, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
James M. Gilchrist MD
Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown Medical School, 593 Eddy Street, APC 689, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown Medical School, 593 Eddy Street, APC 689, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USASearch for more papers by this authorGeorge M. Sachs MD, PhD
Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown Medical School, 593 Eddy Street, APC 689, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Prognosis remains a neglected aspect of modern medical care and research, behind diagnosis and treatment. The very term “electrodiagnosis” implies as much. Despite this, much has been published regarding the use and benefit of electrodiagnostic techniques in assessing prognosis and assisting in management of patients after the diagnosis has been established. This information is often hidden or otherwise not emphasized. This review summarizes the literature regarding the use of such techniques for prognosis and management of disorders of lower motor neurons, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular transmission, and muscle. Muscle Nerve 29: 165–190, 2004
REFERENCES
- 1 Adour KK, Sheldon MI, Kahn ZM. Maximal nerve excitability testing versus neuromyography: prognostic value in patients with facial paralysis. Laryngoscope 1980; 90: 1540–1547.
- 2 Albers JW, Donofrio PD, McGonagle TK. Sequential electrodiagnostic abnormalities in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Muscle Nerve 1985; 8: 528–539.
- 3 Albers JW, Kelly JJ Jr. Acquired inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies: clinical and electrodiagnostic features. Muscle Nerve 1989; 12: 435–451.
- 4 Aminoff MJ, Olney RK, Parry GJ, Raskin NH. Relative utility of different electrophysiologic techniques in the evaluation of brachial plexopathies. Neurology 1988; 38: 546–550.
- 5
Armon C,
Brandstater ME.
Motor unit number estimate-based rates of progression of ALS predict patient survival.
Muscle Nerve
1999;
22:
1571–1575.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199911)22:11<1571::AID-MUS13>3.0.CO;2-0 CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 6 Aulisa L, Tamburrelli F, Padua R, Romanini E, Lo Monaco M, Padua L. Carpal tunnel syndrome: indication for surgical treatment based an electrophysiologic study. J Hand Surg [Am] 1998; 23: 687–691.
- 7 Baba M, Matsunaga M, Miura H, Kishihara T. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy—an electrophysiological and histological study of the ulnar nerve from a case with intractable persistent conduction block. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1992; 32: 616–620.
- 8 Ballantyne JP, Hansen S, Weir A, Whitehead JR, Mullin PJ. Quantitative electrophysiological study of alcoholic neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1980; 43: 427–432.
- 9 Barbieri S, Weiss GM, Daube JR. Fibrillation potentials in myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve 1982; 5(suppl): S50.
- 10 Barkhaus PE, Nandedkar SD, Sanders DB. Quantitative EMG in inflammatory myopathy. Muscle Nerve 1990; 13: 247–253.
- 11 Barkhaus PE, Nandedkar SD. Serial quantitative EMG in sporadic inclusion body myositis. Muscle Nerve 1998; 21: 1603.
- 12
Barkhaus PE,
Periquet I,
Nandedkar SD.
Quantitative electrophysiologic studies in sporadic inclusion body myositis.
Muscle Nerve
1999;
22:
480–487.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199904)22:4<480::AID-MUS9>3.0.CO;2-A CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 13 Barohn RJ, Jackson CE, Rogers SJ, Ridings LW, McVey AL. Prolonged paralysis due to non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents and corticosteroids. Muscle Nerve 1994; 17: 647–654.
- 14 Becker PE. Heterozygote manifestations in recessive generalized myotonia. Hum Genet 1979; 46: 325–329.
- 15 Bever CT, Aquino AV, Penn AS, Lovelace RE, Rowland LP. Prognosis of ocular myasthenia. Ann Neurol 1983; 14; 516–519.
- 16 Bird SJ, Mackin GA. Acute myopathic quadriplegia: a unique syndrome associated with vecuronium and steroid treatment. Muscle Nerve 1992; 15: 1208.
- 17 Bird SJ, Rich MM. Neuromuscular complications of critical illness. Neurologist 2000; 6: 2–11.
- 18 Bird SJ. Myopathies and disorders of neuromuscular transmission. In: WF Brown, CF Bolton, MJ Aminoff, editors. Neuromuscular function and disease. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2002. p 1507–1520.
- 19 Black JTR, Bhatt GP, DeJesus PV, Schotland DL, Rowland LP. Diagnostic accuracy of clinical data, quantitative electromyography and histochemistry in neuromuscular diseases. J Neurol Sci 1974; 21: 59–70.
- 20 Bland JD. Do nerve conduction studies predict the outcome of carpal tunnel decompression? Muscle Nerve 2001; 24: 935–940.
- 21 Blom S, Ringvist I. Neurophysiological findings in myasthenia gravis. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1971; 30: 477–487.
- 22 Blom S, Ekstrand T. Electromyography and sialometry in the prognosis of Bell's palsy. A methodological study of early investigated, untreated patients. Acta Oto-Laryngol 1981; 91: 289–295.
- 23 Bohan A, Peter JB. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med 1975; 292: 344–347, 403–407.
- 24 Bohan A, Peter JB, Bowman RL, Pearson CM. A computer-assisted analysis of 153 patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Medicine 1977; 56: 255–286.
- 25 Bolton CF, Yound CB, Zochodne DW. Neurologic changes during severe sepsis. In: GJ Dobb, J Brim, H Burehardi, RP Dellinger, editors. Current topics in intensive care. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1994. p 180–217.
- 26 Borenstein S, Desmedt JE. Range of variations in motor unit potentials during reinnervation after traumatic nerve lesions in humans. Ann Neurol 1980; 8: 460–467.
- 27 Botelho SY, Deaterly CF, Austin S, Comroe JH Jr. Evaluation of the electromyogram of patients with myasthenia gravis. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1952; 67; 441–450.
- 28 Braun RM, Jackson WJ. Electrical studies as a prognostic factor in the surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg [Am] 1994; 19: 893–900.
- 29 Bromberg MB. Guillain–Barré syndrome and related demyelinating neuropathies. In: JM Gilchrist, editor. Prognosis in neurology. Boston: Butterworth Heinemann; 1998. p 295–302.
- 30 Brown JS. Bell's palsy: a 5 year review of 174 consecutive cases: an attempted double blind study. Laryngoscope 1982; 92: 1369–1373.
- 31 Brown T, Cupido C, Scarfone H, Pape K, Galea V, McComas A. Developmental apraxia arising from neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Neurology 2000; 55: 24–30.
- 32 Brown WF. A method for estimating the number of motor units in thenar muscles and the changes in motor unit count with ageing. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1972; 35: 845–852.
- 33
Brown WF.
The physiological and technical basis of electromyography.
Boston:
Butterworth;
1984. p
317–338.
10.1016/B978-0-409-95042-7.50013-X Google Scholar
- 34 Brown WF, Bolton CF. Clinical electromyography. Boston: Butterworth; 1987. p 379–381.
- 35 Buchtal F. Electrophysiological signs of myopathy as related to muscle biopsy. Acta Neurol (Napoli) 1977; 32: 1–29.
- 36 Buchtal F, Kamieniecka Z. The diagnostic yield of quantified electromyography and quantified muscle biopsy in neuromuscular disorders. Muscle Nerve 1982; 5: 265–280.
- 37 Buchthal F, Kuhl V. Nerve conduction, tactile sensibility, and the electromyogram after suture or compression of peripheral nerve: a longitudinal study in man. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1979; 42: 436–451.
- 38 Bundey S, Carter CO, Soothill JF. Early recognition of heterozygotes for the gene for dystrophica myotonica. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1970; 33: 279–293.
- 39 Campbell EDR, Hickey RP, Nixon KH, Richardson AT. Value of nerve-excitability measurements in prognosis of facial palsy. Br Med J 1962; 2: 7–10.
- 40 Campellone JV, Lacomis D, Kramer DJ, Van Cott AC, Giuliani MJ. Acute myopathy after liver transplantation. Neurology 1998; 50: 46–53.
