Investigation of acupoint specificity by multivariate granger causality analysis from functional MRI data
Yuanyuan Feng PhD
Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Intelligence Science, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Drs. Feng and Bai contributed equally to this work.
Search for more papers by this authorLijun Bai PhD
Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Intelligence Science, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Drs. Feng and Bai contributed equally to this work.
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Wensheng Zhang PhD
Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Intelligence Science, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Science, P.O. Box 2728, Beijing, 100190, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorTing Xue PhD
Life Science Research Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Search for more papers by this authorYanshuang Ren PhD
Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Department of Radiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Traditional medicine, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorChongguang Zhong PhD
Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Intelligence Science, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorHu Wang PhD
Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Intelligence Science, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorYoubo You PhD
Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Intelligence Science, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorZhenyu Liu PhD
Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Intelligence Science, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorJianping Dai MD
Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorYijun Liu PhD
Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
Search for more papers by this authorJie Tian PhD
Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Intelligence Science, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Life Science Research Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Search for more papers by this authorYuanyuan Feng PhD
Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Intelligence Science, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Drs. Feng and Bai contributed equally to this work.
Search for more papers by this authorLijun Bai PhD
Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Intelligence Science, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Drs. Feng and Bai contributed equally to this work.
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Wensheng Zhang PhD
Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Intelligence Science, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Science, P.O. Box 2728, Beijing, 100190, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorTing Xue PhD
Life Science Research Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Search for more papers by this authorYanshuang Ren PhD
Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Department of Radiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Traditional medicine, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorChongguang Zhong PhD
Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Intelligence Science, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorHu Wang PhD
Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Intelligence Science, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorYoubo You PhD
Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Intelligence Science, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorZhenyu Liu PhD
Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Intelligence Science, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorJianping Dai MD
Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorYijun Liu PhD
Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
Search for more papers by this authorJie Tian PhD
Key Laboratory of Complex Systems and Intelligence Science, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Life Science Research Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Purpose:
To investigate the acupoint specificity by exploring the effective connectivity patterns of the poststimulus resting brain networks modulated by acupuncture at the PC6, with the same meridian acupoint PC7 and different meridian acupoint GB37.
Materials and Methods:
The functional MRI (fMRI) study was performed in 36 healthy right-handed subjects receiving acupuncture at three acupoints, respectively. Due to the sustained effects of acupuncture, a novel experimental paradigm using the nonrepeated event-related (NRER) design was adopted. Psychophysical responses (deqi sensations) were also assessed. Finally, a newly multivariate Granger causality analysis (mGCA) was used to analyze effective connectivity patterns of the resting fMRI data taken following acupuncture at three acupoints.
Results:
Following acupuncture at PC6, the red nucleus and substantia nigra emerged as central hubs, in comparison with the fusiform gyrus following acupuncture at GB37. Red nucleus was also a target following acupuncture at PC7, but with fewer inputs than those of PC6. In addition, the most important target following acupuncture at PC7 was located at the parahippocampus.
Conclusion:
Our findings demonstrated that acupuncture at different acupoints may exert heterogeneous modulatory effects on the causal interactions of brain areas during the poststimulus resting state. These preliminary findings provided a clue to elucidate the relatively function-oriented specificity of acupuncture effects. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
REFERENCES
- 1 NIH. NIH consensus conference statement acupuncture. JAMA 1998; 280: 1518–1524.
- 2 Fang JL, Jin Z, Wang Y, et al. The salient characteristics of the central effects of acupuncture needling: limbic-paralimbic-neocortical network modulation. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30: 1196–1206.
- 3 Hui KK, Liu J, Makris N, et al. Acupuncture modulates the limbic system and subcortical gray structures of the human brain: evidence from fMRI studies in normal subjects. Hum Brain Mapp 2000; 9: 13–25.
- 4 Yoo SS, Teh EK, Blinder RA, Jolesz FA. Modulation of cerebellar activities by acupuncture stimulation: evidence from fMRI study. Neuroimage 2004; 22: 932–940.
- 5 Beijing S. Nanjing colleges of traditional Chinese medicine. Essentials of Chinese acupuncture. Beijing: Foreign Language Press; 1980: 36.
- 6 Bai LJ, Qin W, Tian J, et al. Time-varied characteristics of acupuncture effects in fMRI studies. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30: 3445–3460.
- 7 Bai LJ, Yan H, Li L, et al. Neural specificity of acupuncture stimulation at pericardium 6: evidence from an FMRI study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 31: 71–77.
- 8 Bai LJ, Qin W, Tian J, et al. Acupuncture modulates spontaneous activities in the anticorrelated resting brain networks. Brain Res 2009; 1279: 37–49.
