Counselor educator and program characteristics: Impacts on student development of therapeutic presence
Corresponding Author
Jude Austin
Counseling Program, University of Mary Hardin–Baylor, Belton, Texas, USA
Correspondence
Jude Austin, Counseling Program, University of Mary Hardin–Baylor, 900 College Street, Belton, TX 76513, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorJulius Austin
Counseling Program, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMelissa Bandy
Department of Counseling and Family Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jude Austin
Counseling Program, University of Mary Hardin–Baylor, Belton, Texas, USA
Correspondence
Jude Austin, Counseling Program, University of Mary Hardin–Baylor, 900 College Street, Belton, TX 76513, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorJulius Austin
Counseling Program, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMelissa Bandy
Department of Counseling and Family Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
This modified Delphi study identifies counselor educators’ individual and collective faculty unit characteristics that help and hinder students’ development of therapeutic presence. Engaging 15 experts, the findings enhance training approaches and highlight the importance of modeling effective therapeutic dispositions and behaviors in counselor education.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
REFERENCES
- Austin, J. T., & Austin, J. A. (2018). Initial exploration of therapeutic presence pedagogy in counselor education. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 40(4), 411–425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-018-9339-x
10.1007/s10447-018-9339-x Google Scholar
- Austin, J. T., & Austin, J. A. (2020). The counselor educator's guide: Practical in-class strategies and activities. Springer Publishing Company.
10.1891/9780826162229 Google Scholar
- Baldwin, M. (2013). The use of self in therapy ( 3rd ed.). Routledge.
10.4324/9780203076156 Google Scholar
- Boeije, H. (2002). A purposeful approach to the constant comparative method in the analysis of qualitative interviews. Quality & Quantity, 36(4), 391–409. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020909529486
- Boot-Haury, J. W. (2023). Review of Therapeutic presence: A mindful approach to effective therapeutic relationships [Review of the book Therapeutic presence: A mindful approach to effective therapeutic relationships, by S. Geller & L. Greenberg]. The Humanistic Psychologist, 51(3), 329–332. https://doi.org/10.1037/hum0000320
10.1037/hum0000320 Google Scholar
- Bugental, J. F. (1978). Existential-humanistic psychotherapy: Evoking the subjective potential. In R. Corsini (Ed.), The psychotherapy handbook (pp. 186–188). Wiley.
- Clarke, B. J., & Hartley, M. T. (2023). The mediating role of mindfulness on stress and counseling self-efficacy. Counselor Education and Supervision, 62(4), 398–409. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12278
- Dawson, M. D., & Brucker, P. S. (2001). The utility of the Delphi method in MFT research. American Journal of Family Therapy, 29(2), 125–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180126229
- Delbecq, A. L., Van de Ven, A. H., & Gustafson, D. H. (1975). Group techniques for program planning: A guide to nominal group and Delphi processes. Scott, Foresman.
- Duffield, C. (1993). The Delphi technique: A comparison of results obtained using two expert panels. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 30(3), 227–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7489(93)90033-q
- Dunn, R., Callahan, J. L., Swift, J. K., & Ivanovic, M. (2013). Effects of pre-session centering for therapists on session presence and effectiveness. Psychotherapy Research, 23(1), 78–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2012.731713
- Ellison, D. L., & Meyer, C. K. (2020). Presence and therapeutic listening. Nursing Clinics, 55(4), 457–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2020.06.012
- Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics ( 6th ed.). Sage Publications.
- Fletcher-Johnson, D., Murphy, G., & Sloan, R. (2011). Increasing data validity in Delphi studies: Member checking techniques. Qualitative Research Journal, 11(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ1101045
10.3316/QRJ1101045 Google Scholar
- Fowles, R. B. (1978). Handbook of futures research. Greenwood Press.
- Freud, S. (1958). Papers on technique: Recommendations to physicians practicing psycho-analysis. In J. Strachey (Ed.), Standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 12, pp. 111–120). Hogarth Press.
- Garrod, B., & Fyall, A. (2005). Revisiting Delphi: The Delphi technique in tourism research. In B. W. Ritchie, P. Burns, & C. Palmer (Eds.), Tourism research methods: Integrating theory with practice (pp. 85–98). CABI.