- 41 Canter RJ, Nedzelski JM, McLean JA. Evoked electromyography in Bell's palsy: a clinically useful test? J Otolaryngol 1986; 15: 344–347.
- 42 Carleton, SA, Brown WF. Changes in motor unit populations in motor neuron disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1979; 42: 42–51.
- 43 Caruso G, Buchthal F. Refractory period of muscle and electromyographic findings in relatives of patients with muscular dystrophy. Brain 1965; 88: 29–50.
- 44 Casey EB, Jellife AM, Le Quesne PM, Millett YL. Vincristine neuropathy. Clinical and electrophysiological observations. Brain 1973; 96: 69–86.
- 45 Chalk CH, Murray NMF, Newsom-Davis J, O'Neill JH, Spiro SG. Response of the Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome to treatment of associated small-cell lung carcinoma. Neurology 1990; 40: 1552–1556.
- 46 Chalmers AC, Greco CM, Miller RG. Prognosis in AZT myopathy. Neurology 1991; 41: 1181–1184.
- 47 Chaudhry V, Cornblath DR. Wallerian degeneration in human nerves: serial electrophysiological studies. Muscle Nerve 1992; 15: 687–693.
- 48 Chow LC, Tam RC, Li MF. Use of electroneurography as a prognostic indicator of Bell's palsy in Chinese patients. Otol Neurotol 2002; 23: 598–601.
- 49 Chu JY, Humphrey JG, Bril V. Correlation of clinical status, single-fiber EMG, and serum antiacetylcholine receptor antibody in myasthenia gravis. Neurology 1984; 34(suppl): 161–162.
- 50 Clamon GH, Evans WK, Shepherd FA, Humphrey JG. Myasthenic syndrome and small cell cancer of the lung. Arch Intern Med 1984; 144: 999–1000.
- 51 Coakley JH, Nagendran K, Yarwood GD, Honavar M, Hinds CJ. Patterns of neurophysiological abnormality in prolonged critical illness. Intensive Care Med 1998; 24: 801–807.
- 52 Coker NJ. Facial electroneurography: analysis of techniques and correlation with degenerating motoneurons. Laryngoscope 1992; 102: 747–759.
- 53 Cornblath DR, Mellits ED, Griffin JW, McKhann GM, Albers JW, Miller RG, Feasby TE, Quaskey SA. Motor conduction studies in Guillain–Barré syndrome: description and prognostic value. Ann Neurol 1988; 23: 354–359.
- 54 Cros D, Triggs WJ. There are no neurophysiologic features characteristic of “axonal” Guillain–Barré syndrome. Muscle Nerve 1994; 17: 675–677.
- 55 Croxson GR, Moffat DA, Hazrdy DG, Baguley DM. Role of post-operative electroneuromyography in predicting facial nerve recovery after acoustic neuroma removal: a pilot study. J Laryngol Otol 1989; 103: 60–62.
- 56 Cruz Maritnez A, Lopez-Teffadas JM. Motor unit remodeling in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Electrophysiological assessment. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1992; 32: 351–358.
- 57 Das PK, Sen SK. Detection and genetic counseling of subclinical and carrier states in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Eur Neurol 1979; 18: 91–95.
- 58 Dau PC, Denys EH. Plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive drug therapy in the Eaton–Lambert syndrome. Ann Neurol 1982; 11: 570–575.
- 59 Daube JR. Statistical estimates of number of motor units in the thenar and foot muscles in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 1988; 11: 957–958.
- 60 Daube JR. Estimating the number of motor units in a muscle. J Clin Neurophysiol 1995; 12: 585–594.
- 61
de Carvalho M,
Miranda PC,
Luis ML,
Ducla-Soares E.
Cortical muscle representation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients: changes with disease evolution.
Muscle Nerve
1999;
22:
1684–1692.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199912)22:12<1684::AID-MUS10>3.0.CO;2-X CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 62 de Carvalho M, Evangelista T, Sales-Luis ML. The corticomotor threshold is not dependent on disease duration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord 2002; 3: 39–42.
- 63 de Carvalho M, Turkman A, Swash M. Motor responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation and peripheral nerve stimulation in the ulnar innervation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: the effect of upper and lower motor neuron lesion. J Neurol Sci 2003; 210: 83–90.
- 64 DeJesus PV, Steiner JC. Spontaneous recovery of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1976; 16: 239–248.
- 65 Dellon AL, Hament W, Gittelshon A. Nonoperative management of cubital tunnel syndrome: an 8-year prospective study. Neurology 1993; 43: 1673–1677.
- 66 Denys EH. Electromyographic monitoring and prognostication in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In: FC Rose, editor. Progress in clinical neurologic trials: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. New York: Demos; 1990. p 127–134.
- 67 Desmedt JE, Bornestein S. Relationship of spontaneous fibrillation potentials to muscle fibre segmentation in human muscular dystrophies. Nature 1975; 258: 531–534.
- 68 DeVere R, Bradley WG. Polymyositis: its presentation, morbidity and mortality. Brain 1975; 98: 637–666.
- 69 Devi S, Challenor Y, Duarte N, Lovelace RE. Prognostic value of minimal excitability of facial nerve in Bell's palsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1978; 41: 649–652.
- 70
Deymeer F,
Lehmann-Horn F,
Serdaroglu P,
Cakirkaya S,
Benz S,
Rudel R,
Ozdemir C.
Electrical myotonia in heterozygous carriers of recessive myotonia congenita.
Muscle Nerve
1999;
22:
123–125.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199901)22:1<123::AID-MUS20>3.0.CO;2-Y CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 71 Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Effect of intensive diabetes treatment on nerve conduction in the Diabetes Control and Complications trial. Ann Neurol 1995; 38: 869–880.
- 72 Doherty TJ, Brown WF. The estimated numbers and relative sizes of thenar motor units as selected by multiple point stimulation in young and older adults. Muscle Nerve 1993; 16: 355–366.
- 73 Donoso RS, Ballantyne JP, Hansen S. Regeneration of sutured human peripheral nerves: an electrophysiological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1979; 42: 97–106.
- 74 Dumitru D, Walsh NE, Porter LC. Electrophysiologic evaluation of the facial nerve in Bell's palsy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1988; 67: 137–144.
- 75 Dyck PJ, Daube J, O'Brien P, Pineda A, Low PA, Windebank AJ, Swanson C. Plasma exchange in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 461–465.
- 76 Dyck PJ, Davies JL, Litchy WJ, O'Brien PC. Longitudinal assessment of diabetic polyneuropathy using a composite score in the Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study cohort. Neurology 1997; 49: 229–239.
- 77 Dyck PJ, Litchy WJ, Kratz KM, Suarez GA, Low PA, Pineda AA, Windebank AJ, Karnes JL, O'Brien PC. A plasma exchange versus immune globulin infusion trial in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Ann Neurol 1994: 36; 838–845.
- 78 Dyck PJ, Litchy WJ, Daube JR, Harper CM, Dyck PJ, Davies J, O'Brien PC. Individual attributes versus composite scores of nerve conduction abnormality: sensitivity, reproducibility, and concordance with impairment. Muscle Nerve 2003; 27: 202–210.
- 79 Dyck PJ, O'Brien PC, Oviatt KF, Dinapoli RP, Daube JR, Bartleson JD, Mokri B, Swift T, Low PA, Windebank AJ. Prednisone improves chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy more than no treatment. Ann Neurol 1982; 11: 136–141.
- 80 Eisen A, Danon J. The mild cubital tunnel syndrome. Its natural history and indications for surgical intervention. Neurology 1974; 24: 608–613.
- 81 Eisen A, Pant B, Stewart H. Cortical excitability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a clue to pathogenesis. Can J Neurol Sci 1993; 20: 11–16.
- 82 Engel A, Gomez MR, Seybold ME, Lambert EH. The spectrum and diagnosis of acid maltase deficiency. Neurology 1973; 23: 95–106.