- 9 Bai LJ, Tian J, Zhong C, et al. Acupuncture modulates temporal neural responses in wide brain networks: evidence from fMRI study. Mol Pain 2010; 6: 73.
- 10 Bai LJ, Qin W, Liang JM, Tian J, Liu YJ. Spatiotemporal modulation of central neural pathway underlying acupuncture action: a systematic review. Curr Med Imaging Rev 2009; 5: 167–173.
- 11 Dhond RP, Yeh C, Park K, Kettner N, Napadow V. Acupuncture modulates resting state connectivity in default and sensorimotor brain networks. Pain 2008; 136: 407–418.
- 12 Bai LJ, Qin W, Tian J, Dai JP, Yang WH. Detection of dynamic brain networks modulated by acupuncture using a graph theory model. Prog Nat Sci 2009; 19: 827–835.
- 13 Deshpande G, LaConte S, James GA, Peltier S, Hu X. Multivariate Granger causality analysis of fMRI data. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30: 1361–1373.
- 14 Deshpande G, LaConte S, Peltier S, Hu X. Directed transfer function analysis of fMRI data to investigate network dynamics. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2006; 1: 671–674.
- 15 Stilla R, Deshpande G, LaConte S, Hu X, Sathian K. Posteromedial parietal cortical activity and inputs predict tactile spatial acuity. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 11091–11102.
- 16 Oldfield RC. The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia 1971; 9: 97–113.
- 17
Stux. G,
Pomeranz. B.
Acupuncture: textbook and atlas.
Berlin:
Springer-Verlag;
1987. p
231–244.
10.1007/978-3-642-71742-0 Google Scholar
- 18 Dundee JW, Chestnutt WN, Ghaly RG, Lynas AG. Traditional Chinese acupuncture: a potentially useful antiemetic. BMJ 1986; 293: 583–584.
- 19 Liu GW. Acupoints of three Yang meridians of foot. In: GW Liu, editor. A complement work of present acupuncture and moxibustion. Tianjin: Hua Xia Publishing House; 1997: 327–479.
- 20 Hui KK, Liu J, Marina O, et al. The integrated response of the human cerebro-cerebellar and limbic systems to acupuncture stimulation at ST 36 as evidenced by fMRI. Neuroimage 2005; 27: 479–496.
- 21 Kong J, Gollub R, Huang T, et al. Acupuncture de qi, from qualitative history to quantitative measurement. J Altern Complement Med 2007; 13: 1059–1070.
- 22 Ashburner J, Friston KJ. Nonlinear spatial normalization using basis functions. Hum Brain Mapp 1999; 7: 254–266.
- 23 Blinowska KJ, Kus R, Kaminski M. Granger causality and information flow in multivariate processes. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2004; 70: 50902–50906.
- 24 Akaike H. New look at statistical-model identification. IEEE Trans Automat Contr 1974; 19: 716–723.
- 25 Kus R, Kaminski M, Blinowska KJ. Determination of EEG activity propagation: pair-wise versus multichannel estimate. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2004; 51: 1501–1510.
- 26 Strang G. Introduction to linear algebra. Cambridge: Wellesley-Cambridge Press; 1998.
- 27 Theiler J, Eubank S, Longtin A, Galdrikian B, Farmer JD. Testing for nonlinearity in time-series - the method of surrogate data. Physica D 1992; 58: 77–94.
- 28 Jiao Q, Lu G, Zhang Z, et al. Granger causal influence predicts BOLD activity levels in the default mode network. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 32: 154–161.
- 29 Mann F. Reinventing acupuncture: a new concept of ancient medicine. Great Britain: Biddles Ltd; 1992. 44 p.
- 30 Campbell S, Macqueen G. The role of the hippocampus in the pathophysiology of major depression. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2004; 29: 417–426.
- 31 McDonald B, Highley JR, Walker MA, et al. Anomalous asymmetry of fusiform and parahippocampal gyrus gray matter in schizophrenia: a postmortem study. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157: 40–47.
- 32
Penfield W,
Jasper HH.
Epilepsy and the functional anatomy of the human brain.
New York:
Little, Brown and Company;
1954.
10.1097/00007611-195407000-00024 Google Scholar
- 33 Ito M. Neurophysiology of the nodulofloccular system. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1993; 149: 692–697.
- 34 Pettorossi VE, Grassi S, Errico P, Barmack NH. Role of cerebellar nodulus and uvula on the vestibular quick phase spatial constancy. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2001; 545: 155–159.
