Original Research

Comparing accuracy and reproducibility of sequential and Hadamard-encoded multidelay pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling for measuring cerebral blood flow and arterial transit time in healthy subjects: A simulation and in vivo study

Corresponding Author

Jia Guo PhD

[email protected]

Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

Address reprint requests to: J.G., Richard M. Lucas Center for Imaging, 1201 Welch Rd., Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author

Samantha J. Holdsworth PhD,

Samantha J. Holdsworth PhD

Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

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Audrey P. Fan PhD,

Audrey P. Fan PhD

Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

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Marc R. Lebel PhD,

Marc R. Lebel PhD

GE Healthcare, Calgary, Canada

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Zungho Zun PhD,

Zungho Zun PhD

Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA

Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

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Ajit Shankaranarayanan PhD,

Ajit Shankaranarayanan PhD

GE Healthcare, Menlo Park, California, USA

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Greg Zaharchuk PhD, MD,

Greg Zaharchuk PhD, MD

Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

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Jia Guo PhD,

Corresponding Author

Jia Guo PhD

[email protected]

Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

Address reprint requests to: J.G., Richard M. Lucas Center for Imaging, 1201 Welch Rd., Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author

Samantha J. Holdsworth PhD,

Samantha J. Holdsworth PhD

Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

Search for more papers by this author

Audrey P. Fan PhD,

Audrey P. Fan PhD

Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

Search for more papers by this author

Marc R. Lebel PhD,

Marc R. Lebel PhD

GE Healthcare, Calgary, Canada

Search for more papers by this author

Zungho Zun PhD,

Zungho Zun PhD

Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA

Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

Search for more papers by this author

Ajit Shankaranarayanan PhD,

Ajit Shankaranarayanan PhD

GE Healthcare, Menlo Park, California, USA

Search for more papers by this author

Greg Zaharchuk PhD, MD,

Greg Zaharchuk PhD, MD

Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

Search for more papers by this author

First published: 09 August 2017

https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.25834

Citations: 32

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Abstract

Purpose

To compare performance of sequential and Hadamard-encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL).

Materials and Methods

Monte Carlo simulations and in vivo experiments were performed in 10 healthy subjects. Field strength and sequence: 5-delay sequential (5-del. Seq.), 7-delay Hadamard-encoded (7-del. Had.), and a single-delay (1-del.) PCASL, without and with vascular crushing at 3.0T. The errors and variations of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and arterial transit time (ATT) from simulations and the CBF and ATT estimates and variations in gray matter (GM) with different ATT ranges were compared. Pairwise t-tests with Bonferroni correction were used.

Results

The simulations and in vivo experiments showed that 1-del. PCASL underestimated GM CBF due to insufficient postlabeling delay (PLD) (37.2 ± 8.1 vs. 47.3 ± 8.5 and 47.3 ± 9.0 ml/100g/min, P ≤ 6.5 × 10⁻⁶), while 5-del. Seq. and 7-del. Had. yielded comparable GM CBF (P ≥ 0.49). 5-del. Seq. was more reproducible for CBF (P = 4.7 × 10⁻⁴), while 7-del. Had. was more reproducible for ATT (P = 0.033). 5-del. Seq. was more prone to intravascular artifacts and yielded lower GM ATTs compared to 7-del. Had. without crushing (1.13 ± 0.18 vs. 1.23 ± 0.13 seconds, P = 2.3 × 10⁻³), but they gave comparable ATTs with crushing (P = 0.12). ATTs measured with crushing were longer than those without crushing (P ≤ 6.7 × 10⁻⁴), but CBF was not affected (P ≥ 0.16).

Conclusion

The theoretical signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain through Hadamard encoding was confirmed experimentally. For 1-del., a PLD of 1.8 seconds is recommended for healthy subjects. With current parameters, 5-del. Seq. was more reproducible for CBF, and 7-del. Had. for ATT. Vascular crushing may help reduce variations in multidelay experiments without compromising tissue CBF or ATT measurements.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:1119–1132.

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Citing Literature

Volume47, Issue4

April 2018

Pages 1119-1132

Comparing accuracy and reproducibility of sequential and Hadamard-encoded multidelay pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling for measuring cerebral blood flow and arterial transit time in healthy subjects: A simulation and in vivo study

Abstract

Purpose

Materials and Methods

Results

Conclusion

References

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References

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Comparing accuracy and reproducibility of sequential and Hadamard-encoded multidelay pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling for measuring cerebral blood flow and arterial transit time in healthy subjects: A simulation and in vivo study

Abstract

Purpose

Materials and Methods

Results

Conclusion

References

Citing Literature

References

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