- 83 Engstrom M, Jonsson L, Grindlund M, Stalberg E. House–Brackmann and Yanagihara grading scores in relation to electroneurographic results in the time course of Bell's palsy. Acta Oto-Laryngol 1998; 118: 783–789.
- 84 Falck B, Nykvist F, Hurme M, Alaranta H. Prognostic value of EMG in patients with lumbar disc herniation—a five year follow up. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1993; 33: 19–26.
- 85 Felice KJ. Thenar motor unit number estimates using the multiple point stimulation technique: reproducibility studies in ALS patients and normal subjects. Muscle Nerve 1995; 18: 1412–1416.
- 86
Felice KJ.
A longitudinal study comparing thenar motor unit number estimates to other quantitative tests in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Muscle Nerve
1997;
20:
179–185.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199702)20:2<179::AID-MUS7>3.0.CO;2-9 CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 87 Finsen V, Russwurm H. Neurophysiology not required before surgery for typical carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg [Br] 2001; 26: 61–64.
- 88 Finsterer J, Mamoli B. Turn/amplitude analysis in subclinical myogenic lesions. Acta Neurol Scand 1997; 96: 46–51.
- 89 Fisch U. Maximal nerve excitability testing vs electroneurography. Arch Otolaryngol 1980; 106: 352–357.
- 90 Fraser DM, Campbell IW, Ewing DJ, Murray A, Nelson JM, Clarke JF. Peripheral and autonomic nerve function in newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1977; 26: 546–550.
- 91 Fuglsang-Fredericksen A, Scheel U, Buchthal F. Diagnostic yield of analysis of the pattern of electrical activity and of individual motor unit potentials in myopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976; 39: 742–750.
- 92 Gardner-Medwin D, Pennington RJ, Walton JN. The detection of carriers of X-linked muscular dystrophy genes. A review of some methods studied in Newcastle Upon Tyne. J Neurol Sci 1971; 13: 459–474.
- 93 Gilchrist JM, Pericak-Vance MA, Silverman LM, Roses AD. Clinical and genetic investigation in autosomal dominant limb-girdle dystrophy. Neurology 1988; 38: 5–9.
- 94 Gilchrist JM, Speer MC, Gaskell P, Pericak-Vance MA, Silverman L, Roses AD. Autosomal dominant limb girdle muscular dystrophy. Am J Hum Genet 1988; 43(suppl): A51.
- 95 Gilchrist JM, Massey JM, Sanders DB. Single fiber EMG and repetitive stimulation of the same muscle in myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve 1994; 17: 171–175.
- 96 Gilliatt RW, Taylor JC. Electrical changes following section of the facial nerve. Proc R Soc Med 1959; 52: 1080–1083.
- 97 Ghonim MR, Gavilan C. Blink reflex: prognostic value in acute peripheral facial palsy. Orl J Oto-Rhino-Laryngol 1990; 52: 75–79.
- 98 Glowacki KA, Breen CJ, Sachar K, Weiss AP. Electrodiagnostic testing and carpal tunnel release outcome. J Hand Surg [Am] 1996; 21: 117–121.
- 99 Gomez-Fernandez L, Vega-Treto H, Lestayo-Ofarril Z. Single fiber electromyography in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. Rev Neurol 2000; 30: 1–15.
- 100 Goodgold J, Eberstein A. Electrodiagnosis of neuromuscular diseases. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1972. p 175–178.
- 101 Goodman HV, Gillliat RW. The effect of treatment on median nerve conduction in patients with the carpal tunnel syndrome. Ann Phys Med 1961; 6: 137–155.
- 102 Goodwill CJ. The carpal tunnel syndrome—long-term follow-up showing relation of latency measurements to response to treatment. Ann Phys Med 1965; 8: 12–21.
- 103 Granger CV. Prognosis in Bell's palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1976; 57: 33–35.
- 104 Gregersen G. Diabetic neuropathy: influence of age, sex, metabolic control, and duration of diabetes on motor conduction velocity. Neurology 1967; 17: 972–980.
- 105 Groves J, Gibson WPR. Bell's (idiopathic facial) palsy: the nerve excitability test in selection of cases for early treatment. J Laryngol Otol 1974; 88: 851–854.
- 106 Gruener G, Bosch EP, Strauss RG, Klugman M, Kimura J. Prediction of early beneficial response to plasma exchange in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol 1987; 44: 295–298.
- 107 Gutmann L, Fakadej A, Riggs JE. Evolution of nerve conduction abnormalities in children with dominant hypertrophic neuropathy of the Charcot–Marie–Tooth type. Muscle Nerve 1983; 6: 515–519.
- 108 Hadden RD, Cornblath DR, Hughes RA, Zielased J, Hartung HP, Toyka KV, Swan AV. Electrophysiological classification of Guillain–Barré syndrome: clinical associations and outcome. Plasma Exchange/Sandoglobulin Guillain–Barré Syndrome Trial Group. Ann Neurol 1998; 44: 780–788.
- 109 Hahn AF, Bolton CF, Pillay N, Chalk C, Benstead T, Bril V, Shumak K, Vandervoort MK, Feasby TE. Plasma-exchange therapy in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. A double-blind, sham-controlled, cross-over study. Brain 1996; 119: 1055–1066.
- 110 Hansen S, Ballantyne JP. A quantitative electrophysiological study of motor neurone disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1978; 41: 773–783.
- 111
Hanson P,
Dive A,
Brucher J-M,
Bisteau M,
Dangoisse M,
Deltombe T.
Acute corticosteroids myopathy in intensive care patients.
Muscle Nerve
1997;
20:
1371–1380.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199711)20:11<1371::AID-MUS4>3.0.CO;2-7 CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 112 Harper CM. Congenital myopathies and muscular dystrophies. In: WF Brown, CF Bolton, MJ Aminoff, editors. Neuromuscular function and disease. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2002. p 1355–1374.
- 113 Harper PS. Congenital myotonic dystrophy in Britain: clinical aspects. Arch Dis Child 1975; 50: 505–513.
- 114 Harris CM, Tanner E, Goldstein MN, Pettee DS. The surgical treatment of the carpal-tunnel syndrome correlated with preoperative nerve-conduction studies. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1979; 61: 93–98.
- 115 Hayward M. Electrodiagnosis of the muscular dystrophies. Br Med Bull 1980; 36: 127–132.
- 116 Henriksson KG, Nilsson O, Rosen I, Schiller HH. Clinical, neurophysiological and morphological findings in Eaton–Lambert syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 1977; 56: 117–140.
- 117 Herzon GD, Zealear DL. Facial nerve antidromic recordings in patients with Bell's palsy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988; 99: 584–589.
- 118 Heuss D, Claus D, Neundorfer B. Fibrillations in regenerating muscle in dystrophic myopathies. Clin Neuropathol 1996; 15: 200–208.
- 119 Higgs PE, Edwards DF, Martin DS, Weeks PM. Relation of preoperative nerve-conduction values to outcome in workers with surgically treated carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg [Am] 1997; 22: 216–221.
- 120 Hillbom M, Wennberg A. Prognosis of alcoholic peripheral neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984; 47: 699–703.
- 121 Hilton-Brown P, Stalberg E. Motor unit size in muscular dystrophy: a macro EMG and scanning EMG study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983; 46: 996–1005.
- 122 Hilton-Brown P, Stalberg E. The motor unit in muscular dystrophy: a single-fiber EMG and scanning EMG study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983; 46: 981–995.
- 123 Ho TW, Hsieh ST, Nachamkin I, Willison HJ, Sheikh K, Kiehlbauch J, Flanigan K, McArthur JC, Cornblath DR, McKhann GM, Griffin JW. Motor nerve terminal degeneration provides a potential mechanism for rapid recovery in acute motor axonal neuropathy after Campylobacter infection. Neurology 1997; 48: 717–724.
