SPECIAL ISSUE REVIEW PAPER
Sustainability of the four generations of biofuels – A review
Nurul Syahirah Mat Aron,
Kuan Shiong Khoo,
Kit Wayne Chew,
Pau Loke Show,
Wei-Hsin Chen,
The Hong Phong Nguyen,
Nurul Syahirah Mat Aron
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorKuan Shiong Khoo
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorKit Wayne Chew
School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sunsuria, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Pau Loke Show
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
Correspondence
Pau L. Show, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
Email: [email protected]
The H. P. Nguyen, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Email: [email protected];
Search for more papers by this authorWei-Hsin Chen
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
The Hong Phong Nguyen
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Correspondence
Pau L. Show, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
Email: [email protected]
The H. P. Nguyen, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Email: [email protected];
Search for more papers by this authorNurul Syahirah Mat Aron,
Kuan Shiong Khoo,
Kit Wayne Chew,
Pau Loke Show,
Wei-Hsin Chen,
The Hong Phong Nguyen,
Nurul Syahirah Mat Aron
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorKuan Shiong Khoo
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorKit Wayne Chew
School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sunsuria, Malaysia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Pau Loke Show
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
Correspondence
Pau L. Show, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
Email: [email protected]
The H. P. Nguyen, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Email: [email protected];
Search for more papers by this authorWei-Hsin Chen
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
The Hong Phong Nguyen
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Correspondence
Pau L. Show, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
Email: [email protected]
The H. P. Nguyen, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Email: [email protected];
Search for more papers by this authorFunding information: Fundamental Research Grant Scheme, Malaysia, Grant/Award Number: FRGS/1/2019/STG05/UNIM/02/2
Summary
Biofuel has emerged as an alternative source of energy to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and combat global warming. Biofuels are classified into first, second, third and fourth generations. Each of the biofuel generations aims to meet the global energy demand while minimizing environmental impacts. Sustainability is defined as meeting the needs of the current generations without jeopardizing the needs of future generations. The aim of sustainability is to ensure continuous growth of the economy while protecting the environment and societal needs. Thus, this paper aims to evaluate the sustainability of these four generations of biofuels. The objectives are to compare the production of biofuel, the net greenhouse gases emissions, and energy efficiency. This study is important in providing information for the policymakers and researchers in the decision-making for the future development of green energy. Each of the biofuel generations shows different benefits and drawbacks. From this study, we conclude that the first generation biofuel has the highest biofuel production and energy efficiency, but is less effective in meeting the goal of reducing the greenhouse gases emission. The third generation biofuel shows the lowest net greenhouse gases emissions, allowing the reduction of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. However, the energy required for the processing of the third generation biofuel is higher and, this makes it less environmentally friendly as fossil fuels are used to generate electricity. The third and fourth generation feedstocks are the potential sustainable source for the future production of biofuel. However, more studies need to be done to find an alternative low cost for biofuel production while increasing energy efficiency.
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