10.1079/9780851999968.0085 Google Scholar
- Geller, S., & Greenberg, L. (2002). Therapeutic presence: Therapists' experience of presence in the psychotherapy encounter. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies, 1(1–2), 71–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/14779757.2002.9688279
10.1080/14779757.2002.9688279 Google Scholar
- Geller, S. M. (2013). Therapeutic presence as a foundation for relational depth. In M. Cooper, R. Knox, & S. Wiggins (Eds.), Relational depth: New perspectives and developments (pp. 175–184). Palgrave Macmillan.
10.1007/978-1-137-29831-7_14 Google Scholar
- Geller, S. M., & Porges, S. W. (2014). Therapeutic presence: Neurophysiological mechanisms mediating feeling safe in therapeutic relationships. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 24(3), 178–192. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037511
10.1037/a0037511 Google Scholar
- Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1999). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203793206
- Green, B., Jones, M., Hughes, D., & Williams, A. (1990). Applying the Delphi technique in studying the innovation process. Health Services Research, 36(3), 206–216.
- Habibi, A., Sarafrazi, A., & Izadyar, S. (2014). Delphi technique theoretical framework in qualitative research. The International Journal of Engineering and Science, 3(4), 8–13.
- Hasson, F., Keeney, S., & McKenna, H. (2000). Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32(4), 1008–1015. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.t01-1-01567.x
- Hayes, J. A., & Vinca, M. (2017). Therapist presence, absence, and extraordinary presence. In L. G. Castonguay & C. E. Hill (Eds.), How and why are some therapists better than others?: Understanding therapist effects (pp. 85–99). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000034-006
10.1037/0000034-006 Google Scholar
- Hays, D. G., & Singh, A. A. (2012). Qualitative inquiry in clinical and educational settings. Guilford Press.
- Herlihy, B., & Dufrene, R. L. (2011). Current and emerging ethical issues in counseling: A Delphi study of expert opinions. Counseling and Values, 56(1–2), 10–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2011.tb01028.x
10.1002/j.2161-007X.2011.tb01028.x Google Scholar
- Hsu, C. C., & Sandford, B. A. (2010). The Delphi technique: Making sense of consensus. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 12(10), 1–8.
- Huang, R., Carr, S., & Smith, K. (2008). Using Delphi methods in research with practitioners: An overview. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 59(1), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04369.x
10.1111/j.1365?2648.2007.04369.x Google Scholar
- Keeney, S., McKenna, H. A., & Hasson, F. (2011). The Delphi technique in nursing and health research. Wiley-Blackwell.
10.1002/9781444392029 Google Scholar
- Kerlinger, F. N. (1973). Foundations of behavioral research: Educational, psychological and sociological inquiry. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
- Landeta, J. (2006). Current validity of the Delphi method in social sciences. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 73(5), 467–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2005.09.002
- Purswell, K. E. (2019). Humanistic learning theory in counselor education. Professional Counselor, 9(4), 358–368. https://doi.org/10.15241/kep.9.4.358
10.15241/kep.9.4.358 Google Scholar
- Richey, R., Mar, J., & Horner, C. (1985). The Delphi process: A review and analysis of the literature. Educational Technology, 25(1), 7–12.
- Rogers, C. (1951). Client-centered therapy: Its current practice, implications, and theory. Houghton Mifflin.
- Rowe, G., & Wright, G. (2001). Expert opinions in forecasting: The role of the Delphi technique. In J. S. Armstrong (Ed.), Principles of forecasting. international series in operations research & management science (Vol. 30, pp. 125–144). Springer.
10.1007/978-0-306-47630-3_7 Google Scholar
- Sink, C. A., & Lemich, G. (2018). Program evaluation in doctoral-level counselor education preparation: Concerns and recommendations. American Journal of Evaluation, 39(4), 496–510. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214018765693
- Skulmoski, G. J., Hartman, F. T., & Krahn, J. (2007). The Delphi method for graduate research. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 6(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.28945/199
10.28945/199 Google Scholar
- Swank, J. M., & Houseknecht, A. (2019). Teaching competencies in counselor education: A Delphi study. Counselor Education and Supervision, 58(3), 162–176. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12148
- Tonni, I., & Oliver, R. (2013). A Delphi approach to define learning outcomes and assessment. European Journal of Dental Education, 17(1), e173–e180. https://doi.org/10.1111/eje.12000
- Yalom, I. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. Basic Books.
- Yousuf, M. I. (2007). The Delphi technique. Essays in Education, 20(1), 80–89.