- 124 Ho TW, Li CY, Cornblath DR, Gao CY, Asbury AK, Griffin JW, McKhann GM. Patterns of recovery in the Guillain–Barré syndromes. Neurology 1997; 48: 695–700.
- 125 Hochberg MC, Feldman D, Stevens MB. Adult onset polymyositis/dermatomyositis: an analysis of clinical and laboratory features and survival in 76 patients with a review of the literature. Sem Arthritis Rheum 1986; 15: 168–178.
- 126 Hoke A, Rewcastle NB, Zochodne DW. Acute quadriplegic myopathy unrelated to steroids or paralyzing agents: quantitative electromyography studies. Can J Neurol Sci 1999; 26: 325–329.
- 127 Hongell A, Mattsson HS. Neurographic studies before, after, and during operation for median nerve compression in the carpal tunnel. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1971; 5: 103–109.
- 128 Horowitz SH, Genkins G, Kornfield P, Papatestas AE. Regional curare test in the evaluation of ocular myasthenia. Arch Neurol 1975; 32: 84–88.
- 129 Horowitz, SH, Schmalbruch H. Autosomal dominant distal myopathy with desmin storage: a clinicopathologic and electrophysiologic study of a large kinship. Muscle Nerve 1994; 17: 151–160.
- 130 Hou Y, Mickelsen P, Robinson LR. Electrodiagnostic and clinical outcome predictors after carpal tunnel release. Muscle Nerve 2002; 26: 568.
- 131 Howard JF, Sanders DB. Serial single-fiber EMG studies in myasthenic patients treated with corticosteroids and plasma exchange therapy. Muscle Nerve 1981; 4: 254.
- 132 Howard JF Jr, Weiss AS, Donovan MK, Cheshire WP, Braun TG. 3,4-diaminopyridine effects on compound muscle action potential amplitudes in a patient with botulism. Muscle Nerve 1992; 15: 1202–1203.
- 133 Ingram DA, Davis GR, Schwartz MS, Traub M, Newland AC, Swash M. Cancer-associated myasthenic (Eaton–Lambert) syndrome: distribution of abnormality and effect of treatment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984; 47: 806–812.
- 134 Jablecki C. Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Muscle Nerve 1984; 7: 250–257.
- 135 Jablecki CK, Andary MT, So YT, Wilkins DE, Williams FH. Literature review of the usefulness of nerve conduction studies and electromyography for the evaluation of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. AAEM Quality Assurance Committee. Muscle Nerve 1993; 16: 1392–1414.
- 136 Jacobs K. Carrier detection in the Duchenne type muscular dystrophy: preliminary observations on the place of electromyography. J Neurol Sci 1968; 6: 347–356.
- 137 Jiandong L, Li X, Li Y. The prognostic value of F waves in the early stage of peripheral facial paralysis. Muscle Nerve 2002; 26: 576.
- 138 Johansson S, Larsson L-E, Ortengren R. An automated method for frequency analysis of myoelectric signals evaluated by an investigation of the spectral changes following strong sustained contractions. Med Biol Eng 1970; 8: 257–264.
- 139 Kadrie HA, Yates SK, Milner-Brown HS, Brown WF. Multiple point electrical stimulation of ulnar and median nerves. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976; 39: 973–985.
- 140 Karoutas G. Single-fiber EMG in patients with myasthenia gravis-findings before and after administration of tensilon and diazepam. Muscle Nerve 1981; 4: 254.
- 141 Kartush JM, Lilly DJ, Kemink JL. Facial electroneurography: clinical and experimental investigations. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1985; 93: 516–523.
- 142 Kelly JJ, Daube JR, Lennon VA, Howard FM, Younge BR. The laboratory diagnosis of mild myasthenia gravis. Ann Neurol 1982; 12: 238–242.
- 143 Kerbavaz RJ, Hilsinger RL, Adour KK. The facial paralysis prognostic index. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1983; 91: 284–289.
- 144 Kereshi S, McComas A, Kowalchuk N, Stuart A. Absence of fibrillation after muscle injury. Exp Neurol 1983; 80: 645–651.
- 145 Kimura J. Rodnitzky RL, Okawara S. Electrophysiologic analysis of aberrant regeneration after facial nerve paralysis. Neurology 1975; 25: 989–993.
- 146 Kimura J, Giron LT, Young SM. Electrophysiological study of Bell palsy: electrically elicited blink reflex in assessment of prognosis. Arch Otolaryngol 1976; 102: 140–143.
- 147 Kimura J. Electrodiagnosis in diseases of nerve and muscle: principles and practice, 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2001. p 797–800.
- 148 Kline DG, DeJonge BR. Evoked potentials to evaluate peripheral nerve injuries. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1968; 127: 1239–1250.
- 149 Kline DG, Hackett ER, May PR. Evaluation of nerve injuries by evoked potentials and electromyography. J Neurosurg 1969; 31: 128–136.
- 150 Kline DG, Hudson AR. Nerve injuries. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1995. p 104.
- 151 Kline DG, Hurst J. Predictors of recovery from peripheral nerve injury. Neurol Neurosurg Update Series 1984; 5: 2–8.
- 152 Kobayashi T, Kudo Y, Chow MJ. Nerve excitability test using fine needle electrodes. Acta Oto-Laryngol 1988; 446(suppl): 64–69.
- 153 Kohler A, Burkhard P, Hefft S, Bottani A, Pizzolato GP, Maristric MR. Proximal myotonic myopathy: clinical, electrophysiological and pathological findings in a family. Eur Neurol 2000; 43: 50–53.
- 154 Konishi T, Nishitani H, Matsubara F, Ohta M. Myasthenia gravis: relation between jitter in single-fiber EMG and antibody to acetylcholine receptor. Neurology 1981; 31: 386–392.
- 155 Kraus P. Reliability of the nerve excitability test in Bell's palsy. J Laryngol Otolaryngol 1970; 84: 719–722.
- 156 Kruger VL, Kraft GH, Deitz JC, Ameis A, Polissar L. Carpal tunnel syndrome: objective measures and splint use. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1991; 72: 517–520.
- 157 Kugelberg E. Elecromyography in muscular dystrophies: differentiation between dystrophies and chronic lower motor neuron lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1949; 12: 129–136.
- 158 Kuwabara S, Ogawara K, Misawa S, Mori M, Hattori T. Distribution patterns of demyelination correlate with clinical profiles in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 72: 37–42.
- 159 Lacomis D, Smith TW, Chad DA. Acute myopathy and neuropathy in status asthamaticus: case report and literature review. Muscle Nerve 1993; 16: 84–90.
- 160 Lacomis D, Guiliani MJ, Van Cott A, Kramer DJ. Acute myopathy of intensive care: clinical, electromyographic, and pathological aspects. Ann Neurol 1996; 40: 645–654.
- 161 Lambert EH. Defects of neuromuscular transmission in syndromes other than myasthenia gravis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1966; 135: 367–384.
- 162 Lamontagne A, Buchthal F. Electrophysiological studies in diabetic neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1970; 33: 442–452.
- 163 Lang B, Newsom-Davis J, Wray D, Vincent A. Autoimmune aetiology of myasthenic (Eaton–Lambert) syndrome. Lancet 1981; 2: 224–226.
- 164 Langworth EP, Taverner D. The prognosis in facial palsy. Brain 1963; 86: 465–480.
- 165 Laranne J, et al. A comparison of transcranial magnetic stimulation with electroneuromyography as a predictive test in patients with Bell's palsy. Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol 1995; 252: 344–347.
- 166 Lawrence DG, Locke S. Motor nerve conduction velocity in diabetes. Arch Neurol 1961; 5: 463.
- 167 Layzer RB, Lovelace RE, Rowland LP. Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Arch Neurol 1967; 16: 455–472.
- 168 Leclaire R, Tremblay L, Dupuis M. Prognostic value of nerve excitability test in Bell's palsy. Can J Otolaryngol 1975; 4: 352–357.
