RESEARCH ARTICLE
Biodiesel from waste oil under mild conditions by a combination of calcium-strontium oxide nanocatalyst and ultrasonic waves
Narjes Shahraini,
Mohammad H. Entezari,
Narjes Shahraini
Sonochemical Research Center, Environmental Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Mohammad H. Entezari
Sonochemical Research Center, Environmental Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Correspondence
Mohammad H. Entezari, Sonochemical Research Center, Environmental Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorNarjes Shahraini,
Mohammad H. Entezari,
Narjes Shahraini
Sonochemical Research Center, Environmental Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Mohammad H. Entezari
Sonochemical Research Center, Environmental Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Correspondence
Mohammad H. Entezari, Sonochemical Research Center, Environmental Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorFunding information: Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (Research and Technology), Grant/Award Number: 3/46318
Summary
The transesterification of waste oils to biodiesel was carried out in the presence and absence of ultrasound. A new nanocatalyst of the calcium-strontium oxide was applied with high catalytic activity. The innovation of this work is an environmentally friendly synthesized nanocatalyst with ultrasound at low temperatures. After synthesis, the nanocatalyst was characterized with FESEM, FT-IR, and CO2-TPD, NH3-TPD. It was mesoporous and showed great basicity by the CO2-TPD method. The highest conversion of biodiesel was 99.2% under optimal reaction conditions (2.5 wt% nanocatalyst, oil to methanol molar ratio 1:6, time 40 minutes, temperature 35°C, and 42% amplitude of ultrasound). 1HNMR, FTIR, and GC-FID tracked the characterization of biodiesel. The physical and fuel properties of biodiesel were evaluated according to the ASTM standardized method. Based on a kinetic study, the activation energy in the mechanical agitation method was about twice as high as in the ultrasonic method. A high turnover frequency and low environmental factors indicate that biodiesel synthesis from waste oil with this nanocatalyst is fast, efficient, and effective in the environment. Biodiesel was synthesized using calcium-strontium oxide nanocatalyst, waste oil, and ultrasonic in a green and eco-friendly process with time and cost savings.
Highlights
- Calcium-strontium oxide is a novel super base nanocatalyst synthesized for transesterification.
- The highest biodiesel yield achieves 99.2 wt% from this green synthesis with a low E-factor.
- The reaction followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics model.
- The turnover frequency of nanocatalyst is suitable for an industrial application.
- The calcium strontium oxide has proper reusability up to the six-run.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| er8098-sup-0001-Supinfo.docWord document, 979.2 KB | Figure S1. Experimental procedure for the synthesis of Ca1−xSrxOy Figure S2. XRD pattern of synthesized nanoparticle: Ca1−x Srx Oy(*), SrO2 (#).Figure S3. Effect of catalyst reusability. Figure S4. Schematic of the process of waste oil derivation for use in GC-FID. Figure S5. The kinetic plot, –ln (1 − X) vs Time (min) (a) MS method, (b) US method. Figure S6. Arrhenius plot lnk vs 1/T in K−1. Table S1. Free Fatty Acids (FFAs) compositional profile obtained by GC-FID for derived waste oil and biodiesel. Table S2. Condition for calculating TOF in both Method |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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