Effects of white matter integrity and brain volumes on late life depression in the Framingham Heart Study
Corresponding Author
Wei Qiao Qiu
Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Department of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
W. Q. Qiu, MD, PhD, E-mail: [email protected] or R.Au, PhD, E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorJayandra J. Himali
Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorPhilip A. Wolf
Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorD. Charles DeCarli
Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAlexa Beiser
Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Rhoda Au
Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
W. Q. Qiu, MD, PhD, E-mail: [email protected] or R.Au, PhD, E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Wei Qiao Qiu
Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Department of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
W. Q. Qiu, MD, PhD, E-mail: [email protected] or R.Au, PhD, E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorJayandra J. Himali
Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorPhilip A. Wolf
Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorD. Charles DeCarli
Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAlexa Beiser
Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Rhoda Au
Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
W. Q. Qiu, MD, PhD, E-mail: [email protected] or R.Au, PhD, E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Background
It is unclear whether brain white matter hyperintensities (WMHI) causes or is a result of late life depression. We used the Framingham Heart Study offspring to examine whether indices of brain aging are related to incident depression in the elderly.
Methods
The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was administered along with a brain MRI scan at baseline and was re-administered (n = 1212) at an average 6.6 + 0.6 year follow-up. The outcomes (i) change in CES-D scores from baseline; (ii) depression defined as CES-D ≥16; (iii) severe depression defined as CES-D ≥21; and (iv) CES-D cutoff scores and/or on antidepressant were used.
Results
Among those who did not have depression at baseline, 9.1% (n = 110) developed depression, 4.0% (n = 48) developed severe depressive symptoms, and 11.1% (n = 135) were put on antidepressants. When depressive symptoms only was the outcome, we found that baseline WMHI was positively associated with change in CES-D scores and that those with an extensive WMHI at baseline had a high risk of developing severe depressive symptoms; the relationship was strengthened in the absence of cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, when depressive symptoms or taking antidepressant was the outcome, larger total cerebral brain volume and temporal lobe brain volume, but not WMHI, were negatively associated with the development of depression.
Conclusions
Brain WMHI is a probable risk factor for vascular depression in the elderly. The depression outcomes with and without antidepressant were related to different brain pathologies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| gps4469-sup-0001-SI.docWord document, 37 KB | Table S1. Cross-sectional comparisons of demographic and medical characteristics between those included in the study sample who had CES-D versus those who did not have a CES-D test at seventh examination. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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