- 169 LeRoux PD, Ensign TD, Burchiel KJ. Surgical decompression without transposition for ulnar neuropathy: factors determining outcome. Neurosurgery 1990; 27: 709–714.
- 170 Lisak RP, Lebean J, Tucker SH, Rowland LP. Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis and cardiac arrhythmia. Neurology 1972; 22: 810–815.
- 171 Longstaff L, Milner RH, O'Sullivan S, Fawcett P. Carpal tunnel syndrome: the correlation between outcome, symptoms and nerve conduction study findings. J Hand Surg [Br] 2001; 26: 475–480.
- 172 Lotz BP, Angel AG, Nishino H, Stevens JC, Litchy WJ. Inclusion body myositis. Observations in 40 patients. Brain 1989; 112: 727–747.
- 173 Lowder CE, Kline DG. Peripheral nerve injury. In: RW Evans, DS Baskin, FM Yatsu, editors. Prognosis of neurological disorders. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992. p 389–404.
- 174 Lugnegard H, Walheim G, Wennberg A. Operative treatment of ulnar nerve neuropathy in the elbow region. A clinical and electrophysiological study. Acta Orthop Scand 1977; 48: 168–176.
- 175 Lundh H, Schiller HH, Elmqvist D. Correlation between single fibre EMG jitter and endplate potentials studied in mild experimental botulinum poisoning. Acta Neurol Scand 1977; 56: 141–152.
- 176 Lundh H, Nilsson O, Rosen I. 4-aminopyridine: a new drug tested in the treatment of Eaton–Lambert syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1977; 40: 1109–1112.
- 177 Lundh H, Nilsson O, Rosen I. Novel drug of choice in Eaton–Lambert syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983; 46: 684–687.
- 178 Lundh H, Nilsson O, Rosen I. Treatment of Lambert–Eaton syndrome: 3,4-diaminopyridine and pyridostigmine. Neurology 1984; 34: 1324–1330.
- 179 Maddison P, Newsom-Davis J, Mills KR. Distribution of electrophysiological abnormality in Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998; 65: 213–217.
- 180 Maddison P, Lang B, Mills K, Newson-Davis J. Long term outcome in Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome without lung cancer. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001; 70: 212–217.
- 181 Mamoli B, Toifl K, Vormittag W, Pateisky K. Determination of average fiber density, quantitative electromyography and serum CK in the detection of Duchenne carriers. EEG EMG Z Elecktroenzephalogr Elecktromyogr Verwandte Geb 1983; 14: 36–38.
- 182 Mano K, Takegami T, Okamoto S, Takahashi A. Remission of myasthenia gravis: clinical, electrophysiological and immunological studies. Nagoya J Med Sci 1993; 55: 103–113.
- 183 Massey JM, Sanders DB. Use of single fiber electromyography to predict course of ocular myasthenia. Muscle Nerve 1985; 8: 624.
- 184 Massey JM, Sanders DB, Howard JF. Sensitivity of diagnostic tests in myasthenia gravis. Neurology 1990; 40(suppl): 348.
- 185 Massey JM, Sanders DB. Single fiber electromyography in myasthenia gravis during pregnancy. Muscle Nerve 1993; 16: 458–460.
- 186 Mastaglia FL, Ojeda VJ. Inflammatory myopathies: part 2. Ann Neurol 1985; 17: 317–323.
- 187 May M, Harvey JE, Marovitz WF, Stroud M. The prognostic accuracy of the maximal stimulation test compared with that of the nerve excitability test in Bell's palsy. Laryngoscope 1971; 81: 931–938.
- 188 May M, Blumenthal F, Klein SR. Acute Bell's palsy: prognostic value of evoked electromyography, maximal stimulation, and other electrical tests. Am J Otol 1983; 5: 1–7.
- 189 May M, Klein SR, Blumenthal F. Evoked electromyography and idiopathic facial paralysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1983; 91: 678–685.
- 190 May M, Klein SR, Taylor FH. Idiopathic (Bell's) facial palsy: natural history defies steroid or surgical treatment. Laryngoscope 1985; 95: 406–409.
- 191 McComas AJ, Fawcett P, Campbell M, Sica R. Electrophysiological estimation of the number of motor units within a human muscle. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1971; 34: 121–131.
- 192 McComas AJ, Upton ARM, Sica REP. Motoneurone disease and ageing. Lancet 1973; 2: 1477–1480.
- 193 McEvoy KM, Windebank AJ, Daube JR. 3,4-diaminopyridine in the treatment of Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1567–1571.
- 194 McKhann GM, Griffin JW, Cornblath DR, Mellits ED, Fisher RS, Quaskey SA, the Guillain–Barré Syndrome Study Group. Plasmapheresis and Guillain–Barré syndrome: analysis of prognostic factors and the effect of plasmapheresis. Ann Neurol 1988; 23: 347–353.
- 195 Mechler F. Changing electromyographic findings during the chronic course of polymyositis. J Neurol Sci 1974; 23: 237–242.
- 196 Miller RG. Nerve injury and the neuromuscular junction. In: RA Brumback, editor. The neuromuscular junction. New York: Futura; 1984.
- 197 Miller RG, Peterson GW, Daube JR, Albers JW. Prognostic value of electrodiagnosis in Guillain–Barré syndrome. Muscle Nerve 1988; 11: 769–774.
- 198 Mitsumoto H, Chad DA, Pioro EP. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Philadelphia: FA Davis; 1998.
- 199 Moosa A, Brown BH, Dubowitz V. Quantitative electromyography: carrier detection in Duchenne type muscular dystrophy using a new automatic technique. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1972; 35: 841–844.
- 200 Mulder DW, Lambert EH, Bastron JA, Sprague RG. The neuropathies associated with diabetes mellitus: a clinical and electromyographic study of 103 unselected diabetic patients. Neurology 1961; 11: 275–284.
- 201 Murase T, Kawai H, Masatomi T, Kawabata H, Ono K. Evoked spinal cord potentials for diagnosis during brachial plexus surgery. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1993; 75: 775–781.
- 202 Murray NMF, Newsom-Davis J. Treatment with oral 4-aminopyridine in disorders of neuromuscular transmission. Neurology 1981; 31: 265–271.
- 203 Nakashima K, Tabuchi Y, Takahashi K. The diagnostic significance of large action potentials in myopathy. J Neurol Sci 1983; 61: 161–170.
- 204 Nakatani H, Iwai M, Takeda T, Hamada M, Kakigi A, Nakahira M. Waveform changes in antidromic facial nerve responses in patients with Bell's palsy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2002; 111: 128–134.
- 205 Nandedkar SD, Sanders DB, Stalberg EV. Automatic analysis of the electromyographic interference pattern. Part I. Development of quantitative parameters. Muscle Nerve 1986; 9: 431–439.
- 206 Nandedkar SD, Sanders DB, Stalberg EV. Automatic analysis of the electromyographic interference pattern. Part II. Findings in control subjects and in some neuromuscular diseases. Muscle Nerve 1986; 9: 491–500.
- 207 Nandedkar SD, Sanders DB. Simulation of myopathic motor unit action potentials. Muscle Nerve 1989; 12: 197–202.
- 208 Navarro X, Sutherland DE, Kennedy WR. Long-term effects of pancreatic transplantation on diabetic neuropathy. Ann Neurol 1997; 42: 727–736.
- 209 Negrin P, Lelli S, Fardin P. Contribution of electromyography to the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of cervical disc disease: a study of 114 patients. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1991; 31: 173–179.
- 210 Negrin P, Zara G. Conduction studies as prognostic parameters in the natural history of diabetic neuropathy: a long-term follow-up of 114 patients. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1995; 35: 341–350.
- 211 Newman M, Nelson N. Digital nerve sensory potentials in lesions of cervical roots and brachial plexus. Can J Neurol Sci 1983; 10: 252–255.
- 212 Newsom-Davis J, Murray N, Wray D, Lang B, Prior C, Gwilt M, Vincent A. Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome: electrophysiological evidence for a humoral factor. Muscle Nerve 1982; 5: 517–520.
