An Exploration of the Experiences of Therapists When They Involve Parents in Their Young Person's Therapy Session
Corresponding Author
Thelma Kuria
Counselling and Psychotherapy (Family Therapy), Irish College of Humanities and Applied Sciences (ICHAS), Limerick, Ireland
Correspondence:
Thelma Kuria ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorPhilip James
School of Nursing & Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Thelma Kuria
Counselling and Psychotherapy (Family Therapy), Irish College of Humanities and Applied Sciences (ICHAS), Limerick, Ireland
Correspondence:
Thelma Kuria ([email protected])
Search for more papers by this authorPhilip James
School of Nursing & Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
Search for more papers by this authorABSTRACT
Background
In clinical practice, there is considerable variance in involving parents in their child's therapy.
Aim
This research aimed to explore therapists' experiences of including parents in their young person's therapy sessions.
Method
This phenomenological, qualitative study used semi-structured interviews to collect data from 10 therapists about their experiences of involving parents. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data as it tallied with the study's interpretive paradigm.
Findings
Seven themes emerged: ‘The session structure’ based on workplace standards, policies and procedures; ‘Young person's voice’, whereby therapists seek the young person's consent before involving parents; ‘Ethical considerations’ that demand parental involvement, such as risk management; ‘Systemic issues and broader context’ as resources for young people; ‘Therapists' skills and strategies’ influence the level and duration of involving parents; ‘Therapists role’ in helping parental involvement and ‘Cultural awareness and sensitivity’ of the therapist, where sessions are tailored according to the young person's cultural needs.
Conclusion
The parental role in young people's therapy sessions is complicated, multifactorial and influenced by several factors. Further research should consider (i) benefits to young people's mental health when therapists employ cultural knowledge and sensitivity in sessions and (ii) evaluate the views of parental involvement as part of the triadic relationship and the mental health outcomes of young people.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Open Research
Data Availability Statement
Research data are not shared.
References
- Archer, M. 2007. Making Our Way Through the World: Human Reflexivity and Social Mobility. Cambridge University Press.
10.1017/CBO9780511618932 Google Scholar
- Beauchamp, T. L., and J. F. Childress. 2001. Principles of Biomedical Ethic. 5th ed. Oxford University Press.
- Blow, A. J., D. H. Sprenkle, and S. D. Davis. 2007. “Is Who Delivers the Treatment More Important Than the Treatment Itself? The Role of the Therapist in Common Factors.” Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 33, no. 3: 298–317.
- Bowen, M. 1997. Family Therapy in Clinical Practice. Jason Aronson.
- Boyatzis, R. E. 1998. Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development. Sage Publications.
- Braun, V., and V. Clark. 2013. Successful Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide to Beginners. Sage.
- Braun, V., and V. Clark. 2021. “One Size Fits All? What Counts as Quality Practice in (Reflexive) Thematic Analysis?” Qualitative Research in Psychology 18, no. 3: 328–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1769238.
- Brown, J. 2018. “Parents' Experiences of Their Adolescent's Mental Health Treatment: Helplessness or Agency-Based Hope.” Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 23, no. 4: 644–662.
- Carr, A. 2014. “The Evidence Base for Family Therapy and Systemic Interventions for Child-Focused Problems.” Journal of Family Therapy 36: 107–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.12032.
- Christie, D. 2005. ABC of Adolescence: Adolescent Development. BMJ Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.330.7486.301.
- Cochran, N., W. J. Nordling, and J. L. Cochran. 2010. Child-Centered Play Therapy: A Practical Guide to Developing Therapeutic Relationships With Children. John Wiley & Sons.
- Coyne, I., N. McNamara, M. Healy, C. Gower, M. Sarkar, and F. McNicholas. 2015. “Adolescents’ and Parents’ Views of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) in Ireland.” Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 22, no. 8: 561–569. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12215.
- Creed, T. A., and P. C. Kendall. 2005. “Therapist Alliance-Building Behaviour Within a Cognitive-Behavioural Treatment for Anxiety in Youth.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 73: 498–505.
- Creswell, J. W. 2009. “Mapping the Field of Mixed Methods Research.” Journal of Mixed Methods Research 3: 95–108.
- Daniel, J. 2012. Sampling Essentials: Practical Guidelines for Making Sampling Choices. SAGE Publications.
10.4135/9781452272047 Google Scholar
- Dawson, C. 2009. Introduction to Research Methods: A Practical Guide for Anyone Undertaking a Research Project. 4th ed. Howtobooks Ltd.
