Amyloid-associated depression and ApoE4 allele: longitudinal follow-up for the development of Alzheimer's disease
Corresponding Author
Wei Qiao Qiu
Department of Psychiatry, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Correspondence to: W. Q. Qiu, MD, PhD, E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorHaihao Zhu
Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMichael Dean
Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorZhiheng Liu
Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Departments of Anesthesiology, the Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, China
Search for more papers by this authorLinh Vu
Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorGuanguang Fan
Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Departments of Anesthesiology, the Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, China
Search for more papers by this authorHuajie Li
Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Department of Neurology, the First People's Hospital of Chang Zhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorMkaya Mwamburi
Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorDavid C. Steffens
Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
Search for more papers by this authorRhoda Au
Department of Neurology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Wei Qiao Qiu
Department of Psychiatry, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Correspondence to: W. Q. Qiu, MD, PhD, E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorHaihao Zhu
Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMichael Dean
Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorZhiheng Liu
Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Departments of Anesthesiology, the Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, China
Search for more papers by this authorLinh Vu
Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorGuanguang Fan
Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Departments of Anesthesiology, the Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, China
Search for more papers by this authorHuajie Li
Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Department of Neurology, the First People's Hospital of Chang Zhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorMkaya Mwamburi
Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorDavid C. Steffens
Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
Search for more papers by this authorRhoda Au
Department of Neurology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Background
Amyloid-associated depression is associated with cognitive impairment cross sectionally. This follow-up study was to determine the relationship between amyloid-associated depression and the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Methods
Two hundred and twenty three subjects who did not have dementia at baseline were given a repeat cognitive evaluation for incident AD. Depression was defined by having a Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) score ≥ 16, and non-amyloid vs. amyloid-associated depression by having a low vs. high plasma amyloid-β peptide 40 (Aβ40)/Aβ42 ratio. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype was determined, and antidepressant usage was documented.
Results
Fifteen subjects developed AD (7%) after an average follow-up time of 6.2 years. While none of those with non-amyloid depression developed AD, 9% of those with amyloid-associated depression developed AD. Further, among those with amyloid-associated depression, ApoE4 carriers tended to have a higher risk of AD than ApoE4 non-carriers (40% vs. 4%, p = 0.06). In contrast, 8% of those who did not have depression at baseline developed AD, but ApoE4 carriers and non-carriers did not show a difference in the AD risk. After adjusting for age, the interaction between ApoE4 and amyloid-associated depression (β = +0.113, SE = 0.047, P = 0.02) and the interaction between ApoE4 and antidepressant use (β = +0.174, SE = 0.064, P = 0.007) were associated with the AD risk.
Conclusions
Amyloid-associated depression may be prodromal depression of AD especially in the presence of ApoE4. Future studies with a larger cohort and a longer follow-up are warranted to further confirm this conclusion. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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