- 213 Newsom-Davis J, Murray NMF. Plasma exchange and immunosuppressive drug treatment in the Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Neurology 1984; 34: 480–485.
- 214 Novak CB, Mackinnon SE, Stuebe AM. Patient self-reported outcome after ulnar nerve transposition. Ann Plast Surg 2002; 48: 274–280.
- 215 Oberle J, Antoniadis G, Kast E, Richter HP. Evaluation of traumatic cervical nerve root injuries by intraoperative evoked potentials. Neurosurgery 2002; 51: 1182–1188.
- 216 Oey PL, Wieneke GH, Hoogenraad TU, van Huffelen AC. Ocular myasthenia gravis: the diagnostic yield of repetitive nerve stimulation and stimulated single fiber EMG of orbicularis oculi muscle and infrared reflection oculography. Muscle Nerve 1993; 16: 142–149.
- 217 Oh SJ, Kim KW. Guanidine hydrochloride in the Eaton–Lambert syndrome: electrophysiological improvement. Neurology 1973; 23: 1084–1090.
- 218 Oh SJ, Eslami N, Nishihira T, Sarala PK, Kuba T, Elmore RS, Sunwoo IN, Ro YI. Electrophysiological and clinical correlation in myasthenia gravis. Ann Neurol 1982; 12: 348–354.
- 219 Oh SJ. SFEMG improvement with remission in the cancer associated Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Muscle Nerve 1989; 12: 844–848.
- 220 Oh SJ, Kim DE, Kuroglu R, Bradley RJ, Dwyer D. Diagnostic sensitivity of the laboratory tests in myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve 1992; 15: 720–724.
- 221 Oh SJ, Kim DE, Kuruoglu R, Brooks J, Claussen G. Electrophysiological and clinical correlations in the Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Muscle Nerve 1996; 9; 903–906.
- 222 Olafsson E, Jones HR, Guay AT, Thomas CB. Myopathy of endogenous Cushing's syndrome: a review of the clinical and electromyographic features in 8 patients. Muscle Nerve 1994; 17: 692–693.
- 223
Olney RK,
Yuen E,
Engstrom JW.
Statistical motor unit number estimation: reproducibility and sources of error in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Muscle Nerve
2000;
23:
193–197.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(200002)23:2<193::AID-MUS8>3.0.CO;2-M CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 224 Olsen PZ. Prediction of recovery in Bell's palsy. Acta Neurol Scand 1975; 52(Suppl 61): 1–92.
- 225 Op de Coul AAW, Lambregts PC, Koeman J, van Puyenbroeck J, Ter Laak HJ, Gabreels-Festen AA. Neuromuscular complications inpatients given Pavulon (pancuronium bromide) during artificial ventilation. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1985; 87: 17–22.
- 226 Ozdemir C, Young RR. Electrical testing in myasthenia gravis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1971; 183: 287–302.
- 227 Padua L, LoMonaco M, Aulisa L, Tamburrelli F, Valente EM, Padua R, Gregori B, Tonali P. Surgical prognosis in carpal tunnel syndrome: usefulness of a preoperative neurophysiological assessment. Acta Neurol Scand 1996; 94: 343–346.
- 228 Padua L, Lo Monaco M, Padua R, Tamburrelli F, Gregori B, Tonali P. Carpal tunnel syndrome: neurophysiological results of surgery based on preoperative electrodiagnostic testing. J Hand Surg [Br] 1997; 22: 599–601.
- 229 Padua L, Stalberg E, LoMonaco M, Evoli A, Batocchi A, Tonali P. SFEMG in ocular myasthenia gravis diagnosis. Clin Neurophysiol 2000; 111: 1203–1207.
- 230 Parry GJ. Electrodiagnostic studies in the evaluation of peripheral nerve and brachial plexus injuries. Neurol Clin 1992; 10: 921–934.
- 231 Partanen J, Lang H. EMG dynamics in polymyositis. A quantitative single motor unit potential study. J Neurol Sci 1982; 57: 221–234.
- 232 Pascoe MK, Pascoe RD, Tarrant E, Boyle R. Changes in palmar sensory latencies in response to carpal tunnel release. Muscle Nerve 1994; 17: 1475–1476.
- 233 Paternostro-Sluga T, Ciovika R, Turkof E, Zauner-Dungl A, Posch M, Fialka-Moser V. Short segment stimulation of the anterior transposed ulnar nerve at the elbow. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001; 82: 1171–1175.
- 234
Pezzin LE,
Dillingham TR,
Lauder TD,
Andary M,
Kumar S,
Stephens RR,
Shannon S.
Cervical radiculopathies: relationship between symptom duration and spontaneous EMG activity.
Muscle Nerve
1999;
22:
1412–1418.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199910)22:10<1412::AID-MUS11>3.0.CO;2-U CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 235 Phillips LH. The use of single fiber EMG to monitor the response of Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome to steroid therapy. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1983; 55: 43.
- 236 Polgar JG, Bradley WG, Upton ARM, Anderson J, Howatt JML, Poetito F, Roberts DF, Scopa J. The early detection of dystrophica myotonica. Brain 1972; 95: 761–776.
- 237 Preising BM, Hull ML, Taylor RG, Shumway RH. Carrier detection of Duchenne dystrophy by frequency analysis of the electromyogram. J Biomed Eng 1998; 10: 417–425.
- 238 Reeves ML, Seigler DE, Ayyar DR, Skyler JS. Medial plantar sensory response. Sensitive indicator of peripheral nerve dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 1984; 76: 842–846.
- 239 Rich MM, Teener JW, Raps EC, Schotland DL, Bird SJ. Muscle is electrically inexcitable in acute quadriplegic myopathy. Neurology 1996; 46: 731–736.
- 240 Ricker K, Lehmann-Horn F, Moxley RT. Myotonia fluctuans. Arch Neurol 1990; 47; 268–272.
- 241 Rimpilainen I, Eskola H, Laippala P, Laranne J, Karma P. Prognostication of Bell's palsy using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Acta Oto-Laryngol 1997; 529(suppl): 111–115.
- 242 Ringel SP, Carry MR, Aguilera AJ, Starcevich JM. Quantitative histopathology of the inflammatory myopathies. Arch Neurol 1986; 43: 1004–1009.
- 243
Road J,
Mackie G,
Jiang T-X,
Stewart H,
Eisen A.
Reversible paralysis with status asthmaticus, steroids, and pancuronium: clinical electrophysiological correlates.
Muscle Nerve
1997;
20:
1587–1590.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199712)20:12<1587::AID-MUS15>3.0.CO;2-Y CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 244 Robinson LR. Polymyositis. Muscle Nerve 1991; 14: 310–315.
- 245 Rodet D, Berthelot JM, Maugars Y, Prost A. Prognostic value of preoperative electromyography for outcome of lumbosacral radiculopathy of discal origin. Presse Med 1999; 28: 2031–2033.
- 246 Ronager J, Ravnborg M, Hermansen I, Vorstrup S. Immunoglobulin treatment versus plasma exchange inpatients with chronic moderate to severe myasthenia gravis. Artif Organs 2001; 25: 967–973.
- 247 Rosenbaum RB, Ochoa JL. Carpal tunnel syndrome and other disorders of the median nerve. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1993. p 168–169.
- 248 Roses AD, Roses MJ, Metcalf BS, Hull KL, Nicholson GA, Hartwig GB, Roe CR. Pedigree testing in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Ann Neurol 1977; 2: 271–278.
- 249 Rosselle N, Stevens A, Sonck W, Bonne A, Faes MH, Broux G, Steen H, Heymans W. An electromyographic study of multiple cases of myotonia atrophica in same family. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1970; 10: 415–424.
- 250 Rostedt A, Sanders LL, Edwards LJ, Massey JM, Sanders DB, Stalberg EV. Predictive value of single-fiber electromyography in the extensor digitorum communis muscle in patients with ocular myasthenia gravis: a retrospective study. J Clin Neuromuscul Disord 2000; 2: 6–9.