- De Greef, M., H. M. Pijnenburg, M. van Hattum, B. D. McLeod, and R. H. J. Scholte. 2017. “Parent-Professional Alliance and Outcomes of Child, Parent, and Family Treatment: A Systematic Review.” Journal of Child and Family Studies 26: 961–976.
- De Gruyter. 2016. Formulation in Action: Applying Psychological Theory to Clinical Practice. De Gruyter.
- Digney, J., and P. Gaffney. 2006. “What Do You Take in Our Tea?” Relational Child & Youth Care 19, no. 4: 46–48.
- Dowell, K. A., and B. M. Ogles. 2010. “The Effects of Parent Participation on Child Psychotherapy Outcome: A Meta-Analytic Review.” Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 39, no. 2: 151–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410903532585.
- Duncan, B. L., S. D. Miller, B. E. Wampold, and M. A. Hubble. 2010. The Heart and Soul of Change: Delivering What Works in Therapy. American Psychological Association.
10.1037/12075-000 Google Scholar
- Ellis, C. S., and A. Bochner. 2000. “ Autoethnography, Personal Narrative, Reflexivity: Researcher as Subject.” In Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln, 2nd ed., 733–768. Sage Publications.
- Freud, A. 1958. “Adolescence.” Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 13, no. 1: 255–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/00797308.1958.11823182.
- Friedlander, M. L., V. Escudero, M. J. Welmers-van de Poll, and L. Heatherington. 2018. “Meta-Analysis of the Alliance-Outcome Relation in Couple and Family Therapy.” Psychotherapy 55, no. 4: 356–371.
- Gaffney, P. 2010. “The Teenage Psychotherapy First XI: On Learning From the Beautiful Game.” Counselling Psychology Review 25, no. 1: 6–12.
10.53841/bpscpr.2010.25.1.6 Google Scholar
- Garbacz, S. A., K. Hirano, K. McIntosh, J. W. Eagle, D. Minch, and V. Christopher. 2017. “Family Engagement in Schoolwide Positive Behavioural Interventions and Supports: Barriers and Facilitators to Implementation.” School Psychology Quarterly 33, no. 3: 448–459.
- Granski, M., S. Javdani, V. R. Anderson, and R. Caires. 2020. “A Meta-Analysis of Programme Characteristics for Youth With Disruptive Behaviour Problems: The Moderating Role of Programme Format and Youth Gender.” American Journal of Community Psychology 65, no. 1–2: 201–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.08.003.
- Green, J., and N. Thorogood. 2009. Qualitative Methods or Health Research. 2nd ed. SAGE.
- Griffith, A. K. 2020. “Parental Burnout and Child Maltreatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Journal of Family Violence 37: 725–731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00172-2.
- Gvion, Y. 2024. “The Parent in the Corridor – Thoughts on Treating Parents and Adolescents.” Journal of Infant, Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy 23: 258–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/15289168.2024.2378396.
10.1080/15289168.2024.2378396 Google Scholar
- Haine-Schlagel, R., and N. E. Walsh. 2015. “A Review of Parent Participation Engagement in Child and Family Mental Health Treatment.” Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 18: 133–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-015-0182-x.
- Hammersley, M. 2009. Taking Sides in Social Research. Routledge.
- Henggeler, S., S. Schoenwald, C. Bordin, M. Rowland, and P. Cunningham. 2009. Multisystemic Therapy for Antisocial Behaviour in Children and Adolescents. 2nd ed. Guilford.
- Holt, T., T. K. Jensen, and T. Wentzel-Larsen. 2014. “The Change and the Mediating Role of Parental Emotional Reactions and Depression in the Treatment of Traumatized Youth: Results From a Randomized Controlled Study.” Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 8: 11.
- Jaderberg, L., S. P. Gross, and A. Graham McBeath. 2020. “Exploring the Factors Affecting Child and Adolescent Psychotherapist' and Counsellors' Decision-Making in Clinical Work With Parents.” Counselling and Psychotherapy Research 20: 497–515. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12279.
- Jivanjee, P., J. M. Kruzich, and L. J. Gordon. 2009. “The Age of Uncertainty: Parent Perspectives on the Transitions of Young People With Mental Health Difficulties to Adulthood.” Journal of Child and Family Studies 18, no. 4: 435–446.
- Kafle, P. M. 2011. “Hermeneutic Phenomenology Research Method Simplified.” Bodhi: An Interdisciplinary Journal 5.
- Karver, M. S., A. S. De Nadai, M. Monahan, and S. R. Shirk. 2018. “Meta-Analysis of the Prospective Relation Between Alliance and Outcome in Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy.” Psychotherapy 55, no. 4: 341–355.
- Kelly, S., G. Je'Re'Mie-Brink, A. Chambers, and M. Smith-Bynum. 2020. “The Black Lives Matter Movement: A Call to Action for Couple and Family Therapists.” Family Process 59: 1374–1388.
- Kendall, P. C. 2000. “ Guiding Theory for Therapy With Children and Adolescents.” In Child and Adolescent Therapy: Cognitive-Behavioural Procedures, edited by P. C. Kendall, 2nd ed., 3–27. Guildford.
- Laverty, S. M. 2003. “Hermeneutic Phenomenology and Phenomenology: A Comparison of Historical and Methodological Considerations.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 2, no. 3: 21–35.
10.1177/160940690300200303 Google Scholar
- Leung, L. 2015. “Validity, Reliability and Generalizability in Qualitative Research.” Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 4: 324–327.
- Lincoln, Y. S., and E. G. Guba. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. Sage.
10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8 Google Scholar
- Line, V. A., S. Lenz, L. Warwick, M. L. Branch, and M. E. Lemberger-Trulove. 2023. “A Meta-Analysis of Parent-Inclusive Child Therapy Interventions for Decreasing Symptomology.” Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 31, no. 1: 62–77.
10.1037/cps0000180 Google Scholar
- Loos, S., D. Tutus, R. Kilian, and L. Goldbeck. 2020. “Do Caregiver's Perspectives Matter? Working Alliances and Treatment Outcomes in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy With Children and Adolescents.” European Journal of Psychotraumatology 11, no. 1: 1753939. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1753939.
- Mingebach, T., I. Kamp-Becker, H. Christiansen, L. Weber, and M. Botbol. 2018. “Meta-Meta-Analysis on the Effectiveness of Parent-Based Interventions for the Treatment of Child Externalising Behaviour Problems.” PLoS One 13, no. 9: e0202855. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202855.
- NICE. 2019. “Depression in Children and Young People Identification and Management.” NICE Guideline 134. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng134/resources/depression-in-children-and-young-people-identification-and-management-pdf-66141719350981.
- Ovenstad, K. S., T. K. Jensen, and S. M. Ormhaug. 2022. “Four Perspectives on Traumatized Youths' Therapeutic Alliance: Correspondence and Outcome Predictions.” Psychotherapy Research 32, no. 6: 820–832. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2021.2011983.
- Polit, D. F., and B. P. Hungler. 1999. Nursing Research: Principles and Methods. 6th ed. Lippincott.
- Polit, D. F., and C. T. Beck. 2014. Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- Punch, K. F. 1999. Introduction to Social Research Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. SAGE Publications Ltd.
- Rollnick, S., S. G. Kaplan, and R. Rutschman. 2016. Motivational Interviewing in Schools: Strategies for Engaging Parents, Teachers, and Students. Guilford Press.
- Selekman, M. D. 2005. Pathways to Change: Brief Therapy With Difficult Adolescents. Guilford Press.
- Seligman, M. E. P. 2002. Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realise Your Potential for Lasting Fulfilment. Free Press/Simon & Schuster.
- Sharts-Hopko, N. C. 2002. “Assessing Rigour in Qualitative Research.” Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care 13, no. 4: 84–86.
- Srivastava, P., and N. Hopwood. 2009. “A Practical Iterative Framework for Qualitative Data Analysis.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 8, no. 1: 1–9.
10.1177/160940690900800107 Google Scholar
- Suveg, C., T. L. Roblek, J. Robin, A. Krain, S. Aschenbrand, and S. G. Ginsburg. 2006. “Parental Involvement When Conducting Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for Children With Anxiety Disorders.” Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 20, no. 3: 287–299. https://doi.org/10.1891/jcop.20.3.287.
10.1891/jcop.20.3.287 Google Scholar
- Taylor, H. 2023. ““The Parallel Dialogue”: Parental Experience of Their Role in the Relationship With Their Child's Counsellor/Psychotherapist.” Counselling and Psychotherapy Research 23, no. 4: 1–1051. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12625.
- Walczak, M., H. Barbara, S. Esbjern, B. Marie, and L. R. Dunne. 2017. “Parental Involvement in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Children With Anxiety Disorders: 3-Year Follow-Up.” Child Psychiatry and Human Development 48: 444–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-016-0671-2.
- Walfish, S., B. McAlister, P. O'Donnell, and M. J. Lambert. 2012. “Self-Assessment of Competence and Referral Practices Among Clinical Psychologists.” Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 43, no. 2: 109–116.
- Wampold, B. E. 2005. The Great Psychotherapy Debate: Models, Methods, and Findings. Routledge.
- Wright, J., and L. Morgan. 2007. Ontology: A Philosophical Introduction. Blackwell Publishing.