- 251
Rubin DI,
Hermann RC.
Electrophysiologic findings in amyloid myopathy.
Muscle Nerve
1999;
22:
355–359.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199903)22:3<355::AID-MUS8>3.0.CO;2-8 CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 252 Rubin DI, Hermann RC. Inflammatory and infiltrative myopathies. In: WF Brown, CF Bolton, MJ Aminoff, editors. Neuromuscular function and disease. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2002. p 1375–1397.
- 253 Rutkove SB, DeGirolami U, Preston DC, Freeman R, Nardin RA, Gouras GK, Johns DR, Raynor EM. Myotonia in colchicines myoneuropathy. Muscle Nerve 1996; 19: 870–875.
- 254
Sachs GM.
Segmental zoster paresis: an electrophysiological study.
Muscle Nerve
1996;
19:
784–786.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199606)19:6<784::AID-MUS17>3.0.CO;2-L CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 255 Sachs GM. Traumatic nerve injury. In JM Gilchrist, editor. Prognosis in neurology. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1998. p 331–333.
- 256
Sadeh M,
River Y,
Argov Z.
Stimulated single fiber electromyography in Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome before and after 3,4-diaminopyridine.
Muscle Nerve
1997;
20:
735–739.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199706)20:6<735::AID-MUS11>3.0.CO;2-T CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 257 Sanders DB, Howard JF, Johns TR. Single-fiber electromyography in myasthenia gravis. Neurology 1979; 29: 68–76.
- 258 Sanders DB, Howard JF. Single fiber electromyography in myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve 1986; 9: 809–819.
- 259
Sanders DB,
Stalberg EV.
Single-fiber electromyography.
Muscle Nerve
1996;
19:
1069–1083.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199609)19:9<1069::AID-MUS1>3.0.CO;2-Y CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 260 Sanders DB, Massey JM, Sanders LL, Edwards LJ. A randomized trail of 3,4-diaminopyridine in Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Neurology 2000; 54: 603–607.
- 261 Sanders DB. Clinical impact of single-fiber electromyography. Muscle Nerve 2002; 11(suppl): S15–S20.
- 262 Sandstedt PER, Henriksson KG, Larsson L-E. Quantitative electromyography in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Acta Neurol Scand 1982; 65: 110–121.
- 263
Scarfone H,
McComas AJ,
Pape K,
Newberry R.
Denervation and reinnervation in congenital brachial palsy.
Muscle Nerve
1999;
22:
600–607.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199905)22:5<600::AID-MUS8>3.0.CO;2-B CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 264 Scarlato G, Valli G, Meola G, Carenini L. Quantitative EMG and histological carrier detection of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Neurol 1977; 216: 235–249.
- 265 Seddon H. Three types of nerve injury. Brain 1943; 66: 237–288.
- 266 Seror P. Nerve conduction studies after treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg [Br] 1992; 17: 641–645.
- 267 Seror P. Nocturnal orthosis: a new treatment of compression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow: 30 cases. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1994; 150: 721–727.
- 268 Shefner JM. Motor unit number estimation in human neurological diseases and animal models. Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 112: 955–964.
- 269 Sica REP, McComas AJ. An electrophysiological investigation of limb-girdle and facioscapulohumeral dystrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1971; 34: 469–474.
- 270 Sillman JS, Niparko JK, Lee SS, Kileny PR. Prognostic value of evoked and standard electromyography in acute facial paralysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992; 107: 377–381.
- 271 Simmons Z, Epstein DK, Borg B, Mauger DT, Kothari MJ, Shefner JM. Reproducibility of motor unit number estimation in individual subjects. Muscle Nerve 2001; 24: 467–473.
- 272 Sinha PK, Keith RW, Pensak ML. Predictability of recovery from Bell's palsy using evoked electromyography. Am J Otol 1994; 15: 769–771.
- 273 Skevas AT, Danielides VG, Assimakopoulos DA. The role of the facial nerve latency test in the prognosis of Bell's palsy. Laryngoscope 1990; 100: 1083–1085.
- 274 Skillman TG, Johnson EW, Hamwi GJ, Driscoll HJ. Motor nerve conduction velocity in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1961; 10: 46–53.
- 275 Slavica JJ, Beard CM, Wiederholt WC, Bergstrath EJ, Kurland KT. Incidence, clinical features, and prognosis in Bell's palsy, Rochester, Minnesota, 1968–1982. Ann Neurol 1986; 20: 622–627.
- 276 Slomic A, Rosenfalck A, Buchthal F. Electrical and mechanical responses of normal and myasthenic muscle. Brain Res 1968; 10: 1–78.
- 277 Smith T, Nielsen KD, Poulsgaard L. Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow: clinical and electrophysiological outcome of surgical and conservative treatment. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 2000; 34: 145–148.
- 278 Sonoo M, Uesugi H, Mochizuki A, Hatanaka Y, Shimizu T. Single fiber EMG and repetitive nerve stimulation of the same extensor digitorum communis muscle in myasthenia gravis. Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 112; 300–303.
- 279 Sugioka H. Evoked potentials in the investigation of traumatic lesions of the peripheral nerve and the brachial plexus. Clin Orthop 1984; 184: 85–92.
- 280 Stalberg E, Ekstedt J, Broman A. Neuromuscular transmission in myasthenia gravis studied with single fibre electromyography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1974; 37; 540–547.
- 281 Stalberg E, Schiller HH, Schwartz MS. Safety factor in single human motor end-plates studied in vivo with single fibre electromyography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975; 38; 799–804.
- 282 Stalberg E. Single fiber EMG, macro EMG, and scanning EMG. New ways of looking at the motor unit. CRC Crit Rev Clin Neurobiol 1986; 2: 125–167.
- 283 Stalberg EV. Electrodiagnostic assessment and monitoring of motor unit changes in disease. Muscle Nerve 1991; 14: 293–303.
- 284 Stalberg E, Trontelj JV. Single fiber electromyography: studies in healthy and diseased muscle, 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1994. p 68–70.
- 285 Stalberg E, Trontelj JV. Single fiber electromyography: studies in healthy and diseased muscle, 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1994. p 156–158.
- 286 Stalberg E, Karlsson L. Simulation of EMG in pathological situations. Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 112; 869–878.
- 287 Strieb EW, Wilbourn AJ, Mitsomoto H. Spontaneous electrical muscle fiber activity in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Muscle Nerve 1979; 2: 14–18.
- 288 Streib EW, Rothner AD. Eaton–Lambert myasthenic syndrome: long-term treatment of 3 patients with prednisone. Ann Neurol 1981; 10; 448–453.
- 289 Streib EW. EMG in detection of heterozygote carriers of recessive generalized myotonia. Muscle Nerve 1982; 5: 179–180.
- 290 Strieb EW, Sun SF. Distribution of electrical myotonia in myotonic muscular dystrophy. Ann Neurol 1983; 14: 80–82.
- 291 Stubgen JP. Limb girdle muscular dystrophy: a quantitative electromyographic study. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1995; 35: 351–357.
- 292 Sumner AJ. Aberrant reinnervation. Muscle Nerve 1990; 13: 801–803.
- 293 Sunderland S. Nerve injuries and their repair: a critical appraisal. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1991. p 224–226.
- 294 Sunderland S. Nerves and nerve injuries, 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1978. p 114–116.
- 295
Swift TR,
Ignacia OJ,
Dyken PR.
Neonatal dystrophic myotonica: electrophysiological studies.
Am J Dis Child
1975;
29:
734–737.
10.1001/archpedi.1975.02120430066018 Google Scholar
- 296 Swift TR, Leshner RT, Gross JA. Arm-diaphragm synkinesis: electrodiagnostic studies of aberrant regeneration of phrenic motor neurons. Neurology 1980; 30: 339–344.
- 297 Tabarski B, Coffinieres A, Van den Bergh P, Huault G, Landrieu P, Sebire G. Critical illness neuromuscular disease: clinical, electrophysiological, and prognostic aspects. Arch Dis Child 2002; 86: 103–107.
- 298 Takeda K, Tojima H, Aoyagi M, Koike Y. Recording of single fiber electromyography in patients with peripheral facial palsy. Acta Oto-Laryngol 1994; 511(suppl): 156–160.
- 299 Taverner D. Electrodiagnosis in facial palsy. Arch Otolaryngol 1965; 81: 470–477.
- 300 Thomas CK, Stein RB, Gordon T, Lee RG, Elleker MG. Patterns of reinnervation and motor unit recruitment in human hand muscles after complete ulnar and median nerve section and resuture. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987; 50: 259–268.
- 301 Tojima H, Aoyagi M, Inamura H, Koike Y. Clinical advantages of electroneurography in patients with Bell's palsy within two weeks after onset. Acta Oto-Laryngol 1994; 511(suppl): 147–149.
- 302 Toulouse P, Coatrieux JL, LeMarec B. An attempt to differentiate female relatives of Duchenne type dystrophy from healthy subjects using an automatic EMG analysis. J Neurol Sci 1985; 67: 45–55.
- 303 Triggs WJ, Cros D, Gominak SC, Zuniga G, Beric A, Shahani BT, Ropper AH, Roongta SM. Motor nerve inexcitability in Guillain–Barré syndrome. The spectrum of distal conduction block and axonal degeneration. Brain 1992; 115: 1291–1302.
- 304 Triggs WJ, Menkes D, Onorato J, Yan RS, Young MS, Newell K, Sander HW, Soto O, Chiappa KH, Cros D. Transcranial magnetic stimulation identifies upper motor neuron involvement in motor neuron disease. Neurology 1999; 53: 605–611.
- 305 Trojaborg W. Motor unit disorder and myopathies. In: AM Halliday, SR Butler, R Paul, editors. A textbook of clinical neurophysiology. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1987. p 417–437.
- 306 Trojaborg W. Quantitative electromyography in polymyositis: a reappraisal. Muscle Nerve 1990; 13: 964–971.
- 307 Trojaborg W. Clinical, electrophysiological, and myelographic studies of 9 patients with cervical spinal root avulsions: discrepancies between EMG and X-ray findings. Muscle Nerve 1994; 17: 913–922.
- 308 Trontelj JV, Mihelin M, Khuraibet A. Safety margin at single neuromuscular junctions. Muscle Nerve 2002; 25(suppl 1): S21–S27.
- 309 Tymms KE, Beller EM, Webb J, Schrieber L, Buchanan WW. Correlation between tests of muscle involvement and clinical muscle weakness in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Clin Rheumatol 1990; 9: 523–529.
- 310 Uncini A, Lange DJ, Lovelace RE, Solomon M, Hays AP. Long-duration polyphasic motor unit potentials in myopathies: a quantitative study with pathological correlation. Muscle Nerve 1990; 13: 263–267.
- 311 Valli G, Scarlato G, Contartese M. Quantitative electromyography in the detection of the carriers in Duchenne type muscular dystrophy. J Neurol 1976: 212: 139–149.
- 312 Van den Bosch J. Investigations of the carrier state in Duchenne type dystrophy. Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Current Research in Muscular Dystrophy. London: Pitman Medical; 1963. p 23.
- 313
van Dijk JG,
Malessy MJ,
Stegeman DF.
Why is the electromyogram in obstetric brachial plexus lesions overly optimistic?
Muscle Nerve
1998;
21:
260–261.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199802)21:2<260::AID-MUS20>3.0.CO;2-4 CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 314 van Dijk JG, Pondaag W, Malessy MJ. Obstetric lesions of the brachial plexus. Muscle Nerve 2001; 24: 1451–1461.
- 315 Visser LH, Schmitz PI, Meulstee J, van Doorn PA, van der Meche FG. Prognostic factors of Guillain–Barré syndrome after intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange. Dutch Guillain–Barré Study Group. Neurology 1999; 53: 598–604.
- 316 Vredeveld JW, Blaauw G, Slooff BA, Richards R, Rozeman SC. The findings in paediatric obstetric brachial palsy differ from those in older patients: a suggested explanation. Dev Med Child Neurol 2000; 42: 158–161.
- 317
Vredeveld JW,
Richards R,
Rozeman CA,
Blaauw G,
Slooff AC.
The electromyogram in obstetric brachial palsy is too optimistic: fiber size or another explanation?
Muscle Nerve
1999;
22:
427–429.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199903)22:3<427::AID-MUS25>3.0.CO;2-4 CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 318 Vroom FQ, Engel WK. Non-neoplastic, steroid responsive Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Neurology 1969; 19: 281.
- 319 Walker WC, Metzler M, Cifu DX, Swartz Z. Neutral wrist splinting in carpal tunnel syndrome: a comparison of night-only versus full-time wear instructions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000; 81: 424–429.
- 320 Wallgren-Pettersson C, Sainio K, Salmi T. Electromyography in congenital nemaline myopathy. Muscle Nerve 1989; 12: 587–593.
- 321 Ward JD, Barnes CG, Fisher DJ, Jessup JD, Baker RW. Improvement in nerve conduction following treatment in newly diagnosed diabetics. Lancet 1971; 1: 428–430.
- 322 Waters G, Williams T. Early onset myotonic dystrophy: clinical and laboratory findings in five families and a review of the literature. Arch Neurol 1967; 17: 137–152.
- 323 Weber M, Stewart H, Hirota N, Eisen A. Corticomotoneuronal connections in primary lateral sclerosis (PLS). Amyotr Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord 2002; 3: 190–198.
- 324
Weinberg DH,
Rizzo JF III,
Hayes MT,
Kneeland MD,
Kelly JJ.
Ocular myasthenia gravis: predictive value of single-fiber electromyography.
Muscle Nerve
1999;
22:
1222–1227.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199909)22:9<1222::AID-MUS8>3.0.CO;2-R CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 325 Werneck LC, Lima JG. Muscle biopsy correlated with electromyography. Study of 100 cases. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1988; 46: 156–165.
- 326 Werneck LC, Lima JG, Koehler H. Correlation between specific histological and electromyographic findings in neuromuscular disorders. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1988; 46: 264–271.
- 327 Werner RA, Gell N, Franzblau A, Armstrong TJ. Prolonged median sensory latency as a predictor of future carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve 2001; 24: 1462–1467.
- 328 Willison RG. Quantitative electromyography. The detection of carriers of Duchenne dystrophy. In: A Barveau, J-R Brunette, editors. Progress in neuro-genetics. Proceedings of the Second International Congress of Neuro-Genetics and Neuro-Opthalmology of the World Federation of Neurology. Vol. 1. Excerpta Medica International Congress Series No. 175. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica Foundation; 1967. p 123.
- 329 Yamakawa T, Yoshikawa H, Arai A, Miyazaki T, Ichikawa G. A clinical study on the magnetic stimulation of the facial nerve. Laryngoscope 1999; 109: 492–497.
- 330 Yilmaz K, Caliskan M, Oge E, Aydinli N, Tunaci M, Ozmen M. Clinical assessment, MRI, and EMG in congenital brachial plexus palsy. Pediatr Neurol 1999; 21: 705–710.
- 331 Yuen EC, Olney RK. Longitudinal study of fiber density and motor unit number estimate in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 1997; 49: 573–578.
- 332 Zellweger RH, Pavone L, Biondi A, Cimino V, Gullotta F, Hart M, Ionasescu V, Mollica F, Schieken R. Autosomal recessive generalized myotonia. Muscle Nerve 1980; 3: 176–180.
- 333 Zochodne DW, Ramsay DA, Saly V, Shelley S, Moffatt S. Acute necrotizing myopathy of intensive care: electrophysiological studies. Muscle Nerve 1994; 17: 285–292.